CN111373915B - Water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for staple potato variety - Google Patents
Water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for staple potato variety Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural fertilization, and discloses a water and fertilizer integrated water and fertilizer supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety, which comprises the following steps: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1:2: 3: 4: 2; the optimal proportion of the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied is 2:1:2, and the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is 2:0:0, 2:1:2, 4:1:2 and 4:1:2 respectively; in the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3:1:2:2:2, the phosphorus application ratio is 6:0:2:1:1, and the potassium application ratio is 6:0:2:1: 1. The invention defines the water supplement proportion and the optimal application proportion of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in each growth period of the potato staple food special variety, and provides technical rules for the water-fertilizer integrated production practice of the potato staple food special variety.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural fertilization, and particularly relates to a water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety.
Background
At present, a great deal of research work is done by people before water and fertilizer are utilized under the water and fertilizer integrated condition, and the existing technology is mainly a water and fertilizer utilization technology aiming at the current main planting variety of potatoes. The breeding of the potato staple food special variety is more and more, but the research on the utilization of the water fertilizer under the condition of the water fertilizer integration of the potato staple food special variety is less, so that the yield improvement and the quality improvement of the potato staple food special variety are influenced to a certain extent, and the promotion of the potato staple food is further influenced.
The research on the integration of water and fertilizer of the potatoes is many, but the technical reports of the matched research around the staple food special variety are few.
Through the above analysis, the problems and defects of the prior art are as follows: (1) the water-fertilizer utilization technology is immature under the water-fertilizer integration condition aiming at the special potato staple food variety, and the yield improvement and the quality improvement of the special potato staple food variety are influenced.
(2) The method aims at unreasonable water and fertilizer investment and low water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of the potato staple food special variety, increases the production cost and reduces the income.
(3) Due to unreasonable water and fertilizer input, soil hardening and heavy metal exceeding are caused, and serious pollution is caused to the agricultural ecological environment.
(4) The development of the potato staple food processing industry is restricted due to the influence of poor quality of special varieties, so that the deep promotion of the potato staple food strategy is influenced.
The difficulty in solving the above problems and defects is: corresponding agricultural machinery needs to be matched, matched drip irrigation equipment with a drip irrigation and fertilizer dropping effect needs to be installed, water-soluble fertilizers are used in the fertilizer dropping process, and the using amount of various fertilizers needs to be calculated according to the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the fertilizers.
The significance of solving the problems and the defects is as follows: the water and fertilizer utilization efficiency of the potato staple food special variety can be greatly improved, the yield is effectively improved, the food processing quality is improved, meanwhile, the problem of water and fertilizer investment waste caused by blind irrigation and fertilization of the potato staple food special variety can be effectively solved, the production cost is reduced, the income of farmers is increased, the resource waste and the agricultural ecological environment pollution are also reduced, the development of the potato staple food processing industry is promoted, and the deep propulsion of the potato staple food strategy is accelerated.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated water and fertilizer supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety. The scheme of the invention can solve the problems of water supplementing proportion, fertilizer applying proportion and the like at different stages in the growth period of the staple potato special variety.
The invention is realized in such a way that a water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for a staple potato food variety comprises the following steps:
water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing: and (3) seedling stage: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 0.8-1.1: 1.7-2.1: 2.9-3.2: 3.8-4.1: 1.8-2.2;
and (3) water and fertilizer integrated fertilization: the optimal proportion of the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application is 1.8-2.2:0.8-1.1:1.7-2.2, wherein during the topdressing period, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizer application in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is 1.8-2.1:0, 1.8-2.2:0.8-1.1:1.9-2.1, 3.8-4.2:0.8-1.2:1.8-2.2 and 3.9-4.1:0.9-1.2: 1.8-2.2; during the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 2.9-3.2:0.8-1.1:1.8-2.1:1.9-2.2:1.8-2.1, the phosphorus application ratio is 5.8-6.2:0:1.8-2.2:0.8-1.2:0.9-1.2, and the potassium application ratio is 5.9-6.3:0:1.8-2.2:0.9-1.1: 0.8-1.2.
Further, water and fertilizer integration water replenishing: and (3) seedling stage: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1:2: 3: 4: 2;
and (3) water and fertilizer integrated fertilization: the optimal proportion of the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied is 2:1:2, wherein the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage during the additional fertilization period is 2:0:0, 2:1:2, 4:1:2 and 4:1:2 respectively; in the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3:1:2:2:2, the phosphorus application ratio is 6:0:2:1:1, and the potassium application ratio is 6:0:2:1: 1.
Further, a water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, a planting mode: the mechanical ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film mulching and sowing are carried out simultaneously, a ridge is arranged in a double-row mode, the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, a black film (specification: width 120cm and thickness 0.008mm) is coated on the ridge surface, the width of 1 sowing is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the row spacing is 33cm, the density is 3675 plants/mu, a drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded drip irrigation tape is adopted as an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the dripper spacing is 30 cm.
Step two, water and fertilizer integrated water supplement proportion: the water is supplemented for 5 times in the whole growth period, and is respectively supplemented for one time in the seedling emergence period, the bud period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the starch accumulation period, and the seedling period is as follows: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1:2: 3: 4: 2.
step three, the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization proportion is as follows: fertilizing 5 times in the whole growth period, wherein basal fertilizing is carried out 1 time before sowing, and topdressing is carried out 1 time in each of seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage in the growth period. The total fertilization amount of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium is 2:1:2, wherein the ratio of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium in the basal fertilization is 1:1:2, and the ratio of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium in the topdressing fertilization is 7:2: 4; in the topdressing period, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is respectively 2:0:0, 2:1:2, 4:1:2 and 4:1: 2; in the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3:1:2:2:2, the phosphorus application ratio is 6:0:2:1:1, and the potassium application ratio is 6:0:2:1: 1.
The invention also aims to provide a drip irrigation system for implementing the water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for the staple potato food variety. The drip irrigation system comprises an irrigation emitter, wherein the irrigation emitter adopts an internally-embedded patch type drip irrigation belt, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the distance between the drippers is 30 cm.
By combining all the technical schemes, the invention has the advantages and positive effects that: the invention defines the water supplement proportion and the optimal application proportion of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in each growth period of the potato staple food special variety, lays a theoretical foundation for developing and producing the water soluble fertilizer special for the potato staple food variety, and provides a technical rule for the water-fertilizer integrated production practice of the potato staple food special variety.
The most core technology of the invention is to provide the most economical water supplementing method and the most economical fertilizing method which are optimal under the water and fertilizer integration condition (namely under the drip irrigation condition) in order to improve the yield and the food processing quality of the potato staple food special variety. The invention mainly relates to a water and fertilizer integration technology developed aiming at a special variety for staple potato food.
The invention combines the experimental or experimental data and the effect and the advantage obtained by the comparison of the prior art:
the invention performs the optimized fertilization test of the special variety for the staple potato food and the irrigation system test of the special variety for the staple potato food. Shows that: compared with the prior art, the water and fertilizer integrated formula increases the plant height by 19.7%, can promote the rapid growth of plants before the flowering phase, can delay the plant atrophy after the flowering phase, effectively promotes the vegetative growth of overground parts, increases the chlorophyll SPAD value by 21.3%, increases the leaf area index by 36.6%, increases the total accumulated dry matter amount by 54.9%, increases the water utilization efficiency by 17.6%, increases the weight of tubers of single plants by 31.3%, increases the weight of potatoes by 25.4%, increases the commodity potato rate by 19.8%, increases the yield by 36.7%, and increases the benefit by 28.4%. The staple food quality is remarkably improved, the dry matter content is increased by 9.5%, the starch content is 9.2%, the crude protein content is 7.4%, the reducing sugar content is reduced by 6.3%, and the polyphenol oxidase content is reduced by 8.1%.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present application, the drawings needed to be used in the embodiments of the present application will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present application, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained from the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety provided by the embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph of the effect of different fertilization treatments on dry matter accumulation provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure: A. stem material accumulation changes; B. cumulative change in leaf dry matter; C. cumulative change in root dry matter; D. cumulative change in dry matter of tubers; E. the cumulative total amount of dry matter changes.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating the effect of different water supplements on the LAI, provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
Figure 4 is a graph of the effect of different water supplements on the cumulative total dry matter provided by an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the effect of different water supplements on soil moisture content provided by embodiments of the present invention.
In the figure: a. seedling stage; b. in the bud period; c. flowering period; d. and (4) a starch accumulation period.
FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the effect of different water supplements on production provided by embodiments of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
Aiming at the problem that the water-fertilizer utilization technology is immature under the water-fertilizer integration condition of the potato staple food special variety, the yield improvement and the quality improvement of the potato staple food special variety are influenced, and the development of the potato staple food processing industry and the promotion of the staple food strategy are restricted.
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated water and fertilizer supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety, and the method is described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
As shown in figure 1, the water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing and fertilizing method for the staple potato food variety provided by the invention comprises the following steps:
s101, planting mode: the mechanical ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film mulching and sowing are carried out simultaneously, a ridge is arranged in a double-row mode, the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, a black film (specification: width 120cm and thickness 0.008mm) is coated on the ridge surface, the width of 1 sowing is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the row spacing is 33cm, the density is 3675 plants/mu, a drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded drip irrigation tape is adopted as an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the dripper spacing is 30 cm.
S102, water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing proportion: the water is supplemented for 5 times in the whole growth period, and is respectively supplemented for one time in the seedling emergence period, the bud period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the starch accumulation period, and the seedling period is as follows: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1:2: 3: 4: 2.
s103, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization proportion: fertilizing 5 times in the whole growth period, wherein basal fertilizing is carried out 1 time before sowing, and topdressing is carried out 1 time in each of seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage in the growth period. The total fertilization amount of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium is 2:1:2, wherein the ratio of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium in the basal fertilization is 1:1:2, and the ratio of the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium in the topdressing fertilization is 7:2: 4; in the topdressing period, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is respectively 2:0:0, 2:1:2, 4:1:2 and 4:1: 2; in the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3:1:2:2:2, the phosphorus application ratio is 6:0:2:1:1, and the potassium application ratio is 6:0:2:1: 1.
The invention defines the water supplement proportion and the optimal application proportion of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer in each growth period of the potato staple food special variety, lays a theoretical foundation for developing and producing the water soluble fertilizer special for the potato staple food variety, and provides a technical rule for the water-fertilizer integrated production practice of the potato staple food special variety.
The invention is further described with reference to specific examples.
Example 1
The invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety, which comprises the following steps:
step one, a planting mode: the mechanical ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film mulching and sowing are carried out simultaneously, a ridge is arranged in a double-row mode, the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, a black film (specification: width 120cm and thickness 0.008mm) is coated on the ridge surface, the width of 1 sowing is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the row spacing is 33cm, the density is 3675 plants/mu, a drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded drip irrigation tape is adopted as an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the dripper spacing is 30 cm.
Step two, water and fertilizer integrated water supplement proportion: the water is supplemented for 5 times in the whole growth period, and is respectively supplemented for one time in the seedling emergence period, the bud period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the starch accumulation period, and the seedling period is as follows: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 0.8: 1.7: 2.9: 3.8: 1.8.
step three, the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization proportion is as follows: fertilizing 5 times in the whole growth period, wherein basal fertilizing is carried out 1 time before sowing, and topdressing is carried out 1 time in each of seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage in the growth period. In the topdressing period, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is respectively 1.8:0:0, 1.8:0.8:1.9, 3.8:0.8:1.8 and 3.9:0.9: 1.8; during the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 2.9:0.8:1.8:1.9:1.8, the phosphorus application ratio is 5.8: 0.1.8: 0.8:0.9, and the potassium application ratio is 5.9:0:1.8:0.9: 0.8.
Example 2
The invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety, which comprises the following steps:
step one, a planting mode: the mechanical ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film mulching and sowing are carried out simultaneously, a ridge is arranged in a double-row mode, the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, a black film (specification: width 120cm and thickness 0.008mm) is coated on the ridge surface, the width of 1 sowing is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the row spacing is 33cm, the density is 3675 plants/mu, a drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded drip irrigation tape is adopted as an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the dripper spacing is 30 cm.
Step two, water and fertilizer integrated water supplement proportion: the water is supplemented for 5 times in the whole growth period, and is respectively supplemented for one time in the seedling emergence period, the bud period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the starch accumulation period, and the seedling period is as follows: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1.1:2.1: 3.2: 4.1: 2.2.
s103, water and fertilizer integrated fertilization proportion: fertilizing 5 times in the whole growth period, wherein basal fertilizing is carried out 1 time before sowing, and topdressing is carried out 1 time in each of seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage in the growth period. In the topdressing period, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is respectively 2.1:0:0, 2.2:1.1:2.1, 4.2:0.8-1.2:1.8-2.2 and 3.9:1.2: 2.2; during the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3.2: 1.1:2.1:2.2:2.1, the phosphorus application ratio is 6.2:0:2.2:1.2:1.2, and the potassium application ratio is 6.3:0:2.2:1.1: 1.2.
Example 3
The invention provides a water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety, which comprises the following steps:
step one, a planting mode: the mechanical ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film mulching and sowing are carried out simultaneously, a ridge is arranged in a double-row mode, the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, a black film (specification: width 120cm and thickness 0.008mm) is coated on the ridge surface, the width of 1 sowing is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the row spacing is 33cm, the density is 3675 plants/mu, a drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded drip irrigation tape is adopted as an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the dripper spacing is 30 cm.
Step two, water and fertilizer integrated water supplement proportion: the water is supplemented for 5 times in the whole growth period, and is respectively supplemented for one time in the seedling emergence period, the bud period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the starch accumulation period, and the seedling period is as follows: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1:2: 3: 4: 2.
step three, the water and fertilizer integrated fertilization proportion is as follows: fertilizing 5 times in the whole growth period, wherein basal fertilizing is carried out 1 time before sowing, and topdressing is carried out 1 time in each of seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage in the growth period. In the topdressing period, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is 1.9:0:0, 2.1:0.9:2.0, 3.9:0.8-1.2:1.8-2.2 and 4.0:1.1:1.9 respectively; in the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3:1:2:2:2, the phosphorus application ratio is 6:0:2:1.0:1.0, and the potassium application ratio is 6:0:2:1: 1.
The invention is further described below in connection with specific experiments.
Test 3 items were carried out in 2019: the method comprises the following steps of firstly, optimizing and fertilizing the staple potato varieties, secondly, testing the irrigation system of the staple potato varieties, and thirdly, developing the special water soluble fertilizer for the staple potato varieties. The test is set in the first scientific research base of the origin-fixed division of the Ningxia agriculture and forestry academy of sciences, the test site is located at 36-DEG 44 'of north latitude, 106-DEG 44' of east longitude, the altitude is 1586m, the annual precipitation is about 350mm, the test site belongs to the semiarid region, the annual average temperature is 7.4 ℃, the accumulated temperature is greater than or equal to 10 ℃, the temperature is 2500 ≥ 2800 ℃, and the frost-free period is 130-. The tested land has uniform and consistent fertility, flat terrain and the previous crops are broom corn millet. The soil to be tested was Xiang loess, and the fertility level is detailed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 basic physicochemical Properties of soil in test soil
Potato staple food variety optimization fertilization test
1. Materials and methods
1.1 test materials
The test variety is Nishu No. 16 which is a special variety for the staple food of potatoes, the test nitrogenous fertilizer is urea (base fertilizer and additional fertilizer), the phosphate fertilizer is diammonium phosphate (base fertilizer) and crystal diammonium phosphate (additional fertilizer), the potash fertilizer is potassium sulfate (base fertilizer) and crystal potassium sulfate (additional fertilizer), according to N, P2O5、K2The O content is converted into the application amount of each fertilizer.
1.2 test design and method
The total fertilization amount refers to the test result of 2018, the optimized combination and the reasonable distribution of the fertilization amounts of various nutrients of the potatoes in different growth periods are discussed under the condition of a certain total fertilization amount, N, P2O5、K2The total application amount of each nutrient of O is set to be 20 kg/mu, 10 kg/mu and 20 kg/mu, two measures of base application and additional application are respectively set for all fertilizers, the experimental setting is that the combined treatment of different base and additional application proportions of each nutrient are set, the base application amount of nitrogen fertilizer is set to be 30 percent and 50 percent, the base application amounts of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer are set to be 40 percent and 60 percent, and the additional application adopts L-shaped fertilizer4(23) Orthogonal test design, test treatment is shown in table 2. Additionally applying nitrogen fertilizer to the potatoes from the seedling stage to the full-bloom stage, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer is applied for 4 times according to different application amounts, the nitrogen fertilizer is applied for 2 times according to different application proportions of the nitrogen fertilizer in each growth period, the phosphate fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer are applied for 3 times (shown in a table 3) from the bud stage to the full-bloom stage, the total number of the treatments (shown in a table 4) is 8, the treatments are repeated for 3 times, the total number of 24 cells is calculated, and the treatment is arranged in random blocks.
The base fertilizer is applied manually according to each cell, in order to avoid mutual influence among different treatments, the adjacent treatments are spaced by 1m, protective rows are arranged at two ends of a test field, the fertilizer is applied along with drip irrigation in a growth period, and field management measures such as cultivation, pest control, water dripping amount and the like of each cell are kept consistent. Respectively dripping water and fertilizer in the seedling emergence stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage, full flowering stage and starch accumulation stage for 5 times, wherein the water dripping ration is 100-3Per mu. Adopt drip irrigation system to carry out liquid manure and supply, every is handled the prelude and installs 1 fertilization jar of pressure differential respectively, fertilizes alone the district. Ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film covering and dibblingThe device carries out on-film dibbling. The test adopts a ridging film-mulching under-film drip irrigation mode for planting, one ridge is arranged in a double-row and one-belt mode, the width of the ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, the ridge surface is covered with a black film (the specification: the width is 120cm, the thickness is 0.008mm), the width of 1 sowing width is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the plant spacing is 33cm, and the density is 3675 plants/mu. 3 ridges and 6 rows of zones are planted in each cell, the width of each cell is 3.3m, the length of each cell is 20m, and the area of each cell is 66m2。
TABLE 2 additional fertilizer for potato L4(23) Orthogonal test table
| Treatment of | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Nitrogen is present in | 70％ | 50％ | 70％ | 50％ |
| Phosphorus (P) | 40％ | 40％ | 60％ | 60 |
| Potassium salt | ||||
| 40％ | 60％ | 60％ | 40％ |
TABLE 3 proportion of additional fertilizer for different nutrients in different growth periods
TABLE 4 test treatment table
1.3 test management
And (4) keeping the quality standards of field farming operation in all the communities consistent, and unifying the water dripping amount and field management. Soil preparation is carried out for 11 days in 4 months, cells are divided for 16 days in 4 months, base fertilizer is applied to each cell, artificial ridging, drip irrigation tape laying and film mulching are carried out for 18 days in 4 months, seeding is carried out for 20 days in 4 months, water drop fertilizer is respectively dripped for 17 days in 5 months, 9 days in 6 months, 24 days in 6 months, 8 days in 7 months and 12 days in 8 months, and harvesting is carried out for 21 days in 9 months.
2. Results and analysis
2.1 Effect of different fertilization treatments on Dry matter accumulation
As can be seen from FIG. 2, different fertilization treatments had different degrees of impact on the cumulative and cumulative total dry matter in each organ during each growth period. The stem and leaf dry matter accumulation amount is T1> T2> T5> T6> T3> T4> T7> T8, the root dry matter accumulation amount is T4> T3> T8> T7> T2> T1> T5> T6, the tuber dry matter accumulation amount and the dry matter accumulation total amount are T2> T1> T6> T5> T4> T3> T8> T7, which shows that T1 can promote the stem and leaf dry matter accumulation, T4 can promote the root dry matter accumulation, and T2 can promote the tuber dry matter and dry matter accumulation. Although the difference between the cumulative total amount of dry matter of T2 and T1 is not significant, the difference between the dry matter yield of the tubers of the economic organs is significant, and T2 can promote the yield formation. In fig. 2: A. stem material accumulation changes; B. cumulative change in leaf dry matter; C. cumulative change in root dry matter; D. cumulative change in dry matter of tubers; E. the cumulative total amount of dry matter changes.
2.2 Effect of different fertilization treatments on yield formation and yield
As can be seen from Table 5, the number of tubers per plant, T1, was the most and significantly different from other treatments, indicating that T1 can increase the number of tubers; the weight of each tuber of a single plant, the weight of each potato, the yield and the commercial potato rate are all the highest T2, and respectively reach 892.4g, 127.5g, 3123.5kg and 86.4 percent, which are respectively 3.4 to 89.5 percent, 2.8 to 24.0 percent, 8.6 to 56.3 percent and 8.4 to 37.8 percent higher than other treatments, and the difference with other fertilization treatments is obvious, which shows that the T2 can effectively optimize the yield composition, increase the yield and improve the commercial property.
TABLE 5 Effect of different fertilisation treatments on yield formation and yield
2.3 Effect of different fertilization treatments on tuber quality
As can be seen from table 6, the dry matter content, starch content and crude protein content of T1, T2, T3 and T4 were significantly higher than those of the other treatments, the reducing sugar content and polyphenol oxidase content of T1, T2, T7 and T8 were significantly lower than those of the other fertilization treatments, and the Vc content of T1 and T2 was significantly higher than those of the other fertilization treatments. The results show that T1 and T2 most meet the quality requirements of the potato staple food special variety on high dry matter, high crude protein, high oxidation resistance (low reducing sugar) and low polyphenol oxidase.
TABLE 6 Effect of different fertilisation treatments on tuber quality
3. The three aspects of dry matter accumulation, yield composition, yield and quality are comprehensively analyzed from different fertilization treatments, and in the production of the staple food special variety of the potatoes in the Ningnan mountainous area, the T2 fertilization treatment can promote the dry matter accumulation, optimize the yield composition, increase the tuber yield, improve the commodity attribute and the staple food processing quality of the potato blocks and suggest popularization.
(II) irrigation system test of potato staple food variety
1. Materials and methods
1.1 test materials
The test variety is Ningshu No. 16 which is a special variety for the staple food of potatoes,
1.2 test design and method
The test is a single-factor test with irrigation quota as variable, the test adopts random block design, and 5 treatments are arranged in total, and the irrigation quota is 0m respectively360 m/mu390 m/mu3Per mu, 120m3150 m/mu3Mu, 180m35 gradients per acre, each treatment was repeated 3 times for a total of 15 cells. Dripping water for 5 times respectively at the emergence stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage, the full flowering stage and the starch accumulation stage, wherein the water dripping amount in each growth stage is shown in table 7. The field management measures such as cultivation, pest control, fertilizing amount and the like in each cell are kept consistent. A drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded patch type drip irrigation tape is adopted for an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, the distance between the drippers is 30cm, 1 water meter is respectively installed at each treatment head part, and the water dripping of each cell is independently metered. The method comprises the steps of ridging, drip tape laying and film mulching manually, and then dibbling on the film manually by using a dibbler. The test adopts a ridging film-mulching under-film drip irrigation mode for planting, one ridge is arranged in a double-row and one-belt mode, the width of the ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, the ridge surface is covered with a black film (the specification: the width is 120cm, the thickness is 0.008mm), the width of 1 sowing width is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the plant spacing is 33cm, and the density is 3675 plants/mu. 3 ridges and 6 rows of zones are planted in each cell, the width of each cell is 3.3m, the length of each cell is 20m, and the area of each cell is 66m2. Fertilization standards of various communities are consistent, N, P2O5、K2The O application amount is 20 kg/mu, 10 kg/mu and 20 kg/mu.
TABLE 7 test treatment table
1.3 test management
And the quality standards of field farming operations in all the communities are consistent, and the fertilization standards and field management are unified. Soil preparation is carried out for 11 days in 4 months, cells are divided for 16 days in 4 months, base fertilizer is applied to each cell, artificial ridging, drip irrigation tape laying and film mulching are carried out for 18 days in 4 months, seeding is carried out for 21 days in 4 months, water drop fertilizer is respectively dripped for 18 days in 5 months, 10 days in 6 months, 25 days in 6 months, 9 days in 7 months and 13 days in 8 months, and harvesting is carried out for 22 days in 9 months.
2. Results and analysis
2.1 Effect of different Water supplements on plant height
As can be seen from Table 8, the plant heights under different water supplementation treatments all show a unimodal curve change with increasing growth period and then decreasing growth period, the plant heights before the flowering period gradually increase, reach the maximum value during the flowering period, and gradually decrease after the flowering period. Except the seedling stage, the plant height of each rest of the growing periods is gradually increased along with the increase of the water supplement amount. The heights of T5, T4 and T3 plants in the seedling stage are obviously higher than those of the control treatment, and are respectively increased by 12.3%, 9.2% and 12.3% compared with the control T0, and T2 and T1 are obviously not different from the control; the plant heights of the water replenishing treatment plants in the bud period, the flower period, the starch accumulation period and the maturation period are obviously higher than those of the control, the increases of the plant heights of the water replenishing treatment plants in the bud period, the flower period, the starch accumulation period and the maturation period are respectively 19.7% -61.8%, 8.9% -46.8%, 6.1% -41.6% and 9.7% -44.2% compared with those of the control, wherein the plant heights of the T5 and the T4 in the bud period and the maturation period are obviously higher than those of other water replenishing treatment plants, and the plant heights of the T5 in the flower period and the starch accumulation period are obviously higher than those of other water replenishing treatment plants. The quick growth of the plants can be promoted by water supplement before the flowering phase, the atrophy of the plants can be delayed after the flowering phase, the plant height is obviously increased, and the vegetative growth of overground parts is effectively promoted.
TABLE 8 influence of different water supplements on plant height
2.2 Effect of different Water supplements on chlorophyll in leaves
As can be seen from Table 9, different water supplement amounts have different degrees of influence on chlorophyll of leaves, and the SPAD value of the chlorophyll treated by water supplement in different growth periods is obviously higher than that of a control. The difference of SPAD values among water supply treatments in the seedling stage is not obvious, and the reason is probably that the water demand in the seedling stage is small and the water demand is moderateThe chlorophyll content can be increased by supplementing water; the SPAD values are gradually increased along with the increase of the water supplement amount in the bud period and the flower period, but the difference between T4 and T5 is not obvious, which indicates that the two periods are sensitive to water, and the chlorophyll content can be effectively improved by increasing the water supplement amount; the SPAD value shows a single-peak curve change trend along with the increase of the water supplement amount in the starch accumulation period and the maturation period, and when the water supplement amount is 120m3The SPAD value reaches the maximum in each mu, the SPAD value is respectively increased by 20.7 percent and 27.8 percent compared with the control, and the water supplement amount is further increased and gradually reduced, probably because the water requirement is gradually reduced in the two periods, the proper water supplement can delay the plant aging, and the excessive water supplement can inhibit the plant growth instead.
TABLE 9 Effect of different water supplements on chlorophyll in leaves
2.3 Effect of different Water supplements on Leaf Area Index (LAI)
As can be seen from the graph 3, under different water replenishing treatments, the leaf area index shows unimodal curve change in the whole growth period, the increase in the seedling period and the bud period is slow, the increase in the bud period and the flower period is linear, the flower period reaches the maximum value, and the flower period gradually decreases after the flower period. LAI increases and then decreases along with the increase of water supplement amount in each growth period, and the LAI is increased and then decreased when the water supplement amount is 120m3LAI reaches the maximum value in each mu, and the LAI is gradually reduced when the water supplement amount is further increased. The LAI difference between treatments in the seedling stage is not obvious, which shows that the influence of water supplement in the seedling stage on the LAI is small; the influence of different water replenishing treatments in the bud period on the LAI begins to appear, each water replenishing treatment is higher than that of a control, and the amplification of the water replenishing treatment to the control is 36.6-82.9%; LAI of each water replenishing treatment in the flowering phase has obvious difference with a control, the increase of the LAI is 15.5-34.8% compared with the control, and the LAI is specifically represented as T3>T4>T2>T1>T5>T0, wherein T3 was significantly higher than the other treatments, T4 did not differ significantly from T2, T1 did not differ significantly from T5; in the starch accumulation period-mature period, the LAI in water supplementing treatment is obviously higher than that in the control, and the difference between T3 and other water supplementing treatments is obvious, which indicates that the leaf decay of the plant can be effectively delayed by a proper amount of water supplementing.
2.4 Effect of different Water supplements on Dry matter accumulation
2.4.1 Effect on Dry matter accumulation in organs
As can be seen from Table 10, the accumulation of dry matter in the stems and leaves of each treatment showed a tendency of increasing and decreasing first as the growth process progressed, and reached a maximum value at the time of flowering; the dry matter accumulation of the tuber gradually increases along with the prolongation of the growth period, the dry matter accumulation of the root gradually increases from the seedling stage to the flowering stage, and the dry matter accumulation of the root basically tends to be stable after the flowering stage. The proportion of dry substances of each organ is different in different growth periods, and the change trends of different water replenishing treatments are basically consistent: the distribution ratio of the dry matter of the leaves is expressed as the flowering phase>Accumulation period of starch>Bud phase>Maturity stage>In seedling stage, the stem shows that the flowering phase is approximately equal to the starch accumulation phase>Maturity stage>Bud phase>At the seedling stage, the tubers show the mature stage>Accumulation period of starch>Flowering phase>Bud phase>In seedling stage, the root shows that the starch accumulation period is approximately equal to the maturation period>Flowering phase>Bud phase>And (5) seedling stage. At each growth stage, the accumulation amount of dry matters in stems, tubers and leaves shows a unimodal curve change with increasing water supplement amount and then decreasing, when the water supplement amount is 150m3The water supplementing quantity per mu reaches the maximum value, the dry matter accumulation quantity of the water supplementing quantity is further increased and is reduced, and the root dry matter accumulation quantity is maximum when the water supplementing quantity is not supplemented and is reduced along with the increase of the water supplementing quantity. The proper amount of water supplement can obviously promote the growth of stems, tubers and leaves, but has certain inhibition effect on the growth of root systems.
TABLE 10 Effect of different water supplements on Dry matter accumulation in organs
2.4.2 Effect on cumulative Total amount of Dry matter
As can be seen from FIG. 4, when the amount of water supply is 150m3Within the range of mu, the accumulated total amount of dry matters increases along with the increase of the water supplement amount, and the water supplement amount is 150m3The maximum value is reached at the time of each mu, and the water supplement amount is 150m3Mu/m and 120m3The difference between the areas is not obvious, but is further increasedThe water supplement amount rather suppresses the increase of the cumulative total amount of dry matter. Under the test condition, the simulation between the water supplement amount and the accumulated total dry matter amount is carried out, and the obtained simulation equation is as follows: y-0.0083 x2+2.8x +420.72, where the coefficient of the first order of the water supplement is positive and the coefficient of the second order is negative, indicating a typical parabolic linear relationship; correlation index R2The equation simulation effect is good when the total dry matter of the potato staple food variety is 0.939, and the determination coefficient indicates that the cumulative total dry matter of the potato staple food variety is 93.9 percent dependent on the external water supplement amount.
2.5 influence of different water supplements on soil moisture content
As can be seen from the graph 5, the soil water content of each soil layer of different water replenishing treatments is in the range of 9.57-17.37% in the whole growth period. The soil water content of each soil layer in each growth period basically shows an increasing trend along with the increase of water supplement amount; the water content of the soil in each growth period basically shows an increasing trend along with the increase of the depth, but certain fluctuation changes occur in the bud period and the flowering period with larger water demand. The influence of different water replenishing amounts in the flowering phase on the soil water content of 0-100 cm soil is obvious, the influence difference of the different water replenishing amounts in the seedling phase, the bud phase and the starch accumulation phase on the soil water content of 0-60 cm soil is obvious, and the influence on 60-100 cm soil is small. In fig. 5: a. seedling stage; b. in the bud period; c. flowering period; d. and (4) a starch accumulation period.
In a seedling stage, the water content of the soil subjected to different treatments is gradually increased along with the increase of the depth of the soil layer, wherein the increase amplitude of a contrast T0 is maximum, the water content of the soil of 0-40 cm in each water supplement treatment is obviously higher than that of contrast T0, the water content of the soil of T5, T4 and T3 of 40-60 cm in each water supplement treatment is obviously higher than that of T2 and T1, the water content of the soil of T5, T4 and T3 of 40-60 cm in each soil layer is obviously higher than that of T2, T1 and T0, and the difference of the water content of the soil of 60-100 cm in each treatment is not obvious; in the bud period, the water content of soil in 0-60 cm soil layers is gradually increased along with the increase of water supplement amount, wherein the water supplement treatment is obviously higher than that of a control T0, the water content of the soil in 20-40 cm soil layers is lower than that of other soil layers, and T2, T1 and T0 are obviously lower than that of T5, T4 and T3; in the flowering phase, the water content of soil in soil layers of 0-60 cm in different water replenishing treatments is obviously higher than that of a control, the water content of the soil in the soil layers of 40-60 cm in each treatment is obviously reduced and is obviously lower than that of other soil layers, and the water content of the soil of 0-100 cm shows a V-shaped change trend which is firstly reduced and then increased; in the starch accumulation period, the water content of the soil subjected to different treatments is gradually increased along with the increase of the depth of the soil layer, wherein the increasing curves of T5, T4 and T3 are more gentle than those of T2, T1 and T0, the water content of the soil in the soil layer of 0-60 cm is increased along with the increase of the water supplement amount, and the difference between the water supplement treatments in the soil layer of 80-100 cm is not obvious.
2.6 Effect of different Water supplements on Water Use Efficiency (WUE)
As can be seen from table 11, as the water consumption gradually increased with the increase in the amount of water supplementation, the difference between the treatments was significant; the WUE shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing along with the increase of the water supplement amount, which is shown as T3>T2> T4>T1>T0>T5, when the water supplement amount is 120m3The WUE is highest in the area per mu, the WUE is increased by 19.5% compared with that of a control, the T3 is obviously higher than that of other water supplementing treatments, the WUE is gradually reduced after the water supplementing quantity is increased, and the T3, the T2, the T4 and the T1 WUE are all obviously higher than that of a control S0The amplification is 6.1% -19.5%, there is no significant difference between T1 and T4, T5 is significantly lower than the control, and WUE is reduced by 8.1% over the control. Experiments show that proper water supplement is beneficial to improving the water utilization efficiency of staple potato varieties, and the optimal water supplement amount is 120m3And per mu, when the water supplement amount exceeds the optimal water supplement amount, the WUE is gradually reduced and even is lower than that of the treatment without water supplement.
TABLE 11 influence of different water supply amounts on the water utilization efficiency
2.7 Effect of different Water supplements on yield
As can be seen from FIG. 6, the amount of water supply was 150m3When the water supplement amount is 150m, the yield is increased along with the increase of the water supplement amount3The yield reaches the highest per mu, but the water supplement amount is 150m3Mu/m and 120m3The yield difference between acres is not obvious, and the increase of the water supplement amount is further increased to inhibit the increase of the yield. The water effect simulation is carried out between the water supplement amount and the yield under the test condition, and the obtained simulation equation is as follows: y-0.0142 x2+ 11.802x +1529.8, where the coefficient of the first order term of the water supplement amount is positive and the coefficient of the second order term is negative, indicating a typical parabolic linear relationship; correlation index R20.8812, the equation has good simulation effect, and the coefficient of determination shows that the yield of the potato staple food variety is 88.12% dependent on external water supplement.
Test results show that different irrigation amounts have certain influence on growth development and yield formation of the staple potatoes, wherein the irrigation amount is 120m3The chlorophyll and leaf area index of leaves can be obviously increased in one mu, the accumulation amount of dry matters and the water content of soil in each soil layer of 0-100 cm are obviously increased, the water utilization efficiency and the potato commodity rate reach the maximum values, the water utilization efficiency and the potato commodity rate are respectively increased by 3.7-30.1% and 6.1-41.1% compared with other treatments, and the irrigation amount is 120m according to the analysis of the production cost3The growth of overground parts and the yield of underground tubers can be coordinately promoted per mu, the water utilization efficiency is highest, the economic benefit reaches the maximum value, and the optimal irrigation quantity of 120m under the condition of drip irrigation under the film of the staple potato varieties in the Ningnan mountainous areas is preliminarily determined3Per mu. The rainfall in the current year is larger than that in the previous year, so that the test effect is influenced to a certain extent, and the test is recommended to be repeated for one year in the next year.
Method for preparing water soluble fertilizer special for staple potato variety
The test is combined with a potato staple food variety optimized fertilization test to carry out research, the test confirms the optimal application proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in each period of the potato staple food special variety in the Ningnan mountainous area, the optimal proportion of the total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is 2:1:2, the optimal proportion of basal application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is 1:1:2, and the optimal proportion of additional application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is 7:2:4, wherein the optimal proportions of additional application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the early flowering stage and the full flowering stage are respectively 2:0:0, 2:1:2, 4:1:2 and 4:1: 2; the optimal nitrogen application ratio of 3:1:2:2:2, the optimal phosphorus application ratio of 6:0:2:1:1 and the optimal potassium application ratio of 6:0:2:1:1 in basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage lay a theoretical basis for researching and producing the special water-soluble fertilizer for the staple potato varieties in the Ningnan mountainous area.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the present invention and the appended claims are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents and improvements that are within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A water and fertilizer integrated water and fertilizer supplementing and fertilizing method for a staple potato variety is characterized by comprising the following steps:
water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing: and (3) seedling stage: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 0.8-1.1: 1.7-2.1: 2.9-3.2: 3.8-4.1: 1.8-2.2;
and (3) water and fertilizer integrated fertilization: in the period of top dressing, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage are respectively 1.8-2.1:0:0, 1.8-2.2:0.8-1.1:1.9-2.1, 3.8-4.2:0.8-1.2:1.8-2.2 and 3.9-4.1:0.9-1.2: 1.8-2.2;
during the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 2.9-3.2:0.8-1.1:1.8-2.1:1.9-2.2:1.8-2.1, the phosphorus application ratio is 5.8-6.2:0:1.8-2.2:0.8-1.2:0.9-1.2, and the potassium application ratio is 5.9-6.3:0:1.8-2.2:0.9-1.1: 0.8-1.2;
the method is characterized in that the steps are carried out before water and fertilizer integrated water replenishing:
the mechanical ridging, drip irrigation tape laying, film mulching and seeding are carried out simultaneously, a ridge is arranged in a double-row mode, the width of a ridge surface is 70cm, the width of a ridge groove is 40cm, the height of the ridge is 15cm, a black film is coated on the ridge surface, the width of 1 sowing width is 110cm, the average row spacing is 55cm, the plant spacing is 33cm, the density is 3675 plants/mu, a drip irrigation system is adopted for supplying water and fertilizer, an internally-embedded patch type drip irrigation tape is adopted as an irrigation emitter, the flow rate of drippers is 1.8L/h, and the dripper spacing is 30 cm.
2. The water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing and fertilizing method for the staple potato food variety as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water and fertilizer integrated water supplementing: and (3) seedling stage: in the bud stage: at the initial flowering stage: full-bloom stage: the water supplementing proportion in the starch accumulation period is 1:2: 3: 4: 2;
and (3) water and fertilizer integrated fertilization: in the topdressing period, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio in the seedling stage, the bud stage, the initial flowering stage and the full flowering stage is respectively 2:0:0, 2:1:2, 4:1:2 and 4:1: 2; in the growing periods of basal application, seedling stage, bud stage, initial flowering stage and full flowering stage, the nitrogen application ratio is 3:1:2:2:2, the phosphorus application ratio is 6:0:2:1:1, and the potassium application ratio is 6:0:2:1: 1.
3. The method for integrally supplementing water and fertilizer to potato staple food variety as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water and fertilizer is supplemented 5 times in total in the whole growth period, and the water is supplemented once in each of the emergence period, the bud period, the initial flowering period, the full flowering period and the starch accumulation period.
4. The method for integrally replenishing and fertilizing the water and fertilizer of the staple potato variety as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the integral water and fertilizer application, the fertilizer is applied 5 times in the whole growth period, the basal application is performed 1 time before the sowing, and the additional fertilizers are applied 1 time in each of the seedling stage, the bud stage, the first flowering stage and the full flowering stage in the growth period; the total ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization is 2:1:2, the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium basal fertilization is 1:1:2, and the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium topdressing is 7:2: 4.
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