CN111315438B - 经皮药物递送系统 - Google Patents
经皮药物递送系统 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111315438B CN111315438B CN201880066000.8A CN201880066000A CN111315438B CN 111315438 B CN111315438 B CN 111315438B CN 201880066000 A CN201880066000 A CN 201880066000A CN 111315438 B CN111315438 B CN 111315438B
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Abstract
本文提供一种施用于哺乳动物的皮肤的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其包括直径为1至8cm长和表面积为4至8cm2的贴剂。还提供了制备所述经皮药物递送系统的方法和包括使用所述经皮药物递送系统的治疗方法。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年8月10日提交的第62/543580号美国临时申请的权益。
技术领域
本文提供了施用于哺乳动物的皮肤的耐水和耐汗的经皮药物递送系统,其不刺激皮肤并且特别适合用于具有敏感皮肤的受试者。所公开的经皮递送系统包括允许递送大量的活性剂的小尺寸的贴剂,同时使给药所需的皮肤表面积最小化,起效快,持续药物递送8-24小时和粘合剂强度。还提供了制备所公开的经皮药物递送系统的方法,以及使用该经皮递送系统来治疗过敏反应、免疫系统疾病和心血管疾病的方法。
背景技术
经皮药物递送是口服给药的一种有吸引力的替代方法,特别是在需要延长和持续递送的地方,以及需要更换口服片剂和药丸以确保患者依从性的地方,例如在儿童群体和老年群体中。
经皮药物递送提供避开药物的肝脏代谢的优点,药物的肝脏代谢对药物的口服给药提出了挑战。另外,经皮药物递送是无痛且无创的,可以自己给药并提供长时间段的释放。然而,仅有限数量的药物适合于经皮给药。尽管当前的经皮递送装置可以成功地递送亲脂性小分子药物,但是仍然难以将亲水性药物经皮递送透过皮肤并进入到血流中。因此,需要能够持续递送亲脂性药物、亲水性药物和两亲性药物、起效快并且不刺激皮肤的经皮递送药物系统。
发明简述
本文显示大分子药物和小分子药物可以成功地被经皮递送到血流中。基于这些发现,提供了施用于哺乳动物的皮肤的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统。该耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统包括直径为1至8cm长和表面积为4至8cm2的贴剂。该贴剂包括宽度为约1至5mm的单片层,其中该单片层包含10-30%(w/w)的生物粘附性聚合物;10-40%(w/w)的成膜剂;10-60%(w/w)的增塑剂;1-20%(w/w)的天然存在的多糖;10-50%(w/w)的角质层分离剂;和l-60%(w/w)的一种或多种活性剂。该贴剂在施用于哺乳动物的皮肤的15分钟内起效,并且可持续地递送一种或多种活性剂8-24小时。该贴剂具有优异的粘合强度,如约320mm/min的剥离速率所示。
在一些实例中,所述生物粘附性聚合物可包括壳聚糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、藻酸钠或其组合。在一些实例中,所述成膜剂可包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、角叉菜胶、明胶、糊精、聚环氧乙烷、瓜尔胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些另外的实例中,所述增塑剂可包括甘油、山梨糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇丙二醇或其组合。在一些其他实例中,所述天然存在的多糖可包括琼脂、藻酸盐、甲壳质、葡甘露聚糖、结冷胶、明胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些实例中,所述角质层分离剂可包括尿素、乳酸、尿囊素、过氧化苯甲酰、水杨酸或其组合。因此,在一个实例中,所述单片层可包含10-30%(w/w)的壳聚糖;10-40%(w/w)的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;(10-60%)的甘油;1-20%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶;和10-50%(w/w)乳酸。
在一些实例中,本文提供的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统可进一步包括圆形粘合剂背衬层。用于背衬层的合适材料包括但不限于聚四氟乙烯、金属箔、金属化多层箔、复合箔、含聚酯膜,如聚酯对苯二甲酸酯、聚酯或铝化聚酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物、聚乙烯甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚偏二氯乙烯、尼龙、有机硅弹性体、橡胶基聚异丁烯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯和苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。另外,背衬层可包括各种泡沫,例如但不限于聚烯烃泡沫、聚氯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫和聚乙烯泡沫。
本文提供的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统可以将许多种活性剂递送至皮肤中。在一些实例中,当时仅一种活性剂被递送到皮肤中。在其他实例中,将活性剂的组合顺序或同时递送到皮肤中。活性剂的实例包括但不限于一种或多种抗组胺剂、钾通道阻滞剂、镇痛剂、抗糖尿病剂、止痛剂、抗抑郁剂、抗精神病剂、抗帕金森病剂、血管舒张药、利尿药、钙通道阻滞剂、抗痤疮剂、抗衰老剂、抗生素剂、抗真菌剂、ACE抑制剂、GERD药物、抗炎剂、阿片药物、抗哮喘剂、皮质类固醇、烟碱胆碱能受体激动剂、抗氧化剂、抗原生动物剂、止痒剂、抗病毒剂、化学治疗剂、免疫调节剂、角质层分离剂、类视黄醇或中枢神经系统刺激剂。
示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、氯雷他定、地氯雷他定和西替利嗪。示例性的抗抑郁剂和抗焦虑剂包括但不限于舍曲林、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、文拉法辛、度洛西汀、草酸依西酞普兰、阿普唑仑和劳拉西泮。示例性的ADHD药物包括但不限于苯丙胺天冬氨酸、右旋安非他命、盐酸哌醋甲酯、盐酸右哌甲酯和阿米替林。示例性的抗帕金森氏症药物包括但不限于左旋多巴、卡比多巴、罗匹尼罗、普拉克索、罗替戈汀、阿扑吗啡、盐酸司来吉兰、雷沙吉兰和苯托品。示例性多发性硬化症药物包括但不限于特立氟胺、达伐吡啶、富马酸二甲酯、那他珠单抗、芬戈莫德和醋酸格拉替雷。示例性的阿尔茨海默氏病药物包括但不限于多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀和加兰他敏。示例性镇痛剂包括但不限于美沙酮、氢吗啡酮、羟吗啡酮、丁丙诺啡、氢可酮、吗啡和氢可酮。示例性的GERD药物包括但不限于埃索美拉唑、奥美拉唑和泮托拉唑。示例性的抗胆固醇剂包括但不限于昂丹司琼、吡格列酮、奥利司他、来那度胺、索非布韦,瑞舒伐他汀、氨氯地平、辛伐他汀和二甲双胍。
在一些实例中,活性剂是苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定、苯海索、阿塞那平、前列环素、丁螺环酮、布托啡诺、卡托普利、卡比多巴、沙丁胺醇、纳曲酮、伊伐布雷定、地塞米松、去氧肾上腺素、氟轻松、右兰索拉唑、呋塞米、伊拉地平、文拉法辛和依那普利中的一种或多种。
本文还提供了耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其包括对一种或多种分子具有封闭作用的贴剂。这些分子包括但不限于咖啡因、阿立哌唑、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、己酮可可碱、恩丙茶碱、氨茶碱、胆茶碱、可可碱、丙戊茶碱、黄嘌呤醇、多索茶碱、帕马溴、利索茶碱、更昔洛韦、芬乙茶碱、黄嘌呤、尿酸、罗洛茶碱、瑞普特罗、咖麻黄碱和茶碱那林、及其任意组合。
本文提供的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统表现出若干吸引人的特征和理想的性质,这些吸引人的特征和理想的性质使其适合用于多种哺乳动物受试者亚群,例如人类亚群。例如,贴剂的所有组分都不会刺激皮肤,不会引起皮疹、发红、发炎或皮肤变色,使得所述耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统特别适合于倾向于具有敏感皮肤的老年群体和儿童群体。
另外,由于贴剂的尺寸小,本文提供的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统使得大的表面体积比能够递送大量的药物并使给药所需的皮肤表面积最小化,其在5至15分钟内起效,并允许约65%至约100%的一种或多种药物在8至24小时内扩散到哺乳动物的皮肤中。因此,本文提供的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统提供了一种剂型,该剂型实现了通过皮肤快速递送到血流中,减少了常见的副作用并改善了患者的依从性。
本文还提供了一种制备耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统的方法。该方法包括首先向水中加入成膜剂和增塑剂,和在室温(25℃)下搅拌混合物;逐渐加入生物粘附性聚合物和天然存在的多糖并搅拌混合物,直到生物粘附性聚合物溶解且降低粘度为止;然后加入成膜剂和角质层分离剂,并搅拌2-5小时,直至得到均匀的混合物;加入一种或多种活性剂并将混合物搅拌1-4小时以获得制剂;以及任选地将制剂浇铸到一系列背衬层上,并在80℃下烘烤背衬层4-8小时。
在一些实例中,所述生物粘附性聚合物可包括壳聚糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、藻酸钠或其组合。在一些实例中,所述成膜剂可包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、角叉菜胶、明胶、糊精、聚环氧乙烷、瓜尔胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些另外的实例中,所述增塑剂可包括甘油、山梨糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇丙二醇或其组合。在一些实例中,所述天然存在的多糖可包括琼脂、藻酸盐、甲壳质、葡甘露聚糖、结冷胶、明胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些实例中,所述角质层分离剂可包括尿素、乳酸、尿囊素、过氧化苯甲酰、水杨酸或其组合。在一个实例中,所述贴剂可包含10-30%(w/w)的壳聚糖;10-40%(w/w)的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;10-60%的甘油;1-20%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶;和10-50%(w/w)的乳酸。
在一些示例中,贴片可包括背衬层。用于背衬层的合适材料包括但不限于聚四氟乙烯、金属箔、金属化多层箔、复合箔、或含聚酯膜,如聚酯对苯二甲酸酯、聚酯或铝化聚酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物、聚乙烯甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚偏二氯乙烯、尼龙、有机硅弹性体、橡胶基聚异丁烯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯和苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。另外,背衬层可包括各种泡沫,例如但不限于聚烯烃泡沫、聚氯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫和聚乙烯泡沫。
在一些实例中,所提供的方法可以进一步包括添加2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种脂肪酸。所述脂肪酸包括但不限于酒石酸、油酸、月桂酸、马来酸及其任意组合。在一些实例中,所提供的方法可以进一步包括添加2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种精油。所述精油包括但不限于L-薄荷醇、川芎油、丁香油、肉桂油、松节油、桉树油及其任意组合。
所提供的方法产生了耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其可以将许多种活性剂递送到皮肤中。在一些实例中,当时仅一种活性剂被递送到皮肤中。在其他实例中,将活性剂的组合顺序或同时递送到皮肤中。活性剂的实例包括但不限于一种或多种抗组胺剂、钾通道阻滞剂、镇痛剂、抗糖尿病剂、止痛剂、抗抑郁剂、抗精神病剂、抗帕金森病剂、血管舒张药、利尿药、钙通道阻滞剂、抗痤疮剂、抗衰老剂、抗生素剂、抗真菌剂、ACE抑制剂、GERD药物、抗炎剂、阿片药物、抗哮喘剂、皮质类固醇、烟碱胆碱能受体激动剂、抗氧化剂、抗原生动物剂、止痒剂、抗病毒剂、化学治疗剂、免疫调节剂、角质层分离剂、类视黄醇或中枢神经系统刺激剂。
示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、氯雷他定、地氯雷他定和西替利嗪。示例性的抗抑郁剂和抗焦虑剂包括但不限于舍曲林、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、文拉法辛、度洛西汀、草酸依西酞普兰、阿普唑仑和劳拉西泮。示例性的ADHD药物包括但不限于苯丙胺天冬氨酸、右旋安非他命、盐酸哌醋甲酯、盐酸右哌甲酯和阿米替林。示例性的抗帕金森氏症药物包括但不限于左旋多巴、卡比多巴、罗匹尼罗、普拉克索、罗替戈汀、阿扑吗啡、盐酸司来吉兰、雷沙吉兰和苯托品。示例性多发性硬化症药物包括但不限于特立氟胺、达伐吡啶、富马酸二甲酯、那他珠单抗、芬戈莫德和醋酸格拉替雷。示例性的阿尔茨海默氏病药物包括但不限于多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀和加兰他敏。示例性镇痛剂包括但不限于美沙酮、氢吗啡酮、羟吗啡酮、丁丙诺啡、氢可酮、吗啡和氢可酮。示例性的GERD药物包括但不限于埃索美拉唑、奥美拉唑和泮托拉唑。示例性的抗胆固醇剂包括但不限于昂丹司琼、吡格列酮、奥利司他、来那度胺、索非布韦,瑞舒伐他汀、氨氯地平、辛伐他汀和二甲双胍。
在一些实例中,活性剂是苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定、苯海索、阿塞那平、前列环素、丁螺环酮、布托啡诺、卡托普利、卡比多巴、沙丁胺醇、纳曲酮、伊伐布雷定、地塞米松、去氧肾上腺素、氟轻松、右兰索拉唑、呋塞米、伊拉地平、文拉法辛和依那普利中的一种或多种。
本文提供的方法可另外生产耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其包括对一种或多种分子具有封闭作用的贴剂。这些分子包括但不限于咖啡因、阿立哌唑、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、己酮可可碱、恩丙茶碱、氨茶碱、胆茶碱、可可碱、丙戊茶碱、黄嘌呤醇、多索茶碱、帕马溴、利索茶碱、更昔洛韦、芬乙茶碱、黄嘌呤、尿酸、罗洛茶碱、瑞普特罗、咖麻黄碱和茶碱那林、及其任意组合。
本文提供的方法生产耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其在施用于哺乳动物的皮肤的15分钟内起效,并且其可持续地递送一种或多种活性剂8-24小时。通过所提供的方法生产的经皮递送系统中的贴剂具有优异的粘合强度,如约320mm/min的剥离速率所示,并且在8至24小时内使65%至100%的活性剂扩散到哺乳动物的皮肤中。所述哺乳动物可以是动物或人类受试者。
本文还提供了一种在有需要的受试者中治疗季节性过敏性鼻炎的方法,其中该方法包括将包含一种或多种抗组胺剂的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统施用于受试者的皮肤,和保持所述耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统与受试者的皮肤接触8-24小时,从而治疗受试者的季节性过敏性鼻炎。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定及其任意组合。在一些实例中,在施用所述贴剂的第一小时期间,所述抗组胺剂从所述贴剂的释放速率为600μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的整个时间期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为至少100μg/cm2/小时。
本文还提供了一种在有需要的受试者中治疗季节性慢性特发性荨麻疹的方法,其中该方法包括将本文提供的并包含一种或多种抗组胺剂的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统施用于受试者的皮肤,和保持所述耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统与受试者的皮肤接触8-24小时,从而治疗受试者的季节性慢性特发性荨麻疹。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定及其任意组合。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的第一小时期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为600μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的整个时间期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为至少100μg/cm2/小时。
本文还提供了一种耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其中所述贴剂是包含10-30%(w/w)的壳聚糖;10-40%(w/w)的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;10-60%的甘油;1-20%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶;10-50%(w/w)的乳酸和治疗有效量的一种或多种抗组胺剂的单片层。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定及其任意组合。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的第一小时期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为600μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的整个过程中,一种或多种的抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为100μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,单片层可进一步包含2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种脂肪酸。所述脂肪酸包括但不限于酒石酸、油酸、月桂酸、马来酸及其任意组合。在一些实例中,单片层可以进一步包含2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种精油。所述精油包括但不限于L-薄荷醇、川芎油、丁香油、肉桂油、松节油、桉树油及其任意组合。
从下面参考附图进行的几个实施方案的详细描述,本公开内容的前述和其他特征都将变得更加显而易见。
附图的简要说明
图1示出了壳聚糖的结构。
图2给出了本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的俯视图和侧视图。从图的顶部起第一个:本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的俯视图。该经皮药物递送系统包括分散在粘性聚合物基体中的药物,其包括溶解在乳酸、甘油和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)中的壳聚糖层。将液体基体倒入背衬层中,并通过溶剂蒸发使其固化。该贴剂是圆形的,并且具有4cm的直径。背衬层和基体的尺寸相等。壳聚糖和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮基体的最终厚度为约1mm。从图的顶部起第二个:本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的俯视图。该经皮药物递送系统包括分散在粘性聚合物基体中的药物,其包括溶解在乳酸、甘油和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)中的壳聚糖层。将液体基体倒入背衬层中,并通过溶剂蒸发使其固化。基体尺寸减小到3厘米,然后将其安装在直径为4厘米的另外的背衬层上。背衬层的边缘浇铸有医用粘合剂,以匹配基体的厚度。从图的顶部起第三个:本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的侧视图。该经皮药物递送系统包括分散在粘性聚合物基体中的药物,其包括溶解在乳酸、甘油和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)中的壳聚糖层。将液体基体倒入背衬层中,并通过溶剂蒸发使其固化。该贴剂是圆形的,并且具有4cm的直径。背衬层与基体齐平。壳聚糖和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮基体的最终厚度为约1mm。从图的顶部起第四个:本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的侧视图。该经皮药物递送系统包含分散在粘性聚合物基体中的药物,其包括溶解在乳酸、甘油和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)中的壳聚糖层。将液体基体倒入背衬层中,并通过溶剂蒸发使其固化。基体尺寸减小到3厘米,然后将其安装在直径为4厘米的另外的背衬层上。背衬层的边缘浇铸有医用粘合剂,以匹配基体的厚度。
图3示出了各种药物随时间在空气-水界面处穿过皮肤模拟膜的体外扩散。·草酸依西酞普兰;4-氨基吡啶;■盐酸西替利嗪;◆阿立哌唑。将改良的Franz扩散池中填充55ml磷酸盐缓冲液,并将皮肤模拟膜放置在每个池中空气-水界面处,并用带孔的盖固定。将池放入水浴中,并将温度平衡至38℃。将载有药物的贴剂轻轻地放在膜上并轻轻按下。在不同的时间点处,收集药物溶液并用新鲜的缓冲液代替,并使用干净的石英比色杯在200-300nm下测量紫外线(UV)吸光度,使用标准曲线来确定随时间的药物浓度和累积药物释放百分比。
图4示出了4-氨基吡啶随时间通过本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的扩散百分数。经皮药物递送系统中的贴剂由23%(w/w)的甘油、16%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶、11%(w/w)的中分子量壳聚糖和48%(w/w)的乳酸组成。通过将液体基体凝胶浇铸在合适的聚四氟乙烯背衬层上并在55℃下干燥18小时来制备贴剂。通过进行三次相同的实验,获得了所得的扩散曲线。多个贴剂样品表明进行相同实验的次数。
图5示出了4-氨基吡啶随时间通过本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的扩散百分数。经皮药物递送系统中的贴剂由50%(w/w)的甘油、14%(w/w)的PVP、18%(w/w)的中分子量壳聚糖和18%(w/w)的乳酸组成。通过将液体基体凝胶浇铸在合适的聚四氟乙烯背衬层上并在80℃下干燥3小时来制备贴剂。通过进行八次相同的实验获得所得的扩散曲线。多个贴剂样品表明进行相同实验的次数。
图6示出了4-氨基吡啶随时间通过本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的扩散百分数。经皮药物递送系统中的贴剂由36%(w/w)的甘油、15.3%的PVP、0.7%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶、9.5%(w/w)的中分子量壳聚糖和38.5%(w/w)的乳酸。通过将液体基体凝胶浇铸在合适的聚四氟乙烯背衬层上并在80℃下干燥5小时来制备贴剂。通过进行三次相同的实验,获得了所得的扩散曲线。多个贴剂样品表明进行相同实验的次数。
图7给出了本文提供的经皮药物递送系统中的贴剂的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像。通过首先在室温(25℃)下搅拌混合物的同时将甘油和乳酸添加到固定体积的水中,配制成含有地氯雷他定的经皮贴剂。接下来逐渐加入壳聚糖和阿拉伯胶,以促进壳聚糖溶解并降低粘度。然后将PVP加入到基体中,并将混合物搅拌2-5小时。然后加入地氯雷他定,并将混合物搅拌1-4小时。然后将该制剂浇铸到一系列的聚四氟乙烯背衬上,并在80℃下烘烤4-8小时。SEM图像显示,图像中白色粉末状物质代表的活性药物成分(API)地氯雷他定的大部分溶解在深色背景代表的聚合物基体中,同时可见一些地氯雷他定晶体,表明聚合物已被API饱和。
发明详述
提供以下术语和方法的解释以更好地描述本公开内容并指导本领域普通技术人员实践本公开内容。如本文所用,除非上下文另外明确指出,否则“包括”是指“包括”,并且单数形式“一个”或“该”包括复数形式。例如,提及“包含治疗剂”包括一种或多种这样的治疗剂。除非上下文另外明确指出,否则术语“或”是指所述供选择的元素的单个元素或两个或更多个元素的组合。例如,短语“A或B”是指A、B或A和B的组合。此外,本文讨论的各种元素、特征和步骤以及每个这样的元素、特征或步骤的其他已知等效物可由本领域普通技术人员混合和匹配以执行根据本文所述原理的方法。在各种元素、特征和步骤中,一些将被具体包括在具体的实施例内,而其他一些将在具体实施例中被特别排除在外。
除非另有说明,否则本文使用的所有技术术语和科学术语都具有与本公开内容所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。尽管与本文描述的那些类似或等同的方法和材料可以用于本公开内容的实践或测试中,但是下面描述了合适的方法和材料。材料、方法和实例仅是说明性的,而并非旨在限制。本文引用的所有参考文献通过引用整体并入本文。
在一些实例中,用于描述和要求保护某些实施方案的表示成分数量、性质例如分子量、反应条件等的数字应理解为在某些情况下被术语“约”或“大约”修饰。例如,“约”或“大约”可以表示其所描述的值的+/-20%的变化。因此,在一些实施方案中,本文阐述的数字参数是近似值,其可以根据特定实施方案的期望性质而变化。尽管列出一些实施例的广泛范围的数值范围和参数是近似值,但是在具体实施例中列出的数值应尽可能精确地报告。本文数值范围的记载仅意图用作分别指代该范围内的每个单独数值的速记方法。
为了便于回顾本公开内容的各实施方案,提供了对具体术语的以下解释:
给药:通过有效途径为受试者提供或给予活性剂,例如抗组胺剂。给药可以是系统的或局部的。示例性的给药途径包括但不限于局部的、经皮的、颊的、阴道的、鼻内的、直肠的、吸入的、眼的、耳的、肠的(例如口服的、舌下的、颊的、直肠的)和肠胃外的(例如注射剂(如皮下、肌肉内、真皮内、腹膜内、肿瘤内和静脉内)途径。
气液界面(ALI):一种细胞培养物,其中细胞的基础表面与液体培养基接触,而顶面则暴露于空气中。一种常见的方法是将细胞接种到细胞培养插入物的可渗透膜上,该膜最初随培养基一起提供给顶部和基底隔室。一旦达到汇合点,细胞就会经历“气提(air-lift)”,其中培养基仅被提供给基底腔。这种配置模仿了见于皮肤上的人类呼吸道中的状况。
镇痛药:用于缓解疼痛的一种或一组药物。镇痛药以各种方式作用于外周神经系统和中枢神经系统,并且与可逆地消除感觉的麻醉药不同。
类似物:一种化合物,其具有与另一种化合物相似的结构,但与其不同,例如,在一个或多个原子、官能团或子结构上不同。
麻醉剂:引起感觉减少或消失的活性剂。
抗痤疮剂:一种化学和/或生物制剂,当在痤疮部位局部施用时其导致与寻常型痤疮的上皮状况相关的症状明显减轻。
抗衰老剂:一种物质,其治疗或减轻至少皮肤的衰老迹象,改善皮肤外观,增加一层或多层皮肤的厚度,改善皮肤弹性、回弹性或紧致度,改善皮肤水合作用或保湿,掩饰或减少细纹和/或皱纹的出现,或改善皮肤纹理或光滑度。
抗生素:一种化学物质,其能够通过抑制细菌和其他微生物的生长或破坏其现有的菌落来治疗细菌感染。
抗真菌剂:一种能够抑制真菌生长或破坏真菌的活性剂。
抗组胺剂:一种通过阻止组胺的受体来抑制体内组胺的作用的药物。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定和氯雷他定,它们是以约2mg至约10mg的剂量有效的用于治疗过敏的三环HI抗组胺剂,以及西替利嗪,其是第二代抗组胺剂,用于治疗花粉症、过敏、血管性水肿和荨麻疹,有效剂量为约2mg至约10mg。
抗炎剂:减少炎症和肿胀的活性剂。
抗氧化剂:抑制氧化或氧气或过氧化物促进的反应的活性剂。
抗原生动物剂:一种能够抑制原生动物微生物的生长或破坏原生动物微生物的活性剂。
止痒剂:一种减少、消除或预防瘙痒的活性剂。
抗病毒剂:一种抑制病毒复制或破坏病毒的活性剂。
生物粘合剂:一种对高度水合的生物表面(如水合皮肤)具有压敏粘合性的聚合物。示例性的生物粘附性聚合物包括壳聚糖、聚卡波非(多环酸与二乙烯基二醇交联,卡波姆/卡波姆胶(羧基聚亚甲基)、羟丙基甲基纤维素HPMC(纤维素2-羟丙基甲基醚);羟乙基纤维素;黄原胶;瓜尔胶;羟丙基瓜尔胶;壳聚糖;海藻酸钠;角叉菜胶;聚(羟基丁酸酯),聚(己内酯)和共聚物;以及聚(原酸酯)。
化学治疗剂或化学疗法:对特征为异常细胞生长的疾病的治疗有治疗作用的化学试剂。这些疾病包括肿块、肿瘤和癌症。在一个实例中,化学治疗剂是放射性化合物。在一个实例中,化学治疗剂是生物制剂,例如单克隆抗体。在一些实例中,使用所公开的方法用活性剂治疗的受试者使用、将要用或之前用化学疗法进行治疗。在Slapak和Kufe的《癌症治疗原理》,第14版,哈里森内科学原理的第86章中提供了示例性的化学治疗剂。Perry等人,Chemotherapy,Ch.17,在Abeloff的《临床肿瘤学》第二版,2000年,ChurchillLivingstone,Inc;Baltzer和Berkery.(eds):《肿瘤学化学疗法袖珍指南》,第二版,St.Louis,《莫斯比年鉴》,1995年;Fischer Knobf和Durivage(eds):《癌症化学疗法手册》,第4版,St.Louis,《莫斯比年鉴》,1993年)。
接触:直接物理关联放置;包括固体和液体形式。接触可以在体外与分离的细胞(例如在组织培养皿或其他容器中)发生,或者在体内通过向受试者施用活性剂而发生。
对照:参考标准。在一些实例中,对照是已知值或已知的值范围,例如指示非贫血或贫血受试者的值。在一些实例中,对照是一个值或值范围,其指示在不存在治疗剂的情况下的反应。
交联的:包含分子内和/或分子间交联的组合物,无论是通过共价键还是非共价键产生。“非共价”键包括氢键和静电(离子)键。
药物或活性剂:诱导期望的药理或生理效果的化学物质或化合物,其包括治疗上有效,预防上有效或药妆上有效的试剂。该术语还涵盖本文具体提及的那些活性剂的药学上可接受的、有药理活性的衍生物和类似物,包括但不限于盐、酯、酰胺、前药、活性代谢物、包合配合物、类似物等。可以掺入本文提供的经皮药物递送系统中并经皮递送的合适的活性剂包括但不限于肾上腺素能剂;肾上腺皮质类固醇;肾上腺皮质激素抑制剂;酒精威慑剂;醛固酮拮抗剂;氨基酸;氨解毒剂;合成代谢剂;催醒剂;镇痛剂;雄激素剂;麻醉剂;厌食化合物;厌食剂;拮抗剂;垂体前叶激活剂和垂体前抑制剂;抗粉刺剂;抗肾上腺素药;抗过敏剂;抗阿米巴剂;抗雄激素剂;抗贫血剂;抗心绞痛药;抗焦虑药;抗关节炎剂;抗哮喘剂和其他呼吸道药物;抗动脉粥样硬化剂;抗菌剂;抗癌剂,包括抗肿块剂和抗癌补充增效剂;抗胆碱能药;抗胆石生成剂;抗凝剂;抗球虫剂;抗惊厥剂;抗抑郁药;抗糖尿病剂;止泻药;抗利尿剂;解毒剂;抗运动剂;止吐剂;抗癫痫剂;抗雌激素剂;抗纤维蛋白溶解剂;抗真菌剂;抗青光眼剂;抗蠕虫剂;抗血友病剂;抗血友病因子;抗出血剂;抗组胺剂;抗高血脂剂;抗高脂蛋白血症剂;降压药;抗高血压剂;降压药;抗感染剂,例如抗生素和抗病毒剂;甾体和非甾体抗炎药;抗角质化剂;抗疟药;抗菌剂;抗偏头痛剂;抗有丝分裂剂;抗霉菌剂;止恶心剂;抗肿瘤剂;抗中性粒细胞减少剂;抗痴迷剂;抗寄生虫剂;抗帕金森病药物;抗肺囊肿剂;抗增殖剂;抗前列腺肥大药;抗原生动物剂;止痒剂;抗银屑病剂;抗精神病剂;解热药;解痉药;抗风湿剂;抗血吸虫病剂;抗脂溢性剂;抗痉挛剂;抗牙垢和防牙垢剂;抗血栓药;抗结核剂;镇咳剂;抗溃疡剂;抗尿石剂;抗病毒剂;GERD药物;抗焦虑药;食欲抑制剂;注意缺陷障碍(ADD)和注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)药物;抑菌和杀菌剂;良性前列腺增生治疗剂;血糖调节剂;骨吸收抑制剂;支气管扩张剂;碳酸酐酶抑制剂;心血管制剂,包括抗心绞痛剂,抗心律不齐剂,β受体阻滞剂,钙通道阻滞剂,心脏抑制剂,心血管剂,心脏保护剂和强心剂;中枢神经系统(CNS)剂;中枢神经系统兴奋剂;利胆剂;胆碱能剂;胆碱能激动剂;胆碱酯酶失活剂;抗球虫剂;认知佐剂和认知增强剂;咳嗽和感冒制剂,包括解充血药;抑制剂;诊断辅助工具;利尿剂;多巴胺能剂;外杀虫药;催吐剂;抑制斑块、牙结石或龋齿形成的酶;酶抑制剂;雌激素;纤溶剂;氟化物防蛀/防腐剂;游离氧自由基清除剂;胃肠动力剂;基因物质;糖皮质激素;性腺刺激原理;头发生长促进剂;止血剂;草药;组胺H2受体拮抗剂;激素;溶激素药;催眠药;降胆固醇剂;降血糖剂;降血脂剂;降压剂;HMGCoA还原酶抑制剂;免疫剂;免疫调制剂;免疫调节剂;免疫刺激剂;免疫抑制剂;阳痿治疗辅助剂;抑制剂;角质层分离剂;白三烯抑制剂;LHRH激动剂;肝病治疗剂;黄体溶素剂;记忆佐剂;心理表现增强剂;金属螯合剂,例如乙二胺四乙酸,四钠盐;有丝分裂抑制剂;情绪调节剂;粘液溶解剂;粘膜保护剂;肌肉松弛剂;散瞳剂;麻醉剂拮抗剂;鼻充血剂;抗精神病剂;神经肌肉阻滞剂;神经保护剂;尼古丁;NMDA拮抗剂;非激素甾醇衍生物;营养剂,例如维生素,必需氨基酸和脂肪酸;眼药,例如抗青光眼剂;催产剂;止痛剂;副交感神经药;肽类药物;纤溶酶原激活剂;血小板活化因子拮抗剂;血小板聚集抑制剂;中风后和头部创伤后治疗;增强剂;孕激素;前列腺素;前列腺生长抑制剂;蛋白水解酶作为伤口清洁剂;促甲状腺激素剂;心理刺激剂;精神药物;放射性试剂;调节剂;松弛剂;重新分配试剂(repartitioning agent);抗疥螨剂;硬化剂;镇静剂;镇静催眠剂;选择性腺苷A1拮抗剂;血清素拮抗剂;血清素抑制剂;血清素受体拮抗剂;类固醇,包括孕激素,雌激素,皮质类固醇,雄激素和合成代谢剂;戒烟剂;兴奋剂;抑制剂;拟交感神经药;协同作用剂;甲状腺激素;甲状腺抑制剂;促甲状腺激素药;镇定剂;牙齿脱敏剂;牙齿增白剂,例如过氧化物,金属亚氯酸盐,过硼酸盐,过碳酸盐,过氧酸及其组合;不稳定型心绞痛剂;排尿剂;血管收缩剂;血管扩张剂,包括一般的冠状动脉,外周和脑;创伤剂;伤口愈合剂;黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂;等。
有效量或治疗有效量:足以引起任何一种障碍或疾病的期望的反应如预防、治疗、减轻和/或改善症状和/或根本原因的治疗剂的量(单独或与一种或多种其他治疗剂一起),或增加细胞数量,例如增加细胞(包括干细胞)的增殖的量。在一个实例中,“有效量”足以减轻或消除疾病的症状,例如过敏性鼻炎的体征或症状。在另一个实例中,有效量是足以克服疾病本身的量。在另一个实例中,治疗剂如抗组胺剂的有效量是与对照如未用抗组胺剂治疗或仅用载体治疗的培养物或受试者相比在统计学上显著减少疾病例如过敏性鼻炎的症状的量。
为了使药物制剂有效,不需要完全抑制诸如过敏性鼻炎或荨麻疹的病症或疾病。治疗可以包括暂时减慢疾病的进程,但也可以包括永久地停止或逆转疾病的进程。例如,药物制剂可通过与不存在药物制剂的症状相比,将症状降低至少20%,至少50%,至少60%,至少70%,至少80%,至少90%,至少95%,至少98%,甚至至少100%缓解与过敏性鼻炎或荨麻疹相关的一种或多种迹象或症状。
可以以许多不同的方式确定单独使用或与一种或多种其他治疗剂一起使用的治疗剂的有效量,例如测定受试者中与该病症如过敏性鼻炎或荨麻疹相关的一种或多种迹象或症状的减少,或测量与待治疗症状相关的一种或多种分子的水平。有效量也可以通过各种体外、体内或原位测定来确定,测定包括本文所述的测定。
乳化剂:降低油和水之间的界面张力,并通过形成小球将表面能降至最低的表面活性剂。实例包括但不限于单硬脂酸甘油酯、甲基纤维素、十二烷基硫酸钠、油酸钠、脱水山梨糖醇单棕榈酸酯、脱水山梨糖醇单硬脂酸酯、脱水山梨糖醇三硬脂酸酯、黄芪胶、油酸三乙醇胺、聚乙烯脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、泊洛沙姆及其任意组合。
水凝胶:可以吸收大量的水以形成弹性凝胶的水溶胀性聚合物基体。基体是通过共价交联或非共价交联保持在一起的三维网络的大分子。当置于水性环境中时,干燥的水凝胶膨胀至交联度所允许的程度。
水凝胶组合物:包含水凝胶或完全由水凝胶组成的组合物。因此,“水凝胶组合物”不仅包括水凝胶本身,而且还包括包含水凝胶和一种或多种非水凝胶组分的组合物或包含分布在疏水相中的亲水性组分(其可以包含水凝胶或为水凝胶)组合物,例如水胶体。
亲水性:在100%相对湿度(rh)下能够吸收超过10%/w的水的聚合物、物质或化合物。
疏水性:在100%相对湿度(rh)下能够吸收不超过1%/w的水的聚合物、物质或化合物。
吸湿性:在100%相对湿度(rh)下能够吸收超过20wt%的水的聚合物、物质或化合物。
免疫反应:对物质的反应和与物质的相互作用,这些物质被人体解释为非自身的。免疫反应取决于功能正常的胸腺以及干细胞向B和T淋巴细胞的转化。这些淋巴细胞有助于抗体产生、细胞免疫和免疫记忆。与免疫反应异常(免疫病)相关的病理状况可能是由于免疫抑制、γ球蛋白过量产生、对外源性抗原的过度反应或机体对其自身细胞和组织的异常反应所致。可能引起或有助于免疫应答抑制的因素包括:(1)胸腺或作为B和T淋巴细胞前体的干细胞先天性不存在;(2)营养不良,其中缺乏抗体合成细胞生命所必需的特定营养素;(3)癌症、病毒感染和广泛烧伤,所有这些都加重了免疫反应机制,并迅速耗尽了抗原特异性抗体的供应;(4)用于治疗癌症的某些药物,包括酒精和海洛因、一些抗生素、抗精神病药和抗肿瘤药。浆细胞的过度增殖(多发性骨髓瘤)表明了γ球蛋白的过度产生。过敏是对进入身体的物质过度反应的结果。
抑制疾病或病症:例如在处于疾病风险或患有特定疾病如过敏性鼻炎或荨麻疹的受试者中,减少、减缓或甚至停止疾病或病症的发展。
角质层分离剂:使皮肤变薄或变软的试剂。示例性角质层分离剂包括尿素、乳酸、尿囊素、过氧化苯甲酰、水杨酸、硫、维甲酸、氟尿嘧啶、三氯乙酸和乙醇酸。
亲脂性:与极性或水性环境相比对非极性环境具有亲和力的物质或化合物。
局部给药:在体内特定位置给予治疗剂。
基体:包含孔的聚合物纤维的三维网络。孔的结构参数,包括孔大小、孔隙率、孔互连性/曲折度和表面积影响分散在基体中的活性剂如何进出基体。
贴剂:局部贴剂可以呈多种形式,包括单层和多层胶粘剂分散药物形式、基体形式和储库形式,并且具有有限的大小和形状。因此,皮肤上的施用区域由贴剂的尺寸决定,而不是由患处的尺寸决定。
渗透促进剂:一种天然或合成的分子,其促进共同给药的活性剂跨生物膜的运输。
pH调节剂:用于在配方中实现期望的pH控制的分子或缓冲液。示例性的pH调节剂包括酸(例如乙酸、己二酸、碳酸、柠檬酸、富马酸、磷酸、山梨酸、琥珀酸、酒石酸、碱性pH调节剂(例如氧化镁、磷酸三钾)和其药学上可接受的盐。
药学上可接受的载体:可用于本公开内容的药学上可接受的载体是常规的。E.W.Martin,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,第19版(1995)的Remington′sPharmaceutical Sciences描述了适用于药物递送本文公开的组合物的组合物和制剂(例如抗组胺剂)。例如,可以在一种或多种药学上可接受的载体,包括非天然或天然药学上可接受的载体分子的存在下给予治疗剂。
载体的性质可以取决于所采用的特定给药方式。例如,经皮制剂通常包含药学上和生理学上可接受的流体如水、生理盐水、平衡盐溶液、右旋糖水溶液、甘油等作为载体。除生物中性载体外,待给予的药物组合物可包含少量的无毒辅助物质如润湿剂或乳化剂、防腐剂和pH缓冲剂等,例如乙酸钠或脱水山梨醇单月桂酸酯。如本领域技术人员所知,其他药物组合物的实施方案可以用常规的药学上可接受的载体、佐剂和抗衡离子制备。
增塑剂:一种当被添加到聚合物中时赋予成品的柔韧性、可加工性和其他性能增加的材料。示例性增塑剂包括但不限于甘油、山梨糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙烯-丙二醇及其任意组合。
聚合物:包括均聚物、线性和支化的聚合物结构、交联的聚合物、共聚物(其可以交联或可以不交联)、嵌段共聚物、交替共聚物、无规共聚物等。低聚物是分子量低于约1000Da的聚合物。
聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或PVP:由线性1-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷酮基团组成的合成聚合物;它是作为一系列平均分子量为约10,000至约700,000的产品商业生产的。含有10%或更少PVP的溶液的粘度基本上与水的粘度相同;浓度高于10%的溶液变得更粘,这取决于所用聚合物的浓度和分子量。
压敏胶粘剂(PSA):一种聚合物材料,其在短时间段内(例如1-5秒)施加很小的外部压力在任何表面上形成强的粘合结合。
扫描电子显微镜(SEM):一种在表面上扫描聚焦的电子束以产生图像的技术。电子束中的电子与样品相互作用,产生各种信号,这些信号可用于获取有关表面形貌和组成的信息。电子束以光栅扫描模式进行扫描,并且电子束的位置与检测到的信号结合以产生图像。SEM可以实现优于1纳米的分辨率。可以以常规SEM在高真空下观察标本,或者在可变压力或环境SEM下在低真空或潮湿条件下观察标本,并使用专用仪器在宽范围的低温或高温下观察标本。
皮肤:身体中最大的器官,其由几个层组成。皮肤在生物稳态中起着重要作用,并且由表皮和真皮组成。表皮由角质层开始的几个层组成,是皮肤的最外层,而真皮深层是最内皮肤层。皮肤具有多种功能,包括热调节、代谢功能(维生素D代谢)和免疫功能。在人类中,通常的皮肤厚度为1-2毫米,尽管在一些区域皮肤可能超过5毫米厚。
表皮提供了身体的抵御环境的缓冲区并保护其免受创伤,排除了毒素和微生物,并构成了半透膜。角质层是无血管的多层结构,其作为对环境的屏障并防止经表皮水分流失。角质层下方是透明层、颗粒层、生发层和基底层,每个层均包含具有特定功能的活细胞。皮肤附件,包括毛囊、皮脂腺和汗腺、指甲和脚趾甲起源于表皮,并伸入真皮毛囊。皮脂腺负责润滑皮肤的分泌物,汗腺分泌物控制皮肤的pH值以防止皮肤感染。汗腺、真皮血管和小肌肉控制身体表面的温度。皮肤中的神经末梢包括疼痛、触觉、热和冷的感受器。基底膜分离并连接表皮和真皮。真皮是支撑和滋养表皮的血管结构。此外,真皮中有感觉神经末梢,其传递有关疼痛、压力、热和冷的信号。浅层真皮由细胞外基体(胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白和基质)组成,并包含血管、淋巴管、上皮细胞、结缔组织、肌肉、脂肪和神经组织。真皮的血管供应负责营养表皮并调节体温。成纤维细胞负责产生皮肤的胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白组分,其使皮肤饱满。纤连蛋白和透明质酸由成纤维细胞分泌。真皮深层位于皮下脂肪上方。它包含较大的血管网络和胶原纤维以提供拉伸强度。它还由主要由胶原蛋白组成的纤维弹性结缔组织组成。
皮肤模拟膜:用于在扩散测试中复制皮肤的半渗透膜。
受试者:一种活的多细胞脊椎动物,包括人类和非人类哺乳动物,以及鸟类(例如鸡和火鸡),鱼类和爬行动物。示例性受试者包括哺乳动物,例如人类和非人类的灵长类动物、大鼠、小鼠、狗、猫、兔子、牛、猪、山羊、马等。
表面或身体表面:位于人体上或体孔内的表面。因此,“身体表面”例如包括皮肤、牙齿、皮肤或粘膜组织,包括具有粘膜衬里的体腔的内表面。
粘性:可以使用在PKI粘性测定、TRBT粘性测定或PSA粘性测定/Polyken Probe(Solutia,Inc.)中获得的值进行量化。术语“基本上不粘”是指粘性值小于约25g/cm/sec的水凝胶组合物。“轻微粘”是指粘性值为约25g/cm/sec至约100g/cm/sec的水凝胶组合物;而“粘性的”是指粘性值为至少100g/cm/sec的水凝胶组合物。
经皮药物递送系统:一种向个体的皮肤或粘膜给予活性剂,以使药物穿过皮肤组织并进入个体的血流的系统。术语“经皮”还可包括“经粘膜”药物给予,即,将药物给予至个体的粘膜(例如舌下、颊、阴道、直肠、尿道)表面,使得药物穿过粘膜组织并进入个人的血流。例如,经皮药物递送装置可包含其中分散有一种或多种药物或活性剂的基体、背衬层、速率控制膜和用于将系统固定至身体表面的粘合装置。
局部给药:将活性剂递送至皮肤表面如皮肤或粘膜,例如在预防或治疗各种皮肤疾病中局部给药,施用化妆品(包括保湿剂、面膜,防晒霜等)等。与经皮给药相比,局部给药提供局部而非全身作用。
在足以的条件下:用于描述允许期望的活动的任何环境的短语。
水不溶性:在水中于20℃下测得的在水中的溶解度小于5%/w,小于3%/w或小于1%/w的聚合物、化合物或组合物。
水溶胀性:一种聚合物、物质或化合物,其浸入水性介质后能够吸收大于其自身重量至少25%/w或大于至少50%/w的水。
经皮药物递送系统
公开了一种经皮药物递送系统。所公开的经皮药物递送系统包括贴剂,该贴剂的直径为1至8cm长,并且表面积为4至7.5cm2。贴剂的小尺寸使耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统能够提供较大的表面积与体积之比,使得大量药物可以通过皮肤被递送至血流和使得给药所需的皮肤表面积最小化。经皮递送系统在5至15分钟内起效,并允许约65%至约100%的一种或多种药物在8至24小时内扩散到哺乳动物的皮肤中。
本文提供的经皮药物递送系统是耐水和耐汗的。贴剂与水接触(例如出汗、淋浴)不会脱落。而是,贴剂的亲水性导致湿润时对皮肤的更高粘附力。另外,水可能会降低贴剂的粘度,使其更好地流入皮肤中的囊内并增加粘附的表面积。
本文公开的经皮药物递送系统也特别适用于敏感皮肤。该贴剂包括宽度为约1至5mm的单片层,其中该单片层包含10-30%(w/w)的生物粘附性聚合物;10-40%(w/w)的成膜剂;10-60%(w/w)的增塑剂;1-20%(w/w)的天然存在的多糖;10-50%(w/w)的角质层分离剂;和1-60%(w/w)的一种或多种活性剂。贴剂成分及其比例的具体选择确保贴剂不引起皮肤刺激,并且即使长时间使用后也不会发红或肿胀。因此,所公开的经皮药物递送系统特别适用于具有敏感皮肤的受试者,例如老年群体和儿童群体。
在一些实例中,生物粘附性聚合物可包括壳聚糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、藻酸钠或其组合。在一些实例中,成膜剂可包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、角叉菜胶、明胶、糊精、聚环氧乙烷、瓜尔胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些另外的实例中,增塑剂可包括甘油、山梨糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇丙二醇或其组合。在一些其他实例中,天然存在的多糖可包括琼脂、藻酸盐、甲壳质、葡甘露聚糖、结冷胶、明胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些实例中,角质层分离剂可包括尿素、乳酸、尿囊素、过氧化苯甲酰、水杨酸或其组合。
在一些实例中,所述贴剂包含壳聚糖(10-30%w/w)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)(10-40%w/w)、甘油(10-60%w/w)、阿拉伯胶(少于20%w/w)和乳酸(10-50%w/w)。不受限于任何理论,壳聚糖增加粘度并减少皮肤刺激;PVP增加内聚力和耐水性,并降低粘附性;甘油增加粘附性并降低内聚力和刚性;阿拉伯胶增加粘合力并降低内聚力;乳酸增加均质性并减少皮肤刺激和内聚力。而且,该贴剂具有很大的粘合强度,剥离速率为约320mm/min。
所公开的经皮药物递送系统可以递送具有许多种官能团的不同小分子,这些官能团包括但不限于脂族链、芳族环、吡啶环、嘌呤环、咪唑环、卤代芳族环、醇、醚、羧酸、醛、酮、酯、伯胺、仲胺和叔胺、伯酰胺、仲酰胺和叔酰胺、硫醇、硫肟、砜、磺酰胺、硫代酰胺、磺基酯和硫代酯等。
该贴剂能够保持和递送多种药物,包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、达伐哌啶,阿米替林、依托昔布、格列齐特、赖诺普利、曲马多、普萘洛尔、恩丹西酮、苯海拉明、氟西汀、度洛西汀、左旋多巴、氯雷他定、奥利司他、文拉法辛、吡格列酮、芬戈莫德、依西酞普兰、卡比多巴、阿普唑仑、氯硝西泮、莫达非尼、阿莫达非尼、右旋安非他命、芴醇、阿尼西坦、考拉西坦、法索西坦、奈非西坦、奥拉西坦、苯基吡拉西坦、吡拉西坦、阿屈非尼、α-GPC、胆碱酒石酸氢盐、胞磷胆碱、肌酸、酪氨酸、布罗曼坦、可替宁、L-茶氨酸、N-乙酰半胱氨酸、甘氨酸乙酯、苯咯戊烷、噻奈普汀、安非他酮、西酞普兰、舍曲林、曲唑酮、米氮平、帕罗西汀、阿米替林、拉莫三嗪、去甲替林、喹硫平、曲马多、多塞平、奥氮平、利培酮、丙咪嗪、锂、辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、洛伐他汀、罗苏伐他汀、泼尼松、富马酸二甲酯、米托蒽醌、那他珠单抗、特立氟胺、地塞米松、泼尼松龙、伐昔洛韦、咪唑硫嘌呤、环磷酰胺、麦考酚酯、氟哌啶醇、埃索美拉唑、利伐沙班、羟考酮、缬沙坦、美金刚、喹硫平、司维拉姆、布地奈德、氢可酮、多西环素、右佐匹克隆、非诺贝特、美托洛尔、丙戊酸盐、奥美拉唑、二甲双胍、氨氯地平、氯沙坦、唑吡坦、氢氯噻嗪、泮托拉唑、阿莫西林、坦索罗辛、氟替卡松、卡维地洛、华法林、美洛昔康、氯吡格雷、阿替洛尔、他达拉非、沙丁胺醇、阿布叔醇、环苯扎林、辣椒素、塞来昔布、巴氯芬、阿伐斯汀、假麻黄碱、洛沙平、利奥西呱、鲁比前列酮、前列环素、苄非他明、硼替佐米、白消安、西那卡塞、纳多洛尔、非诺多泮、赛庚啶、半胱胺、地西他滨、达非那新、达克金、去甲文拉法辛、安非拉酮、夸西泮、法莫替丁、普拉格雷、依立曲坦、依普利酮、奋乃静、美法仑、依西美坦、依泽替米贝、喷昔洛韦、非诺多泮、非索罗定、氟可的松、氢可酮、夫罗曲坦、替加环素、齐拉西酮、格列吡嗪、米格列醇、胍乙啶、胍法辛、喜树碱、莨菪碱、伊布利特和伊洛前列素。
在一些实例中,活性剂或药物是苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定、三己芬迪、阿塞那平、前列环素、丁螺环酮、布托啡诺、卡托普利、卡比多巴、沙丁胺醇、纳曲酮、依伐布雷定、地塞米松、去氧肾上腺素、氟轻松、右兰索拉唑、呋噻米、伊拉地平、文拉法辛和依那普利中的一种或多种。下表1显示了可以通过本文提供的经皮药物递送系统经皮递送的一些药物的结构。
表1
活性剂或药物可通过扩散从贴剂中的聚合物基体中释放。释放可以是受控释放、延迟释放或持续释放。贴剂中一种或多种活性剂或药物的浓度为组合物的至少1%w/w,组合物的至少2%w/w,组合物的至少3%w/w,组合物的至少4%w/w,组合物的至少5%w/w,组合物的至少6%w/w,组合物的至少7%w/w,组合物的至少8%w/w,组合物的至少9%w/w,组合物的至少10%w/w,组合物的至少11%w/w;组合物的至少12%w/w;组合物的至少13%w/w;组合物的至少14%w/w;组合物的至少15%w/w;组合物的至少16%w/w;组合物的至少17%w/w;组合物的至少18%w/w;组合物的至少19%w/w;组合物的至少20%w/w,组合物的至少30%w/w,组合物的至少40%w/w,组合物的至少50%w/w或组合物的至少60%w/w。
可以作为时间的函数来测量经皮递送至皮肤的一种或多种活性剂或药物的含量以及它们在皮肤中的渗透/通量。在一些实例中,如实例中所述,使用附着到Franz扩散池的人造皮肤模拟膜或人尸皮肤确定通量。
任选地,所公开的经皮药物递送系统可以包括背衬层并且被修整至期望的尺寸。用于背衬层的合适材料包括但不限于聚四氟乙烯、金属箔、金属化多层箔、复合箔、或含聚酯膜,如聚酯对苯二甲酸酯、聚酯或铝化聚酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物、聚乙烯甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚偏二氯乙烯、尼龙、有机硅弹性体、橡胶基聚异丁烯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯和苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。另外,背衬层可包括各种泡沫,例如但不限于聚烯烃泡沫、聚氯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫和聚乙烯泡沫。
背衬层可包含封闭剂或对贴剂的组分基本上不可渗透。在一些实例中,经皮药物递送系统对一种或多种分子是封闭的,所述分子包括但不限于咖啡因、阿立哌唑、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、己酮可可碱、恩丙茶碱、氨茶碱、胆茶碱、可可碱、丙戊茶碱、黄嘌呤醇、多索茶碱、帕马溴、利索茶碱、更昔洛韦、芬乙茶碱、黄嘌呤、尿酸、罗洛茶碱、瑞普特罗、咖麻黄碱和茶碱那林、及其任意组合。
本文提供的经皮药物递送系统可以施用于皮肤,递送一种或多种药物,并且在被除去前在皮肤上保留至少1小时,至少2小时,至少3小时,至少4小时,至少5小时,至少6小时,至少7小时,至少8小时,至少9小时,至少10小时,至少11小时,至少12小时,至少13小时,至少14小时,至少15小时,至少16小时,至少17小时,至少18小时,至少19小时,至少20小时,至少21小时,至少22小时,至少23小时,至少24小时,至少25小时,至少26小时,至少27小时,至少28小时,至少29小时,至少30小时,至少31小时,至少32小时,至少33小时,至少34小时,至少35小时,至少36小时,至少37小时,至少38小时,至少39小时,至少40小时,至少41小时,至少42小时,至少43小时,至少44小时,至少45小时,至少46小时,至少47小时,至少48小时,至少49小时,至少50小时,至少51小时,至少52小时,至少53小时,至少54小时,至少55小时,至少56小时,至少57小时,至少58小时,至少59小时,至少60小时,至少61小时,至少62小时,至少63小时,至少64小时,至少65小时,至少66小时,至少67小时,至少68小时,至少69小时,至少70小时,至少71小时,至少72小时,至少73小时,至少74小时,至少75小时,至少76小时,至少77小时,至少78小时,至少79小时,至少80小时,至少81小时,至少82小时,至少83小时,至少84小时,至少85小时,至少86小时,至少87小时,至少88小时,至少89小时,至少90小时,至少91小时,至少92小时,至少93小时,至少94小时,至少95小时,至少96小时,至少97小时,至少98小时,至少99小时,至少100小时,至少110小时,或至少120小时。
所公开的经皮药物递送系统可以进一步包含渗透促进剂。渗透促进剂的非限制性实例包括甘油单月桂酸酯(GML)、卵磷脂或植物油,例如红花油、棉籽油和玉米油。
所公开的经皮药物递送系统可以进一步包含抗氧化剂。示例性的抗氧化剂包括但不限于抗坏血酸(维生素C)及其盐、脂肪酸的抗坏血酸酯、抗坏血酸衍生物(例如抗坏血酸磷酸镁、抗坏血酸磷酸钠、抗坏血酸山梨酸酯)、生育酚(维生素E)、生育酚山梨酸酯、生育酚乙酸酯、生育酚的其他酯、丁基化羟基苯甲酸及其盐、生物类黄酮、姜黄素、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、脯氨酸、超氧化物歧化酶、水飞蓟素、茶提取物、葡萄提取物、黑色素和迷迭香提取物。抗氧化剂可以以贴剂的0.1%至10%w/w的浓度存在。
贴剂可进一步包含不与活性化合物有害地反应的助剂,例如润滑剂、防腐剂、稳定剂、湿润剂、乳化剂、用于影响渗透压的盐、缓冲剂、着色剂、调味剂和/或香料等。
因此,本文提供的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统提供了一种剂型,该剂型实现了透过皮肤快速递送到血流中,减少了常见的副作用并改善了患者的依从性。
所公开的经皮药物递送系统的制备方法
本文还提供了一种制备耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统的方法。该方法包括首先向水中加入成膜剂和增塑剂,并在室温(25℃)下搅拌混合物;逐渐加入生物粘附性聚合物和天然存在的多糖并搅拌混合物,直到生物粘附性聚合物溶解并且粘度降低为止;然后加入成膜剂和角质层分离剂,并搅拌2-5小时,直至得到均匀的混合物;加入一种或多种活性剂并将混合物搅拌1-4小时以获得制剂;以及任选地将制剂浇铸到一系列背衬层上,并在80℃下烘烤该背衬层4-8小时以获得具有背衬层的贴剂。
生物粘附性聚合物可以包括壳聚糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、藻酸钠或其组合。成膜剂可以包括聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、角叉菜胶、明胶、糊精、聚环氧乙烷、瓜尔胶、黄原胶或其组合。在一些另外的实例中,增塑剂可包括甘油、山梨糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇丙二醇或其组合。天然存在的多糖可包括琼脂、藻酸盐、甲壳质、葡甘露聚糖、结冷胶、明胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶、黄原胶或其组合。所述角质层分离剂可以包括尿素、乳酸、尿囊素、过氧化苯甲酰、水杨酸或其组合。在一些实例中,所述贴剂包含10-30%(w/w)的壳聚糖;10-40%(w/w)的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;10-60%的甘油;1-20%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶;和10-50%(w/w)的乳酸。
在一些实例中,所公开的经皮药物递送系统可包括背衬层。用于背衬层的合适材料包括但不限于聚四氟乙烯、金属箔、金属化多层箔、复合箔、或含聚酯膜,如聚酯对苯二甲酸酯、聚酯或铝化聚酯、聚四氟乙烯、聚醚嵌段酰胺共聚物、聚乙烯甲基丙烯酸甲酯嵌段共聚物、聚氨酯、聚偏二氯乙烯、尼龙、有机硅弹性体、橡胶基聚异丁烯、苯乙烯、苯乙烯-丁二烯和苯乙烯-异戊二烯共聚物、聚乙烯和聚丙烯。另外,背衬层可包括各种泡沫,例如但不限于聚烯烃泡沫、聚氯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫和聚乙烯泡沫。
在一些实例中,提供的方法可进一步包括添加2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种脂肪酸。所述脂肪酸包括但不限于酒石酸、油酸、月桂酸、马来酸及其任意组合。在一些实例中,所提供的方法可以进一步包括添加2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种精油。所述精油包括但不限于L-薄荷醇、川芎油、丁香油、肉桂油、松节油、桉树油及其任意组合。
所提供的方法生产了耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其可以将许多种活性剂递送到皮肤中。在一些实例中,当时仅一种活性剂被递送到皮肤中。在其他实例中,将活性剂的组合顺序或同时递送到皮肤中。活性剂的实例包括但不限于一种或多种抗组胺剂、钾通道阻滞剂、镇痛剂、抗糖尿病剂、止痛剂、抗抑郁剂、抗精神病剂、抗帕金森病剂、血管舒张药、利尿药、钙通道阻滞剂、抗痤疮剂、抗衰老剂、抗生素剂、抗真菌剂、ACE抑制剂、GERD药物、抗炎剂、阿片药物、抗哮喘剂、皮质类固醇、烟碱胆碱能受体激动剂、抗氧化剂、抗原生动物剂、止痒剂、抗病毒剂、化学治疗剂、免疫调节剂、角质层分离剂、类视黄醇和中枢神经系统刺激剂。因此,在一些实例中,活性剂是苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定、苯海索、阿塞那平、前列环素、丁螺环酮、布托啡诺、卡托普利、卡比多巴、沙丁胺醇、纳曲酮、伊伐布雷定、地塞米松、去氧肾上腺素、氟轻松、右兰索拉唑、呋塞米、伊拉地平、文拉法辛和依那普利中的一种或多种。
示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、氯雷他定、地氯雷他定和西替利嗪。示例性的抗抑郁剂和抗焦虑剂包括但不限于舍曲林、氟西汀、帕罗西汀、文拉法辛、度洛西汀、草酸依西酞普兰、阿普唑仑和劳拉西泮。示例性的ADHD药物包括但不限于苯丙胺天冬氨酸、右旋安非他命、盐酸哌醋甲酯、盐酸右哌甲酯和阿米替林。示例性的抗帕金森氏症药物包括但不限于左旋多巴、卡比多巴、罗匹尼罗、普拉克索、罗替戈汀、阿扑吗啡、盐酸司来吉兰、雷沙吉兰和苯托品。示例性多发性硬化症药物包括但不限于特立氟胺、达伐吡啶、富马酸二甲酯、那他珠单抗、芬戈莫德和醋酸格拉替雷。示例性的阿尔茨海默氏病药物包括但不限于多奈哌齐、卡巴拉汀和加兰他敏。示例性镇痛剂包括但不限于美沙酮、氢吗啡酮、羟吗啡酮、丁丙诺啡、氢可酮、吗啡和氢可酮。示例性的GERD药物包括但不限于埃索美拉唑、奥美拉唑和泮托拉唑。示例性的抗胆固醇剂包括但不限于昂丹司琼、吡格列酮、奥利司他、来那度胺、索非布韦,瑞舒伐他汀、氨氯地平、辛伐他汀和二甲双胍。
本文提供的方法可以另外产生耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其包括对一种或多种分子具有封闭作用的贴剂。这些分子包括但不限于咖啡因、阿立哌唑、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、己酮可可碱、恩丙茶碱、氨茶碱、胆茶碱、可可碱、丙戊茶碱、黄嘌呤醇、多索茶碱、帕马溴、利索茶碱、更昔洛韦、芬乙茶碱、黄嘌呤、尿酸、罗洛茶碱、瑞普特罗、咖麻黄碱和茶碱那林、及其任意组合。
本文提供的方法生产了一种耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其直径为1至8厘米长,表面积为4至8cm2,并且在施用于哺乳动物的皮肤的15分钟内起效,并且其可持续地递送一种或多种活性剂8-24个小时。通过所提供的方法制备的经皮递送系统中的贴剂具有优异的粘合强度,如约320mm/min的剥离速率所示,并且使得在8至24小时内65%至100%的活性剂扩散到哺乳动物的皮肤中。哺乳动物可以是动物或人类受试者。
治疗方法
还公开了使用本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的治疗方法。本文提供了一种在有需要的受试者中治疗季节性过敏性鼻炎的方法,其中该方法包括将包含一种或多种抗组胺剂的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统施用于受试者的皮肤,和保持该耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统与受试者的皮肤接触8-24小时,从而治疗受试者的季节性过敏性鼻炎。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定及其任意组合。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的第一小时期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为600μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的整个时间期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为至少100μg/cm2/小时。
本文还提供了一种在有需要的受试者中治疗季节性慢性特发性荨麻疹的方法,其中该方法包括将包含一种或多种抗组胺剂的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统施用于受试者的皮肤,并保持耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统与受试者的皮肤接触8-24小时,从而治疗受试者的季节性慢性特发性荨麻疹。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定及其任意组合。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的第一小时期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为600μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的整个时间期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为至少100μg/cm2/小时。
包含一种或多种抗组胺剂的经皮药物递送系统
本文还提供了耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,其中单片层包含10-30%(w/w)的壳聚糖;10-40%(w/w)的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;10-60%的甘油;1-20%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶;10-50%(w/w)的乳酸和治疗有效量的一种或多种抗组胺剂。示例性的抗组胺剂包括但不限于苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定及其任意组合。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的第一小时期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为600μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,在施用贴剂的整个时间期间,一种或多种抗组胺剂从贴剂的释放速率为至少100μg/cm2/小时。在一些实例中,单片层可进一步包含2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种脂肪酸。所述脂肪酸包括但不限于酒石酸、油酸、月桂酸、马来酸及其任意组合。在一些示例中,单片层可以进一步包含2-15%(w/w)的一种或多种精油。所述精油包括但不限于L-薄荷醇、川芎油、丁香油、肉桂油、松节油、桉树油及其任意组合。
实施例
实施例1:制备经皮药物递送系统的方法
将包含溶解在乳酸、甘油和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮中的壳聚糖层的液体基体倒入聚四氟乙烯背衬层中,并通过溶剂蒸发使其固化。这样形成的贴剂是圆形的,并且具有4cm的直径。背衬层和基体的尺寸相等。壳聚糖和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮基体的最终厚度为约1mm。见图2,从图的顶部起第一个和第三个。
在供选择的方法中,经皮药物递送系统包含分散在粘附性聚合物基体中的药物,该聚合物基体包含溶解在乳酸、甘油和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮中的壳聚糖层。将液体基体倒入聚四氟乙烯背衬层中,并通过溶剂蒸发使其固化。基体尺寸减小到3厘米,然后将其安装在直径为4厘米的另外的背衬层上。聚四氟乙烯背衬层的边缘用医用粘合剂浇铸,以匹配基体的厚度。见图2,从图的顶部起第二个和第四个。
实施例2:通过皮肤模拟膜的体外药物扩散
使用人造皮肤模拟膜在空气-水界面处附着于Franz扩散池,体外测量几种经皮递送至皮肤的药物的渗透或通量作为时间的函数。进行了几次测量以确定草酸依西酞普兰、4-氨基吡啶、盐酸西替利嗪和阿立哌唑随时间的通量。改良的Franz扩散池中装有55ml磷酸盐缓冲液,并将皮肤模拟膜放置在每个池中空气-水界面处,并用带孔的盖固定。将池放入水浴中,并将温度平衡至38℃。将载有药物的贴剂轻轻地放在膜上并轻轻按下。在不同的时间点,收集药物溶液并用新鲜的缓冲液代替,并用干净的石英比色皿在200-300nm下测量紫外线(UV)吸光度,使用标准曲线确定随时间的药物浓度和累积药物释放百分比。图3显示该系统对草酸依西酞普兰、4-氨基吡啶和盐酸西替利嗪随时间的扩散是可渗透的,但对阿立哌唑随时间的扩散是不可渗透的。
鉴于这些结果,得出的结论是,一些药物和小分子可能会“滞留”在聚合物基体中,或者从贴剂中沉淀出来,或者在薄膜内重结晶,从而导致实际上惰性的贴剂,以及粘合性降低,并且没有药物递送能力。进一步的实验表明,不能通过贴剂基体渗透到皮肤和血流中的小分子包括咖啡因、阿立哌唑、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、己酮可可碱、恩丙茶碱、氨茶碱、胆茶碱、可可碱、丙戊茶碱、黄嘌呤醇、多索茶碱、帕马溴、利索茶碱、更昔洛韦、芬乙茶碱、黄嘌呤、尿酸、罗洛茶碱、瑞普特罗、咖麻黄碱和茶碱那林。
实施例3:通过经皮药物递送系统的体内药物扩散
使用不同的贴剂组合物测量4-氨基吡啶随时间通过本文提供的经皮药物递送系统的扩散百分数。图4示出了4-氨基吡啶通过贴剂的扩散百分数,该贴剂由23%(w/w)的甘油、16%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶、11%(w/w)的中分子量壳聚糖和48%(w/w)的乳酸组成。通过将液体基体凝胶浇铸在合适的聚四氟乙烯背衬层上并在55℃下干燥18小时来制备贴剂。所得的扩散曲线表明,本文提供的经皮药物递送系统允许4-氨基吡啶随时间渗透和扩散。
图5示出了4-氨基吡啶通过贴剂的扩散百分数,该贴剂由50%(w/w)的甘油、14%(w/w)的PVP、18%(w/w)的中分子量壳聚糖和18%(w/w)的乳酸组成。通过将液体基体凝胶浇铸在合适的聚四氟乙烯背衬层上并在80℃下干燥3小时来制备贴剂。所得的扩散曲线表明,本文提供的经皮药物递送系统允许4-氨基吡啶随时间渗透和扩散。
图6示出了4-氨基吡啶通过贴剂的扩散百分数,该贴剂由36%(w/w)的甘油、15.3%的PVP、0.7%(w/w)的阿拉伯胶、9.5%(w/w)的中分子量壳聚糖和38.5%(w/w)的乳酸组成。通过将液体基体凝胶浇铸在合适的聚四氟乙烯背衬层上并在80℃下干燥5小时来制备贴剂。所得的扩散曲线表明,本文提供的经皮药物递送系统允许4-氨基吡啶随时间渗透和扩散。
实施例4:用经皮药物递送治疗过敏性鼻炎
用抗组胺混合物(cocktail)治疗患有季节性过敏性鼻炎的严重症状的人受试者,该抗组胺混合物包括苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪和氯雷他定。通过应用所公开的耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统,将抗组胺混合物经皮施用至人类受试者的皮肤。将耐水和耐汗经皮药物递送系统保持与受试者的皮肤接触24小时。在治疗结束时,受试者没有与季节性过敏性鼻炎相关的症状,并且即使在重新暴露于过敏原后也没有复发。
尽管可以应用本发明的原理的许多可能的实施方案,但是应当认识到,图示的实施方案仅是本发明的实施例,而不应被视为对本发明的范围的限制。而是,本发明的范围由所附权利要求书限定。因此,我们要求保护所有落入这些权利要求的范围和精神内的发明作为我们的发明。
Claims (18)
1.一种制备耐水和耐汗皮肤贴剂的方法,其中所述方法包括首先将成膜剂和增塑剂加入水中,并在室温下搅拌混合物;逐渐添加生物粘附性聚合物和天然存在的多糖并搅拌混合物,直到生物粘附性聚合物溶解并且粘度降低;加入成膜剂和角质层分离剂并搅拌2-5小时,直至获得均匀的混合物;加入一种或多种活性剂并将混合物搅拌1-4小时以获得制剂;将制剂浇铸到一系列背衬层上;在80℃下烘烤背衬层4-8小时,从而制得一种耐水和耐汗皮肤贴剂,
其中,所述生物粘附性聚合物是壳聚糖、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、黄原胶、瓜尔胶、藻酸钠或其组合;
所述成膜剂是聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、角叉菜胶、明胶、糊精、聚环氧乙烷、瓜尔胶、黄原胶或其组合;
所述增塑剂是甘油、山梨糖醇、聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚乙二醇丙二醇或其组合;
所述天然存在的多糖是琼脂、藻酸盐、甲壳质、葡甘露聚糖、结冷胶、明胶、瓜尔胶、阿拉伯胶、刺槐豆胶、果胶、黄原胶或其组合;
所述角质层分离剂是尿素、乳酸、尿囊素、过氧化苯甲酰、水杨酸或其组合,
其中,所述皮肤贴剂在15分钟内起效,并且持续地递送所述一种或多种活性剂8-24小时。
2.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述生物粘附性聚合物是壳聚糖;所述成膜剂是聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;所述增塑剂是甘油;所述天然存在的多糖是阿拉伯胶;并且所述角质层分离剂是乳酸。
3.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述背衬层包括聚四氟乙烯、金属箔或含聚酯膜。
4.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述背衬层包括金属化多层箔。
5.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述背衬层包括复合箔。
6.权利要求1所述的方法,其中,所述背衬层包括聚烯烃泡沫、聚氯乙烯泡沫、聚氨酯泡沫或聚乙烯泡沫。
7.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是抗组胺剂、钾通道阻滞剂、镇痛剂、抗糖尿病剂、抗精神病剂、血管舒张药、利尿药、钙通道阻滞剂、抗痤疮剂、抗衰老剂、抗生素剂、GERD药物、抗哮喘剂、烟碱胆碱能受体激动剂、止痒剂角质层分离剂或类视黄醇中的一种或多种。
8.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是ACE抑制剂。
9.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是抗抑郁剂、抗炎剂、阿片药物、皮质类固醇、抗氧化剂或免疫调节剂中的一种或多种。
10.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是抗帕金森病剂。
11.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是抗真菌剂、抗原生动物剂或抗病毒剂中的一种或多种。
12.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是中枢神经系统刺激剂。
13.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述活性剂是苯海拉明、地氯雷他定、西替利嗪、氯雷他定、苯海索、阿塞那平、前列环素、丁螺环酮、布托啡诺、卡托普利、卡比多巴、沙丁胺醇、纳曲酮、伊伐布雷定、地塞米松、去氧肾上腺素、氟轻松、右兰索拉唑、呋塞米、伊拉地平、文拉法辛或依那普利中的一种或多种。
14.权利要求1-13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述贴剂的直径为1至8cm长,表面积为4至8cm2;并且其中贴剂具有约320mm/min的剥离速率。
15.权利要求1-13中任一项所述的方法,其中所述贴剂对咖啡因、阿立哌唑、茶碱、二羟丙茶碱、己酮可可碱、恩丙茶碱、氨茶碱、胆茶碱、可可碱、丙戊茶碱、黄嘌呤醇、多索茶碱、帕马溴、利索茶碱、更昔洛韦、芬乙茶碱、黄嘌呤、尿酸、罗洛茶碱、瑞普特罗、咖麻黄碱和茶碱那林、或其任意组合有封闭作用。
16.权利要求1-13中任一项所述的方法,其中65%至100%的活性剂在8至24小时内扩散到哺乳动物的皮肤中。
17.权利要求16所述的方法,其中所述哺乳动物是人类受试者。
18.权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述室温为25℃。
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