CN111375617A - Barreled landfill method for industrial waste salt - Google Patents
Barreled landfill method for industrial waste salt Download PDFInfo
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- CN111375617A CN111375617A CN201811642503.3A CN201811642503A CN111375617A CN 111375617 A CN111375617 A CN 111375617A CN 201811642503 A CN201811642503 A CN 201811642503A CN 111375617 A CN111375617 A CN 111375617A
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- landfill
- packaging barrel
- waste salt
- sealing
- barrel
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- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 239000002440 industrial waste Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002956 ash Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012943 hotmelt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical group [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000149 chemical water pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010881 fly ash Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012824 chemical production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012669 compression test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002957 persistent organic pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B1/00—Dumping solid waste
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D11/00—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, components made wholly or mainly of plastics material
- B65D11/02—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, components made wholly or mainly of plastics material of curved cross-section
- B65D11/06—Drums or barrels
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
- B65D11/00—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, components made wholly or mainly of plastics material
- B65D11/02—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, components made wholly or mainly of plastics material of curved cross-section
- B65D11/06—Drums or barrels
- B65D11/08—Arrangements of filling or discharging apertures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/30—Landfill technologies aiming to mitigate methane emissions
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to a barreled landfill method for industrial waste salt, belonging to the field of waste salt landfill. The method comprises the following steps: (1) the waste salt is subpackaged in HDPE material packaging barrels, and the filling degree is 50% -95%; (2) continuously filling the packaging barrel with a curing material, sealing the surface layer with modified asphalt, adding a packaging barrel cover after sealing, and tightly clamping the barrel cover by using a clamp to realize sealing; the clamp is a metal clamp, a plastic clamp or a plastic lining clamp; when a metal hoop is adopted, the hoop part needs to be welded by an HDPE cap; (3) carrying out sealing detection and strength test on the sealed packaging barrel, and barreling and sealing the packaging barrel again by unqualified persons; (4) and (5) burying the qualified packaging barrel. The HDPE material packaging barrel has high strength, and the operation efficiency is high due to the adoption of the open barrel; the packaging barrel is filled with curing materials, sealed by modified asphalt and sealed by clamping the barrel cover by a clamp, and the sealing effect is good; the HDPE cap of the metal hoop is welded and sealed, so that the metal can be prevented from being corroded, and the service life is ensured; when the plastic-lined hoop or the plastic hoop is adopted, the HDPE welding step is omitted, and the efficiency can be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of waste salt landfill, in particular to a barreled landfill method for industrial waste salt.
Background
The waste salt mainly refers to a byproduct crystalline salt produced in industrial production, the main component of the salt is sodium chloride, a large amount of organic matters are carried in part of the waste salt, so that the waste salt has strong pungent smell, and elements such as heavy metal ions and heteroatoms can be carried in the waste salt, and the waste salt belongs to dangerous waste according to the national records of dangerous waste. The waste salt is mainly derived from waste water treatment, and comprises waste salt generated in the processes of pure water preparation, softening, high-salinity wastewater and the like, and waste salt generated in the processes of byproduct synthesis and the like in chemical production. Because the waste salt contains a large amount of toxic and harmful substances, such as organic pollutants, heavy metal elements and the like, if the waste salt is stacked unreasonably, soil, underground water and air are easily polluted.
At present, landfill treatment is commonly used in the disposal method of waste salt. The waste salt is easier to absorb water when being directly buried compared with other general industrial wastes, and if the waste salt is scattered and filled, the problem of pile settlement is easy to occur in the later period of the pile, thereby bringing potential safety hazards to the subsequent landfill operation. The existing soluble hazardous wastes such as waste salt and the like are directly buried after being cured and cured by cement, and for a flexible landfill, the waste salt has strong solubility, high leakage possibility and great risk, and has great potential safety hazard to the environment in the area.
Patent CN 105665407 a discloses a soluble waste salt landfill, which divides the landfill into several rigid spaces, and fills soluble waste salt in the sealed rigid spaces, so that even if local leakage occurs in the landfill, the pollution will not be expanded, the possibility of expansion of pollution is reduced, and the safety is increased. However, the construction cost of the rigid landfill is far higher than that of the flexible landfill, and the landfill cost is high.
Patent CN 205042860U discloses a solid useless landfill system suitable for industry waste salt landfill, concentrates the processing of packing in bags of the useless salt of industry, can effectively avoid it to dissolve with rainwater direct contact and lead to the problem that the heap subsides and the salt content is too high in the leachate. However, the packaging bag is made of PE, the sealing performance and the mechanical strength of the packaging bag cannot be guaranteed, and the risk of leakage still exists.
According to the 'hazardous waste landfill pollution control standard' GB 18598-2001/XG1-2013, for water-soluble waste, a landfill site needs to be packaged to prevent the water-soluble waste from being dissolved in infiltrated rainwater in a landfill process and bringing potential safety hazards to the stability of a pile body.
Disclosure of Invention
Therefore, the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to reduce the leakage risk in industrial waste salt landfill and reduce the landfill cost, thereby providing a method for barreling industrial waste salt. The specific technical scheme is as follows:
the invention provides a barreled landfill method for industrial waste salt, which comprises the following steps:
(1) the industrial waste salt is subpackaged in HDPE material packaging barrels;
(2) sealing the packaging barrel in the step (1);
(3) carrying out sealing detection and strength test on the packaging barrel sealed in the step (2), burying the packaging barrel after the test is qualified, and re-filling the packaging barrel for sealing by unqualified persons;
(4) and (4) burying the packaging barrel qualified in detection in a landfill site.
Further, the barreled landfill method of the industrial waste salt comprises the following steps:
(1) the industrial waste salt is subpackaged in an HDPE (high-density polyethylene) packaging barrel, a vibration table is used for vibration treatment during subpackaging, and the waste salt is continuously supplemented to fill gaps among salt particles until the filling degree reaches 50% -95%;
(2) continuously filling the packaging barrel with a curing material, sealing the surface layer with hot-melt modified asphalt, adding a packaging barrel cover after sealing, and tightly clamping the barrel cover by using a clamp to realize sealing;
(3) carrying out sealing detection and strength test on the packaging barrel sealed in the step (2), burying the packaging barrel after the test is qualified, and re-filling the packaging barrel for sealing by unqualified persons;
(4) and (4) burying the packaging barrel qualified in detection in a landfill site.
The industrial waste salt is pretreated before being subpackaged, and the specific operation is as follows: sieving industrial waste salt, and crushing the granular waste salt with the grain diameter larger than 20mm to ensure that the grain diameter of the industrial waste salt is less than or equal to 20 mm.
The packaging barrel is a vertical open packaging barrel; the nominal volume of the packaging barrel is 100L-200L, the caliber is 500-600mm, and the wall thickness is 5-10 mm.
The clamp is a metal clamp, a plastic clamp or a plastic lining clamp; when a metal clamp is adopted, the clamp part needs to be welded by an HDPE cap.
The specific operations of the sealing detection and the strength test in the step (3) are as follows: according to the landfill pressure intensity, the pressure test is carried out on the packaging barrel, the packaging barrel is qualified after the test without deformation and leakage and damage, the packaging barrel can be buried after the packaging barrel is qualified, and unqualified packaging barrels are sealed again.
The concrete operations of the landfill in the step (4) are as follows: pre-digging a landfill pit in a landfill site, and paving 300-600 mm-thick curing material or cement at the bottom of the landfill site, wherein the strength is more than 20 Mpa; the sealed packaging barrel is transported to a designated landfill pit, and a powdery substance is added between gaps of the barrel for buffering; and adding a powder substance with the thickness of 300-600mm above the first layer of filling to serve as a buffer layer, and then performing second layer of filling.
Furthermore, the solidified material refers to a massive solidified landfill material formed by solidification treatment, such as hazardous waste like landfill fly ash and slag subjected to solidification treatment in a landfill site; the modified asphalt is SBR modified asphalt or SBS modified asphalt, and the SBR or SBS copolymer is added into the asphalt to improve rigidity, toughness, fatigue resistance, water damage resistance and ageing resistance.
Further, the powdery substance is soil, sludge or ash which can be directly buried.
The landfill method further comprises the following steps: and recording and archiving detailed information of batch, quantity, property, time, position and the like of the waste salt of the landfill industry.
The technical scheme of the invention has the following advantages:
(1) compared with a PE (polyethylene) packaging barrel or other packaging forms, the HDPE packaging barrel has the advantages of high strength, good sealing property, no leakage risk and high safety.
(2) The packaging barrel adopts the filled curing material as a sealing framework, the upper part of the packaging barrel is sealed by hot-melt modified asphalt, the packaging barrel cover is added at last, the barrel cover is clamped by a clamp, and a better sealing effect can be achieved through three times of sealing. When the metal hoop is adopted, the hoop part is welded and sealed by an HDPE cap, so that the metal can be prevented from being corroded, and the service life is ensured. When the customized plastic hoop or the lining plastic hoop is adopted, the HDPE welding step is omitted, and the efficiency can be improved. The sealed packaging barrel has the advantages of good waterproof effect, high filling compactness and capability of effectively preventing leakage.
(3) The pail pack is the opening bucket, compares in the packing form of osculum bucket, and the barrelling speed of industry waste salt obviously promotes in the unit interval, and the operating efficiency is higher.
(4) Under the condition of no leakage risk, the method can be used for landfill of industrial waste liquid in a flexible landfill, and compared with landfill of a rigid landfill, the method has the advantage that the disposal cost of waste salt is reduced.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a sealing of a packing barrel in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of cap welding in example 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the filling in embodiment 1 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a process flow diagram showing a specific example of the method for the barreling of the industrial waste salt according to example 1 of the present invention;
the concrete comprises the following components, by weight, 1-waste salt, 2-a solidified material layer, 3-a modified asphalt layer, 4-a metal hoop, 5-an HDPE cap, 6-a barrel cover, 7-a cement layer, 8-a filling layer and 9-a buffer layer.
Detailed Description
The following examples are provided to further understand the present invention, not to limit the scope of the present invention, but to provide the best mode, not to limit the content and the protection scope of the present invention, and any product similar or similar to the present invention, which is obtained by combining the present invention with other prior art features, falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
The examples do not show the specific experimental steps or conditions, and can be performed according to the conventional experimental steps described in the literature in the field. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by manufacturers, and are all conventional reagent products which can be obtained commercially.
Example 1
A method for barrel-filling type landfill of industrial waste salt (the process flow is shown as figure 1) comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment: screening industrial waste salt, and crushing the granular waste salt with the grain diameter larger than 20mm to ensure that the grain diameter of the industrial waste salt is less than or equal to 20 mm;
(2) barreling: subpackaging industrial waste salt with the particle size of less than or equal to 20mm in an HDPE (high-density polyethylene) packaging barrel (the specification of the packaging barrel is shown in table 1) in a curing workshop, performing vibration treatment by using a vibrating table during subpackaging, and continuously replenishing the waste salt to fill gaps among salt particles until the filling degree reaches 90%;
(3) sealing: continuously filling the packaging barrel with a curing material (hazardous waste such as landfill fly ash and slag subjected to curing treatment in a landfill), wherein the curing material layer is mainly used as a framework, the surface layer is sealed by hot-melt SBR modified asphalt, a packaging barrel cover is added after sealing, a metal hoop is used for clamping the barrel cover, and the hoop part is welded by an HDPE cap to complete sealing (as shown in figures 1 and 2);
(4) and (3) detection: carrying out a compression test on the sealed packaging barrel, carrying out a pressure test on the packaging barrel according to the landfill pressure strength, wherein the packaging barrel is qualified without deformation and leakage and damage after the test, and is sent to a landfill site for landfill after the test is qualified, and unqualified packing barrels are sealed again;
(5) burying: pre-digging a landfill pit in a landfill, paving cement with the thickness of 300mm at the bottom, and enabling the strength to be more than 20 Mpa; the sealed packaging barrel is transported to a designated landfill pit, and a powder substance (ash slag capable of being directly buried) is added between gaps of the barrel to buffer; filling a layer of powder material (ash slag capable of being directly filled) with a thickness of 300mm as a buffer layer, and then filling a second layer (as shown in figure 3);
(6) recording: after the landfill, the detailed information of the batch, the quantity, the property, the time, the position and the like of the landfill waste is recorded and archived.
When the safe landfill site is used for safe landfill, the vehicle is not required to roll before the height of the landfill waste on the packing barrel is less than 2 m.
After the landfill is carried out by the method, the subsequent detection of the landfill leachate shows that the chloride ions do not exceed the standard, namely the sealing effect is good.
Table 1 example 1 specification of packaging barrel
Nominal volume | 200L |
Diameter of main body | Φ605mm |
Height | 980mm |
Bore diameter | Φ574mm |
Wall thickness | 5mm |
Example 2
A barreled landfill method of industrial waste salt comprises the following steps:
step (1) the operation was the same as in example 1;
the difference between the step (2) and the example 1 is that the filling degree is 80%;
the difference between the step (3) and the embodiment 1 is that a customized plastic lining hoop or plastic hoop is adopted, and the HDPE welding step is omitted;
step (4) the operation was the same as in example 1;
the difference between the step (5) and the embodiment 1 is that the bottom is paved with a curing material;
step (6) was performed in the same manner as in example 1.
When the safe landfill site is used for safe landfill, the vehicle is not required to roll before the height of the landfill waste on the packing barrel is less than 2 m.
After the landfill is carried out by the method, the subsequent detection of the landfill leachate shows that the chloride ions do not exceed the standard, namely the sealing effect is good.
It should be understood that the above examples are only for clarity of illustration and are not intended to limit the embodiments. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to persons skilled in the art in light of the above description. And are neither required nor exhaustive of all embodiments. And obvious variations or modifications therefrom are within the scope of the invention.
Claims (10)
1. A barreled landfill method of industrial waste salt comprises the following steps:
(1) the industrial waste salt is subpackaged in HDPE material packaging barrels;
(2) sealing the packaging barrel in the step (1);
(3) carrying out sealing detection and strength test on the packaging barrel sealed in the step (2), burying the packaging barrel after the test is qualified, and re-filling the packaging barrel for sealing by unqualified persons;
(4) and (4) burying the packaging barrel qualified in detection in a landfill site.
2. A barreled landfill method of industrial waste salt comprises the following steps:
(1) the industrial waste salt is subpackaged in an open packaging barrel made of HDPE material, a vibration table is used for vibration treatment during subpackaging, and the waste salt is continuously supplemented to fill gaps among salt particles until the filling degree reaches 50% -95%;
(2) continuously filling the packaging barrel with a curing material, sealing the surface layer with hot-melt modified asphalt, adding a packaging barrel cover after sealing, and tightly clamping the barrel cover by using a clamp to realize sealing;
(3) carrying out sealing detection and strength test on the packaging barrel sealed in the step (2), burying the packaging barrel after the test is qualified, and re-filling the packaging barrel for sealing by unqualified persons;
(4) and (4) burying the packaging barrel qualified in detection in a landfill site.
3. The landfill method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the industrial waste salt is pre-treated before being separately loaded, and the pre-treatment comprises the following specific operations: sieving industrial waste salt, and crushing the granular waste salt with the grain diameter larger than 20mm to ensure that the grain diameter of the industrial waste salt is less than or equal to 20 mm.
4. The landfill method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the packing bucket is a vertical-type open-top packing bucket; the nominal volume of the packaging barrel is 100L-200L, the caliber is 500-600mm, and the wall thickness is 5-10 mm.
5. The landfill method according to claim 2, wherein the clamp is a metal clamp, a plastic clamp or a lining plastic clamp; when a metal clamp is adopted, the clamp part needs to be welded by an HDPE cap.
6. The landfill method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the sealing detection and the strength test in the step (3) are performed by: according to the landfill pressure intensity, the pressure test is carried out on the packaging barrel, the packaging barrel is qualified after the test without deformation and leakage and damage, the packaging barrel can be buried after the packaging barrel is qualified, and unqualified packaging barrels are sealed again.
7. The landfill method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the concrete operation of the landfill in the step (4) is: pre-digging a landfill pit in a landfill site, and paving 300-600 mm-thick curing material or cement at the bottom of the landfill site, wherein the strength is more than 20 Mpa; the sealed packaging barrel is transported to a designated landfill pit, and a powdery substance is added between gaps of the barrel for buffering; and adding a powder substance with the thickness of 300-600mm above the first layer of filling to serve as a buffer layer, and then performing second layer of filling.
8. The landfill method according to claim 2, wherein the curing material is a cured landfill material in a block shape formed by curing treatment; the modified asphalt is SBR modified asphalt or SBS modified asphalt.
9. The landfill method according to claim 7, wherein the curing material is a cured landfill material in a block shape formed by curing treatment; the powdery substance is soil, sludge or ash which can be directly buried.
10. The landfill method according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising: and recording and archiving detailed information of batch, quantity, property, time, position and the like of the waste salt of the landfill industry.
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