CN111374045A - Tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method - Google Patents
Tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/04—Processes of selection involving genotypic or phenotypic markers; Methods of using phenotypic markers for selection
Abstract
The invention discloses a tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method, which comprises the following steps: two tartary buckwheat varieties with large target character difference are selected as a male parent and a female parent respectively, the tartary buckwheat of the male parent is cultured until the male parent enters the initial flowering stage, and the hybridization can be started when the tartary buckwheat of the female parent is cultured until 5 or more buds with the size of 1.5-2mm are exposed at the top. Selecting unpolished buds of the plants which grow robustly from the cultured female parent for emasculation; and selecting flowers with cracked anthers and more pollen attached to the surfaces from the cultured male parents to pollinate, bagging and continuously culturing, and harvesting seeds of the female parent plants to obtain the tartary buckwheat hybrid seeds. The invention breeds the tartary buckwheat hybrid variety with high yield, strong stress resistance, wide adaptability, excellent quality and high yield by the artificial hybridization technology of castration of tartary buckwheat flower buds.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop planting, in particular to a tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method.
Background
The tartary buckwheat (F.tataricum Gaertn) belongs to Polygonaceae buckwheat (Fagopyrum Mill) crops, the content of nutritional ingredients such as protein, vitamin, fat and the like of grains of the tartary buckwheat (F.tataricum Gaertn) is generally higher than that of rice, wheat, corn and the like, and the tartary buckwheat also contains some special nutrients and medicinal ingredients (such as rutin, VC, bitter principles, chlorophyll, Se and the like) which are not contained or are scarce in other food crops, so that the content of essential elements in a human body can be increased, and the tartary buckwheat also has the medical effects of assisting in treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, cancers, clearing heat, detoxifying, diminishing inflammation and the like. Along with the gradual approval of the health-care function and the medicinal value of the tartary buckwheat, the market demand on the tartary buckwheat is increased, the yield of the tartary buckwheat is improved, the stable supply is increased, the problem of the long-term effort of tartary buckwheat breeding in China is solved, and the most effective and economic way for improving the yield of the tartary buckwheat is to perform high-yield stable-yield breeding by using excellent germplasm resources.
Crossbreeding is an important way for germplasm innovation and new variety breeding, is commonly utilized in crops such as rice, wheat and the like, but is not fully utilized in tartary buckwheat breeding. The reason is that the tartary buckwheat is a self-pollinated crop, and is usually pollinated in a closed flower mode, and the size of a flower is 2-3mm, so that manual castration and sexual hybridization work are very inconvenient to carry out, the hybridization maturing rate is very low, the hybridization breeding efficiency is low, and the breeding speed of a new tartary buckwheat variety is seriously influenced.
Therefore, the technical personnel in the field need to solve the problem of how to provide a tartary buckwheat hybrid breeding method which can improve the success rate of hybridization, shorten the breeding period, rapidly cultivate high yield, has strong stress resistance and high fruit set rate.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem of low fruiting rate of the conventional tartary buckwheat hybridization, and provides a tartary buckwheat hybridization breeding method.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a tartary buckwheat cross breeding method comprises the following steps:
(1) parent selection: according to breeding targets of high yield, high rutin content, short stalk, precocity and the like, two tartary buckwheat varieties with large target character differences of yield, rutin content, plant height, growth period and the like are selected as a male parent and a female parent respectively;
(2) parent breeding: respectively planting the selected male parent tartary buckwheat and the female parent tartary buckwheat in flowerpots, and preparing for hybridization when the male parent tartary buckwheat is cultured until the male parent tartary buckwheat enters an initial flowering stage and the female parent tartary buckwheat is cultured until 5 unopened flower buds with the size of more than 1.5-2mm are exposed at the top; the limitation on the number and the size of the female parent tartary buckwheat buds can ensure that female parent buds suitable for castration can be found in each hybridization, and the working efficiency is improved;
(3) castration: selecting buds of the unopened female parent which grow vigorously, removing the perianth of the buds, and then pinching off stamens to wait for pollination;
(4) pollination: pollinating the female parent by pollen of the male parent, and bagging after pollination is finished;
(5) harvesting: and (5) continuously cultivating after pollination, and harvesting the seeds of the female parent after pollination to obtain the hybrid seeds.
Preferably, in the above method for hybrid breeding of tartary buckwheat, the method for breeding the parents in step (2) comprises: multiple 5-10 pots of male parent and female parent are respectively planted in a nutrition pot of 30 x 28cm, 1 plant which grows vigorously is reserved in each pot 10-20 days after the male parent and the female parent grow seedlings, and the plants are fixed by a plant support.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: the male parent and the female parent are planted in a nutrition pot of 30 x 28cm, so that the plants can rotate or move in any direction during hybridization and the like, which is convenient to operate; in addition, the primary branch number of the buckwheat is most differentiated in 10-20 days after emergence of seedlings, and multiple plants in one pot influence the normal growth of a single plant, so that only 1 healthy plant is kept in each pot.
Preferably, in the above method for hybrid breeding of tartary buckwheat, the castration in step (3) is: carefully observing the flower bud of the female parent, selecting flowers with uncleaved and unfastened flower quilts, pinching off 5 flower quilts by using forceps, continuously observing anthers of the stamens, if the anthers are cracked, directly pinching off the whole flowers of the flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces, abandoning hybridization, if the anthers are full, pink in color and smooth in surface, determining that the flowers select no loose pollen, and pinching off the stamens by using the forceps to complete castration operation.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: tartary buckwheat is usually pollinated by closed flowers, so that selection of non-pollinated buds during hybridization is the key for obtaining true hybrid seeds, and more than 95% of flowers which are not cracked and loosened are non-pollinated flowers; and after the quilt is pinched off, observing whether the anther cracks, pinching off the flowers with the anther cracked, and hybridizing the flowers without the anther cracked to obtain 100% true hybrid seeds.
Preferably, in the hybrid breeding method for tartary buckwheat, the pollination in the step (4) is optimally performed at 8:00-11:30 in sunny days.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: the tartary buckwheat flower usually has the earliest opening time of 7:00 in the morning, the anther ripens and cracks 1-1.5 hours after the flower blooms, pollen grains are scattered, and the fertilization activity is reduced 3 hours in the sun, so the pollination time is preferably selected to be 8:00-11:30 in the morning.
Preferably, in the above method for crossbreeding tartary buckwheat, the pollination mode in step (4) is: the whole flower of the male parent is taken off to be inversely buckled and lightly smeared on the stigma of the flower of the female parent, so that the pollen of the flower of the male parent is uniformly pollinated on the stigma of the flower of the female parent.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: the whole flower of the male parent is inversely buckled on the stigma of the flower of the female parent, so that the pollen of the flower of the male parent is fully adhered to the stigma of the female parent, and the pollen is lightly smeared to avoid damaging the stigma and an ovary by using too much force.
Preferably, in the method for tartary buckwheat cross breeding, in the step (4), the flower with cracked anther and more pollen attached to the surface is selected as a male parent to pollinate the flower.
Preferably, in the above method for the hybrid breeding of tartary buckwheat, the pollinated anthers of the male parent with light pink color are adhered to the stigma of the flowers of the female parent by observing with a head-mounted magnifying glass.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: in order to ensure the effective pollination, after each pollination operation is finished, a head-wearing magnifier is used for observing whether pollen grains of the male parent exist on the stigma of the female parent flower, and if the pollen grains of the male parent do not exist, the pollination is carried out again.
Preferably, in the tartary buckwheat cross breeding method, the pollen of the male parent in the step (4) is the pollen of the male parent after blooming for 0-3h, and the pollination is carried out within 0-0.5h after the stamens of the flower buds of the female parent are removed.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: the selection of pollen 0-3h after blooming is that the fertilization activity is reduced after 3h in the sun, and the pollination is carried out 0-0.5h after the female parent buds are castrated because the tartary buckwheat flower column is a wet stigma, secretion is on the surface of the stigma, and the adhesive force on the surface of the stigma is reduced after 0.5h, so the pollen 0-3h after blooming is pollinated to the female parent buds 0-0.5h after castration for pollination, and the hybridization maturing rate can be improved.
Preferably, in the above method for hybrid breeding of tartary buckwheat, the method for continuing to cultivate tartary buckwheat after pollination in step (5) comprises: bagging the female parent flowers after pollination, observing whether the ovaries of the pollinated flowers expand or not after 2d, and indicating that the ovaries are damaged and pollination fails if the color of the ovaries is dark and does not expand; if the seeds are expanded, the pollination is successful, the key observation and protection are carried out, and after the seeds are mature, the hybrid seeds are obtained.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: the time required by the fertilization process of the tartary buckwheat is 14-20h, when the pollinated flower is observed after 2d, the ovary expansion can be clearly seen to be more than 1.5mm, the pollination is successful, and when the ovary expansion is observed before 2d, the pollination success or failure is difficult to be distinguished.
Preferably, in the method for tartary buckwheat cross breeding, the method further comprises the following steps: and (3) exposing and drying the hybrid seeds, then sealing the hybrid seeds in the shade, planting the hybrid seeds in a greenhouse or a flowerpot in the spring of the next year, and selecting single plants meeting the breeding target after the obtained seeds are selfed for at least 5 times.
The beneficial effects of the above technical scheme are: after the hybrid seeds are harvested, the hybrid seeds must be exposed to the sun, dried and then sealed and placed in the shade, and the hybrid seeds are preferably sown after opening bags, otherwise the seeds are easily affected with damp, and the germination rate is lost quickly, most of the systems of the hybrid seeds obtained by the hybridization method are stable after the F5 generation, so that the single plants meeting the breeding target can be selected from the F6 generation.
According to the technical scheme, compared with the prior art, the invention discloses the tartary buckwheat hybrid breeding method, and the tartary buckwheat hybrid seeds with obvious advantages of growth characters, resistance characters, stable yield characters and high yield are directionally bred through the artificial hybridization technology.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The embodiment of the invention provides a tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method, which comprises the following steps:
s1, according to breeding targets of high yield, high rutin content, short stalk, precocity and the like, two male parent and female parent tartary buckwheat varieties with large target character differences of yield, rutin content, plant height, growth period and the like are selected and respectively cultured, wherein the breeding method of the male parent and the female parent comprises the following steps: filling culture soil about 2/3 in a plurality of nutrition bowls of 30 x 28cm and watering thoroughly, digging 3-5 seed holes with diameter about 1cm and depth about 2cm in the culture soil of the flowerpot, floating after sowing one seed in each hole, watering once every 5-7 days after seedling emergence, reserving 1 robust plant for each pot after seedling emergence for about 10-20 days, fixing by using a plant bracket, continuing to cultivate male parent tartary buckwheat until just early flowering phase, and cultivating female parent tartary buckwheat until the top exposes unopened flower buds of more than 5 and 1.5-2mm in size.
S2, selecting female parent buds with the size of 1.5-2mm, wherein the flower buds have no cracked and loose perianth, carefully nipping 5 perianth in a head-wearing magnifier by using sharp tweezers, observing androecium anthers, directly nipping off whole flowers of the flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces if the anthers are cracked, and abandoning hybridization; if the anther is full, the color is pink and the surface is smooth, the flower can be determined not to loose powder, the stamen can be pinched off by using forceps to continue to complete the castration operation, but the stamen head and the ovary are not damaged in the process.
S3, observing the blooming condition of the male parent through a head magnifying lens, carefully observing anthers of stamens, selecting anthers which are cracked, taking off the whole of pollinated flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces of the anthers to be reversely buckled on stigmas of the female parent flowers, slightly coating the stigmas of the female parent flowers 0-0.5h after the stamens are removed, cutting without excessively applying force to damage ovaries when coating, bagging after pollination is finished, writing names of hybrid female and male parents, names of hybrids and hybridization time on labels, hanging label plates at positions close to the hybridized flowers after the label is coated, observing whether the ovaries of the pollinated flowers expand or not after pollination is finished, indicating pollination failure of the ovaries due to darkening of color and no expansion, observing and protecting the pollination when the ovaries expand, and obtaining the hybridized seeds after the seeds are mature, wherein the bagging is 18 × 11cm in size.
S4, exposing and drying the tartary buckwheat hybrid seeds, sealing the tartary buckwheat hybrid seeds in a shade, planting the tartary buckwheat hybrid seeds in a greenhouse or a flowerpot in the spring of the next year, and selecting single plants meeting the breeding target after 5 times of selfing of the obtained seeds.
The cultivation method of the tartary buckwheat hybrid seeds comprises the following steps:
preparation before broadcasting: about 2/3 culture soil was filled in 20 nutrition pots 30 × 28cm, and water was poured for use.
Sowing: and (3) punching 1 seed hole with the diameter of about 1cm and the depth of about 2cm in each pot of 5 male parents, 5 female parents and 10 hybrid seeds in culture soil of the flowerpot, troweling the seeds after sowing one seed in each hole, and simultaneously inserting a label for well registering.
Seedling stage management: watering once every 5-7 days after seedling emergence, hilling once in 3-5 true leaf period, and fixing with a plant support and continuously culturing when the plant height is 20 cm.
The method for selecting the individual plants meeting the breeding target comprises the following steps:
m1 primary selection: because the characters of the first generation plants are consistent and no separation phenomenon exists, only the diseased plants and the inferior plants are eliminated from the 10 tartary buckwheat hybrid plants, and the plants are harvested and stored according to single plants after being mature. However, since the plants of the F1 generation have different traits, in order to increase the selection chance for breeding high-yield hybrid varieties, excellent plants with good yield traits in the F1 generation plants should be selected.
M2 checkmark: and (3) constructing an F2 population from the initially selected seeds of the excellent individuals, and continuously planting the seeds of the F2 population in the nutrition pot in a single seed. Breeding 5-7 times of selfing and homozygosis according to SSD method, investigating various indexes in tartary buckwheat growth, and screening single plants meeting breeding target according to the comprehensive analysis result of observation and record data.
M3 preliminary propagation: breeding the multiple seedlings with stable characters to obtain the excellent tartary buckwheat hybrid stock. Comparative test of strain M4: breeding offspring of selected single plants are called strains; the parent and the representative local main cultivated variety are used as a reference, and a comparative test is carried out under the same cultivation conditions, and the items which are comparatively identified comprise plant height, main stem node number, primary branch number, secondary branch number, stem thickness, plant grain number, plant grain weight, thousand grain weight, maturity, grain type, insect resistance and the like.
M5 reports approval (confirmation): the excellent strains screened by the strain comparison test and the regional adaptability test can be submitted to the examination (approval) of provincial crop variety examination committees.
Breeding M6 stock: and (4) after the selected excellent tartary buckwheat strain is examined and determined by related units, breeding to breed an excellent tartary buckwheat stock.
M7 breeding and popularizing: the qualified good seedlings can be bred and popularized on a large scale.
The research result shows that: the tartary buckwheat hybridization seed setting rate of the hybridization breeding method reaches more than 70 percent.
Example 1
Embodiment 1 provides a method for hybrid breeding of tartary buckwheat, comprising the following steps:
parent material: a high-stalk high-yield variety ' Bei Lu No. 4 ' bred in Rotudatum ' introduced by agricultural, forestry, aquatic and agricultural biological resource research institute in the North-China agricultural test field is used as a female parent, and a short-stalk low-yield local variety ' stone buckwheat ' of the North Hai Daochan is used as a male parent.
The main traits of the male parent and female parent tartary buckwheat are researched, and the results are shown in table 1 (average value).
TABLE 1 Main traits of male and female parent Fagopyrum tataricum
Seedling and planting of parents: filling culture soil about 2/3 in a nutrition pot of 30 x 28cm at the beginning of 3 months and watering thoroughly, digging 3-5 seed holes with the diameter of about 1cm and the depth of about 2cm in the culture soil of the flowerpot, floating after sowing one seed in each hole, watering once every 5-7 days after emergence of seedlings, reserving 1 plant in each pot after 10-20 days after emergence of seedlings, and continuing to cultivate after fixing with a plant support.
Castration of female parent: selecting female parent buds with the size of 1.5-2mm, wherein the flower buds have no cracked and loose perianth, carefully nipping 5 perianth from a head-wearing magnifier by using sharp forceps, observing androecium anthers, directly nipping off the whole flowers if the anthers are cracked and flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces are directly nipped off, and abandoning hybridization; if the anther is full, the color is pink and the surface is smooth, the flower can be determined not to loose powder, the stamen can be pinched off by using forceps to continue to complete the castration operation, but the stamen head and the ovary are not damaged in the process.
Pollination: observing the flowering condition of the male parent through a head-wearing magnifier, carefully observing anthers of stamens, selecting anthers which are cracked, taking down the whole of pollinated flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces of the anthers to slightly coat the anther stigmas of the female parent flowers 0-0.5h after the stamens are removed, cutting without excessively exerting too much force to damage ovaries during coating, ensuring the pollination time to be 8:00-11:30, bagging after the pollination is finished, writing the names of the hybridized female parent and male parent, the name of a hybridized person and the hybridization time on a label, and hanging the label plate on a position close to the hybridized flowers. Observing whether the ovary of the pollinated flower is enlarged after pollination for 2d, and indicating that the ovary is damaged and fails to pollinate if the color of the ovary is dark and not enlarged; if the seeds are expanded, the pollination is successful, the key observation and protection are carried out, and the hybrid seeds are obtained after the seeds are mature. The crossing operation is continued until more than 10 hybrid seeds are obtained for each crossing combination.
Seed harvesting: drying hybrid seeds of tartary buckwheat by insolation, and then sealing and storing in a shade place.
Sowing of hybrid seeds: in order to accelerate the speed of breeding offspring, 5 male parents, 5 female parents and 10 hybrid seeds are planted in flowerpots in a greenhouse in the same year and 10 months, seed holes with the diameter of about 1cm and the depth of about 2cm are drilled in each pot in culture soil of the flowerpots, one seed is sowed in each hole and then trowelled, and meanwhile, the registration is well carried out after the labels are inserted.
Seedling management: because the plants obtained by hybridization are often not plump, the progeny of the value hybrids have new genetic basis and are sensitive to external conditions, the hybrid seeds must be planted in a good cultivation environment to strengthen cultivation management, after seedlings emerge, the seedlings are watered once every 5 to 7 days, the seedlings are cultivated in the 3 to 5 true leaf period, and when the plant height is 20cm, the plants are fixed by a plant bracket and continuously cultivated, so that the excellent characters of the hybrids are fully expressed.
And (3) breeding: short stalk and high yield of tartary buckwheat.
(1) Primary selection: because the characters of the first generation plants are consistent in performance and no separation phenomenon exists, only the diseased plants and the inferior plants are eliminated from the 10 tartary buckwheat hybrid plants, and the plants are respectively harvested and stored according to single plants after being matured, but the characters of the F1 generation plants are different, so that the selection chance is increased for breeding high-yield hybrid varieties in the future, and excellent single plants with good yield characters in the F1 generation single plants are selected.
(2) Checking: constructing an F2 population from the initially selected seeds of excellent single plants, continuously planting the single seeds of the F2 population in a nutrition pot, propagating for 5-7 times by an SSD method for selfing and homozygosis, simultaneously investigating various indexes in the growth of the tartary buckwheat, and screening the single plants meeting the breeding target according to the comprehensive analysis result of observation and record data.
(3) Breeding: breeding the multiple seedlings with stable characters to obtain the excellent tartary buckwheat hybrid stock.
(4) Strain comparison test: breeding offspring of selected single plants are called strains; the parent and the representative local main cultivated variety are used as a reference, and a comparative test is carried out under the same cultivation conditions, and the items which are comparatively identified comprise plant height, main stem node number, primary branch number, secondary branch number, stem thickness, plant grain number, plant grain weight, thousand grain weight, maturity, grain type, insect resistance and the like.
(5) Report approval (confirmation): the excellent strains screened by the strain comparison test and the regional adaptability test can be submitted to the examination (approval) of provincial crop variety examination committees.
(6) Breeding stock seeds: and (4) after the selected excellent tartary buckwheat strain is examined and determined by related units, breeding to breed an excellent tartary buckwheat stock.
(7) Breeding and popularizing: the qualified good seedlings can be bred and popularized on a large scale.
In this example, a new tartary buckwheat line 75-1 is obtained by hybridizing the northern land number 4 (female parent) and the stone buckwheat (male parent), and the comparison between the new tartary buckwheat line and the female parent (northern land number 4) and the male parent (stone buckwheat) on plant height and single plant grain weight (yield) is shown in table 2.
TABLE 275-1 and the plant height and yield of the parent Tartary buckwheat
As can be seen from the table above, the plant height of the new tartary buckwheat strain is 32cm shorter than that of the female parent (No. 4 North land), and the yield is improved by 2.5%. Therefore, the new tartary buckwheat strain has the advantages of short stalk, high yield and the like.
The following example 2 was the same as example 1 except for the parent.
Example 2
Embodiment 2 provides a method for hybrid breeding of tartary buckwheat, comprising the following steps:
parent material: a high-yield variety ' North line No. 2 ' bred in MT-1 ' introduced from Russia in the North-China agricultural laboratory is used as a female parent, and a short-stalk low-yield regional variety ' stone buckwheat ' of the North Haidao is used as a male parent.
The main traits of the male parent and female parent tartary buckwheat are researched, and the results are shown in the following table 3 (average value).
TABLE 3 Main characteristics of the male and female parent Fagopyrum tataricum
Seedling and planting of parents: filling culture soil about 2/3 in a nutrition pot of 30 x 28cm at the beginning of 3 months and watering thoroughly, digging 3-5 seed holes with the diameter of about 1cm and the depth of about 2cm in the culture soil of the flowerpot, floating after sowing one seed in each hole, watering once every 5-7 days after emergence of seedlings, reserving 1 plant in each pot after 10-20 days after emergence of seedlings, and continuing to cultivate after fixing with a plant support.
Castration of female parent: selecting female parent buds with the size of 1.5-2mm, wherein the flower buds have no cracked and loose perianth, carefully nipping 5 perianth from a head-wearing magnifier by using sharp forceps, observing androecium anthers, directly nipping off the whole flowers if the anthers are cracked and flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces are directly nipped off, and abandoning hybridization; if the anther is full, the color is pink and the surface is smooth, the flower can be determined not to loose powder, the stamen can be pinched off by using forceps to continue to complete the castration operation, but the stamen head and the ovary are not damaged in the process.
Pollination: observing the flowering condition of the male parent through a head-wearing magnifier, carefully observing anthers of stamens, selecting anthers which are cracked, taking down the whole of pollinated flowers with more pollen attached to the surfaces of the anthers to slightly coat the anther stigmas of the female parent flowers 0-0.5h after the stamens are removed, cutting without excessively exerting too much force to damage ovaries during coating, ensuring the pollination time to be 8:00-11:30, bagging after the pollination is finished, writing the names of the hybridized female parent and male parent, the name of a hybridized person and the hybridization time on a label, and hanging the label plate on a position close to the hybridized flowers. Observing whether the ovary of the pollinated flower is enlarged after pollination for 2d, and indicating that the ovary is damaged and fails to pollinate if the color of the ovary is dark and not enlarged; if the seeds are expanded, the pollination is successful, the key observation and protection are carried out, and the hybrid seeds are obtained after the seeds are mature. The crossing operation is continued until more than 10 hybrid seeds are obtained for each crossing combination.
Seed harvesting: drying hybrid seeds of tartary buckwheat by insolation, and then sealing and storing in a shade place.
Sowing of hybrid seeds: in order to accelerate the speed of breeding offspring, 5 male parents, 5 female parents and 10 hybrid seeds are planted in flowerpots in a greenhouse in the same year and 10 months, seed holes with the diameter of about 1cm and the depth of about 2cm are drilled in each pot in culture soil of the flowerpots, one seed is sowed in each hole and then trowelled, and meanwhile, the registration is well carried out after the labels are inserted.
Seedling management: because the plants obtained by hybridization are often not plump, the progeny of the value hybrids have new genetic basis and are sensitive to external conditions, the hybrid seeds must be planted in a good cultivation environment to strengthen cultivation management, after seedlings emerge, the seedlings are watered once every 5 to 7 days, the seedlings are cultivated in the 3 to 5 true leaf period, and when the plant height is 20cm, the plants are fixed by a plant bracket and continuously cultivated, so that the excellent characters of the hybrids are fully expressed.
And (3) breeding: early-maturing and high-yield tartary buckwheat single plant.
(1) Primary selection: because the characters of the first generation plants are consistent and no separation phenomenon exists, only the diseased plants and the inferior plants are eliminated from the 10 tartary buckwheat hybrid plants, and the plants are harvested and stored according to single plants after being mature. However, since the plants of the F1 generation have different traits, in order to increase the selection chance for breeding high-yield hybrid varieties, excellent plants with good yield traits in the F1 generation plants should be selected.
(2) Checking: and (3) constructing an F2 population from the initially selected seeds of the excellent individuals, and continuously planting the seeds of the F2 population in the nutrition pot in a single seed. Breeding 5-7 times of selfing and homozygosis according to SSD method, investigating various indexes in tartary buckwheat growth, and screening single plants meeting breeding target according to the comprehensive analysis result of observation and record data.
(3) Breeding: breeding the multiple seedlings with stable characters to obtain the excellent tartary buckwheat hybrid stock.
(4) Strain comparison test: breeding offspring of selected single plants are called strains; the parent and the representative local main cultivated variety are used as a reference, and a comparative test is carried out under the same cultivation conditions, and the items which are comparatively identified comprise the number of days from sowing to initial flowering, the plant height, the number of main stem nodes, the number of primary branches, the number of secondary branches, the stem thickness, the number of plant grains, the plant grain weight, the thousand grain weight, the maturity, the grain type, the insect resistance and the like.
(5) Report approval (confirmation): the excellent strains screened by the strain comparison test and the regional adaptability test can be submitted to the examination (approval) of provincial crop variety examination committees.
(6) Breeding stock seeds: and (4) after the selected excellent tartary buckwheat strain is examined and determined by related units, breeding to breed an excellent tartary buckwheat stock.
(7) Breeding and popularizing: the qualified good seedlings can be bred and popularized on a large scale.
In this example, a new tartary buckwheat line 70-12 was obtained by crossing the north line No. 2 (female parent) and the stone buckwheat (male parent), and the comparison between the new tartary buckwheat line and the female parent (north line No. 2) and the male parent (stone buckwheat) with respect to the number of days spent from sowing to the beginning and the weight per plant (yield) is shown in table 4.
Table 470-12 and the number of days to first blossom and yield of the parent tartary buckwheat
As can be seen from the table above, the days from sowing to early flowering of the new tartary buckwheat line is 9 days earlier than that of the female parent (No. 2 northern line), and the yield is improved by 6.3 percent, so that the new tartary buckwheat line has the advantages of prematurity, high yield and the like.
The embodiments in the present description are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments are referred to each other. The device disclosed by the embodiment corresponds to the method disclosed by the embodiment, so that the description is simple, and the relevant points can be referred to the method part for description.
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims (10)
1. A tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) parent selection: selecting two tartary buckwheat varieties with large target character difference as male parents and female parents respectively;
(2) parent breeding: respectively planting the selected male parent tartary buckwheat and the female parent tartary buckwheat in flowerpots, and preparing for hybridization when the male parent tartary buckwheat is cultured until the male parent tartary buckwheat enters an initial flowering stage and the female parent tartary buckwheat is cultured until 5 unopened flower buds with the size of more than 1.5-2mm are exposed at the top;
(3) castration: selecting buds of the unopened female parent which grow vigorously, removing the perianth of the buds, and then pinching off stamens to wait for pollination;
(4) pollination: pollinating the female parent by pollen of the male parent, and bagging after pollination is finished;
(5) harvesting: and (5) continuously cultivating after pollination, and harvesting the seeds of the female parent after pollination to obtain the hybrid seeds.
2. The tartary buckwheat cross breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the parent breeding method in the step (2) comprises the following steps: filling about 2/3 culture soil in a plurality of 30 × 28cm nutrition pots to plant a plurality of male parents and female parents respectively, reserving 1 plant which grows strongly in each pot 10-20 days after the emergence of the male parents and the female parents, and fixing the plants by using a plant support.
3. The tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method according to claim 2, wherein the culture soil is turfy soil.
4. The tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method according to claim 1, wherein the emasculation in the step (3) is as follows: carefully observing female parent flower buds, selecting flowers with undehisced and unrelaxed perianth, pinching off 5 perianth with forceps, continuing observing androecium anther, selecting flowers without pollen scattering, and pinching off androecium with forceps to complete castration operation.
5. The tartary buckwheat cross breeding method according to claim 1, wherein the optimal pollination operation time in the step (4) is 8:00-11:30 in sunny days.
6. The tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method according to claim 1, wherein the pollination mode in the step (4) is as follows: the whole flower of the male parent is taken off to be inversely buckled and lightly smeared on the stigma of the flower of the female parent, so that the pollen of the flower of the male parent is uniformly pollinated on the stigma of the flower of the female parent.
7. The method for crossbreeding tartary buckwheat according to claim 1 or 6, wherein the flowers with cracked anthers and more pollen attached to the surfaces are selected as male parents to pollinate the flowers in the step (4).
8. The tartary buckwheat cross breeding method as claimed in claim 1 or 6, wherein the pollen of the male parent in the step (4) is pollen of the male parent after 0-3h of blooming, and the pollination is performed within 0-0.5h after the stamens of the flower buds of the female parent are removed.
9. The tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for continuing to cultivate after pollination in step (5) comprises the following steps: bagging the female parent flowers after pollination, observing whether the ovaries of the pollinated flowers expand or not after 2d, and indicating that the ovaries are damaged and pollination fails if the color of the ovaries is dark and does not expand; if the seeds are expanded, the pollination is successful, the key observation and protection are carried out, and after the seeds are mature, the hybrid seeds are obtained.
10. The tartary buckwheat crossbreeding method according to claim 1, further comprising the following steps: and (3) exposing and drying the hybrid seeds, then sealing the hybrid seeds in the shade, planting the hybrid seeds in a greenhouse or in the spring of the next year, and selecting single plants meeting the breeding target after the obtained seeds are selfed for at least 5 times.
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| CN116491411A (en) * | 2023-04-24 | 2023-07-28 | 吉林省白城市农业科学院(吉林省向日葵研究所) | Hybridization breeding method for high-yield low-stalk tartary buckwheat |
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