CN111250075B - 一种含球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子的催化剂及其在一氧化碳加氢制低碳烯烃中的应用 - Google Patents
一种含球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子的催化剂及其在一氧化碳加氢制低碳烯烃中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111250075B CN111250075B CN201811460277.7A CN201811460277A CN111250075B CN 111250075 B CN111250075 B CN 111250075B CN 201811460277 A CN201811460277 A CN 201811460277A CN 111250075 B CN111250075 B CN 111250075B
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Abstract
本发明提供一种含球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子的催化剂及该催化剂在一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃中的应用,其以合成气为反应原料,在固定床或移动床上进行转化反应,该应用采用的催化剂由组分I和组分II复合而成,其组分I为含球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子的金属氧化物,组分II为分子筛,金属氧化物和分子筛物理混合起催化作用。组分I与组分II之间的重量比范围0.1‑20,反应过程具有很高的产品收率和选择性,特别是稳定性较好,250h反应后低碳烯烃的选择性仍然可以维持在75‑80%,副产物甲烷选择性极低(<5%),具有很好的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于一氧化碳加氢制备低碳烯烃领域,具体涉及一种含球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子催化剂及催化剂在一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃中的应用。
背景技术
低碳烯烃是指碳原子数小于或等于4的烯烃。以乙烯、丙烯为代表的低碳烯烃是非常重要的基本有机化工原料,随着我国经济的快速增长,长期以来,低碳烯烃市场供不应求。目前,低碳烯烃的生产主要采用轻烃(乙烷、石脑油、轻柴油)裂解的石油化工路线,由于全球石油资源的日渐缺乏和原油价格长期高位运行,发展低碳烯烃工业仅仅依靠石油轻烃为原料的管式裂解炉工艺会遇到越来越大的原料难题,低碳烯烃生产工艺和原料必须多元化。选用合成气制取烯烃工艺可拓宽原材料来源,将以原油、天然气、煤炭和可再生材料为原料生产合成气,为基于高成本原料如石脑油的蒸汽裂解技术方面提供替代方案。合成气一步法直接制取低碳烯烃就是一氧化碳和氢在催化剂作用下,通过费托合成反应直接制得碳原子数小于或等于4的低碳烯烃的过程,该工艺无需像间接法工艺那样从合成气经甲醇或二甲醚,进一步制备烯烃,简化工艺流程,大大减少投资。
合成气通过费托合成直接制取低碳烯烃,已成为费托合成催化剂开发的研究热点之一。中科院大连化学物理研究所公开的专利CN1083415A中,用MgO等IIA族碱金属氧化物或高硅沸石分子筛(或磷铝沸石)担载的铁-锰催化剂体系,以强碱K或 Cs离子作助剂,在合成气制低碳烯烃反应压力为1.0~5.0MPa,反应温度300~ 400℃下,可获得较高的活性(CO转化率90%)和选择性(低碳烯烃选择性66%)。北京化工大学所申报的专利ZL031095852中,采用真空浸渍法制备锰、铜、锌硅、钾等为助剂的Fe/C催化剂用于合成气制低碳烯烃反应,在无原料气循环的条件下,CO转化率 96%,低碳烯烃在碳氢化合物中的选择性68%。最近,荷兰Utrecht大学de Jong教授团队采用SiC,碳纳米纤维等惰性载体负载的Fe以及Na、S等助剂修饰的Fe催化剂,取得了很好进展获得了61%的低碳烯烃选择性,但是转化率升高时,选择性降低。上述报道的催化剂是采用金属铁或者碳化铁为活性组分,反应遵循金属表面的链增长反应机理,产物低碳烯烃的选择性较低,尤其单种产物如乙烯的选择性低于30%,同时,甲烷含量高于15%。
最近中国科学院大连化学物理研究所包信和院士和潘秀莲研究员报道了氧化铝负载的ZnCr2O4尖晶石氧化物与多级孔SAPO-34分子筛复合双功能催化剂,实现了CO转化率17%时,低碳烯烃80%的选择性,其中低碳烷烃选择性为14,烯烃与烷烃的比例(烯烷比)达到5.7。但是催化剂的稳定性仍然有提高的空间,特别是在250h反应后低碳烯烃的选择性明显下降,低于70%,而甲烷选择性则已经高于了5%。
发明内容
针对上述问题,本发明提供了一种催化剂及一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,特别是稳定性较好,250h反应后低碳烯烃的选择性仍然可以维持在75-80%,甲烷选择性低于5%。
本发明的技术方案为:
本发明一方面提供一种催化剂,所述催化剂包括组分I和组分II,组分I的活性成份为金属氧化物,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物为ZnGa2O4,扫描电子显微镜下观察到的形貌是球状;组分II为分子筛;球形氧化物暴露出更多的台阶位、扭点位、梯田位有利于低碳烯烃的生成;所述球状ZnGa2O4暴露的特定晶面为{11-1}、{020}、{1-1-1}晶面。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述金属氧化物的晶粒大小是5-200nm,小的晶粒提供了更多的表面活性中心,更有利于合成气的活化转化。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述组分II为具有CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛,所述分子筛的8圆环孔道以及适宜的笼尺寸有利于低碳烯烃的生成。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述催化剂中,组分I中的金属氧化物与组分II之间的重量比0.1-20范围之间,优选为0.3-5。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述组分I中添加有分散剂,分散剂为Al2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、ZrO2、TiO2、ZnO中的一种或二种,金属氧化物分散于分散剂中,所述分散剂在组分I中的含量为0.05-90wt.%,其余为活性金属氧化物,适量的分散剂有利于改善中间体的传输扩散及催化剂成型。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛的骨架元素组成可以是 Si-Al-O、Ga-Al-O、Ti-Si-O、Si-Al-P-O、Al-P-O、Ge-Al-O中的一种或二种以上。
本发明还提供上述催化剂的制备方法,所述方法为:组分I和组分II以物理方式混合。组分I的金属氧化物ZnGa2O4的制备过程可以是现有技术报道的方法也可以是以下方法制备:所述组分I的活性球状ZnGa2O4优选采用共沉淀法制备;方法一:所述共沉淀法的步骤为:(1).将一定比例与含量的金属锌盐与金属镓盐溶于水并搅匀,形成共沉淀的金属盐溶液;(2).将一定含量的碱溶于水形成共沉淀的碱溶液;(3)通过滴加的方式将将所述碱溶液加入到所述金属盐溶液中,于10-100℃下共沉淀得到氧化物前驱体;共沉淀的pH为7-14;(4).将氧化物前驱体过滤、洗涤、干燥并焙烧从而得到球状ZnGa2O4催化剂。ZnGa2O4纳米粒子氧化物的制备方法二:采用乙酸锌、氯化镓或硝酸镓为前驱体,将其溶入水与或乙醇的溶液中,加入尿素或乙二胺溶液以及少量方法一制备的 ZnGa2O4金属氧化物作为晶种,在水热釜中在140-220℃下晶化4-12h后取出进行过滤,洗涤,干燥,所得固体在空气气氛下焙烧,得到金属氧化物。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述氧化物的制备过程中,金属锌盐与金属镓盐为相对应的乙酸盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐和卤化盐中的一种或两种以上;金属锌盐与金属镓盐所述碱为碱金属氢氧化物、碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠、碳酸氢钾、氨水中的一种或两种以上;所述氧化物前驱体的焙烧气氛为空气或者氢气与惰性气体的混合气;焙烧温度为300-1200℃ゐ
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述物理方式混合为机械搅拌、球磨、摇床混合、机械研磨中的至少一种。机械搅拌:在搅拌槽中,采用搅拌棒将组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ进行混合,通过控制搅拌时间(5min-120min)和速率(30-300转/min),可以调节组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ的混合程度;球磨:利用磨料与催化剂在研磨罐内高速翻滚,对催化剂产生强烈冲击、碾压,达到分散、混合组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ的作用。通过控制磨料(材质可以是不锈钢、玛瑙、石英。尺寸范围:5mm-15mm)与催化剂的比例(质量比范围:20-100:1)调节组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ的混合程度。摇床混合法:将组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ预混合,并装入容器中;通过控制摇床的往复振荡或圆周振荡,实现组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ的混合;通过调节振荡速度(范围:1-70转/分)和时间(范围:5min-120min),实现均匀混合。机械研磨法:将组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ预混合,并装入容器中;在一定的压力(范围:5公斤-20公斤)下,通过研具与混合的催化剂进行相对运动(速率范围:30-300转/min),实现均匀混合的作用。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述物理方式混合的混合温度20-100℃,混合气氛为: a)氮气和/或惰性气体、b)氢气与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,混合气中氢气体积分数为 5~50%、c)CO与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,混合气中CO的体积分数为5~20%、d)O2与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,混合气中O2的体积分数为5-20%;所述惰性气体为氦气、氩气、氖气中的一种或两种以上。
本发明另一方面提供一种合成气直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,所述方法以合成气为原料气,采用上述催化剂,在固定床或移动床上进行转化反应。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述合成气为H2/CO混合气,H2/CO摩尔比为0.2-3.5:1,优选为0.3-2.5:1;所述合成气的压力为0.5-10MPa。
基于以上技术方案,优选的,所述转化反应的反应温度为300-600℃,反应空速为300-10000h-1。
有益效果
本发明与现有技术相比的优点如下:
(1)本发明中的球形ZnGa2O4纳米粒子氧化物选择性地暴露出{11-1}、{020}、{1-1-1} 晶面,这些晶面有利于合成气活化。
(2)本发明中的球形ZnGa2O4纳米粒子氧化物可通过共沉淀方法制备,该法过程简单、条件温和,可合成特定的活性晶面且可大批量生产。
(3)本发明中的复合催化剂在反应过程中具有很高的产品收率和选择性,特别是球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子的氧化物,稳定性较好,在250h反应后低碳烯烃的选择性仍然能维持在75-80%,同时副产物甲烷选择性极低(<5%),具有很好的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为本发明催化剂中金属氧化物9的透射电镜图。
图2a、2b分别为对比例1中对比氧化物2的透射电镜图和扫描电镜图。
图3为对比例1中对比氧化物1的透射电镜图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明做进一步阐述,但是本发明的权利要求范围不受这些实施例的限制。同时,实施例只是给出了实现此目的的部分条件,但并不意味着必须满足这些条件才可以达到此目的。
实施例1
一、组分I的制备
球型ZnGa2O4纳米粒子的氧化物的制备:
(1)金属氧化物1,金属氧化物2,金属氧化物3,金属氧化物6,金属氧化物9和金属氧化物10采用硝酸锌、硝酸镓为前驱体,分别向其中再加入尿素、氨水、碳酸铵、碳酸氢铵在室温下于水中相互混合;将上述混合液陈化,然后取出洗涤、过滤和干燥,所得的固体在空气气氛下焙烧,即得金属氧化物ZnGa2O4。
由附图1我们可以看出,球形ZnGa2O4纳米粒子形状规则,大小均一,且选择性暴露出{11-1}、{020}、{1-1-1}晶面。
(2)金属氧化物4,金属氧化物5,金属氧化物7,金属氧化物8采用水热合成的方法,采用乙酸锌、氯化镓或硝酸镓为前驱体,加入尿素或乙二胺溶液以及少量金属氧化物1作为晶种,在水热釜中高温高压晶化一段时间后取出进行过滤,洗涤,干燥,所得固体在空气气氛下焙烧,得到金属氧化物ZnGa2O4。金属氧化物ZnGa2O4具体的制备材料与性能参数如表1。
表1金属氧化物材料的制备及其性能参数
对比例
片状金属氧化物制备:
对比氧化物1:片状ZnGa2O4的制备:将硝酸镓与乙酸锌按ZnGa比1:2(Zn为50mM) 溶于1:5的乙二胺/水混合溶液50ml。搅拌均匀后转入反应釜140℃,老化48h。获得的沉淀经水/醇洗并烘干获得。该样品主要暴露是{220}。
从附图2a中我们可以清楚地看出该对比氧化物选择性暴露出{220}晶面,其形貌为由薄片堆成的绣球状(图2b)。
对比氧化物2:片状ZnGa2O4的制备:将氯化镓与乙酸锌按ZnGa比1:2(Zn为 50mM)溶于1:5的乙醇/水混合溶液50ml。向上述溶液中加入尿素,混合均匀后转入高压反应釜。在220℃下晶化48h。获得的沉淀经水/醇洗涤并烘干获得。该样品主要暴露的是{311},{111}晶面。
从附图3中我们可以清楚地看到该对比氧化物由六边形片状结构组成,选择性暴露 {311}与{111}晶面。
实施例2
组分II(CHA、AEL拓扑结构的分子筛)的制备
按照原料中n(Al2O3)/n(P2O5)=0.7-1.1,n(SiO2)/n(Al2O3)=0.4-0.8,n(TEA)/n(Al2O3)=2, nH2O/n(Al2O3)=70-105。
将拟薄水铝石与去离子水混合,加入磷酸,搅拌1h得到均一相,然后加入三乙胺搅拌均匀,最后加入硅溶胶,陈化2h后得到初始凝胶,然后将其转移到高压合成釜中,180-200℃静态晶化24h后骤冷、洗涤、干燥后,然后在马弗炉中550℃焙烧6h即得到 CHA分子筛。改变原料的比例,得到对应产物依次定义为CHA1-4,具体原料比例如表 2。
按照原料中n(Al2O3)/n(P2O5)=1,n(TEAOH)/n(Al2O3)=1.4-1.7,nH2O/n(Al2O3)=50-80。
将拟薄水铝石与去离子水混合,加入磷酸,搅拌1h得到均一相,然后加入四乙基氢氧化铵搅拌均匀,陈化2h后得到初始凝胶,然后将其转移到高压合成釜中,150-160℃静态晶化72h后骤冷、洗涤、干燥后,然后在马弗炉中550℃焙烧6h即得到AEI分子筛。改变原料的比例,得到对应产物依次定义为AEI1-3,具体原料比例如表2
表2具有CHA或AEL拓扑结构的分子筛的制备及其性能参数
实施例3
催化剂的制备
将所需比例的组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ加入容器中,利用这些物料和/或容器的高速运动产生的挤压力、撞击力、裁剪力、摩擦力等中的一种或两种以上作用实现分离、破碎、混匀等目的,通过调变温度与载气气氛实现机械能、热能与化学能的转换,进一步调节不同组分间的相互作用。
按照所需比例,将组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ加入容器,采用机械搅拌的方式混合,混合温度为50℃,混合气氛为Ar,搅拌速率5r/min,搅拌时间为30min,得到催化剂A。分别改变组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ以及组分Ⅰ和组分Ⅱ的比例、改变物理混合的方式和条件得到催化剂 B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J,具体的催化剂制备及其参数特征如表3所示。
表3催化剂的制备及其参数特征
实施例4
催化反应实例
以固定床反应为例,但是催化剂也适用于移动床反应器。该装置配备气体质量流量计、在线产物分析色谱(反应器的尾气直接与色谱的定量阀连接,进行周期实时采样分析)。
将上述本发明的催化剂A、B、C、D、E、F、G、H、I、J和对比例1、2、3和4 的催化剂取2g,置于固定床反应器中,使用Ar置换反应器中的空气,然后再在H2气氛中升温至200℃,切换合成气(H2/CO摩尔比=0.2-3.5:1),合成气的压力为0.5-10MPa,升温至反应温度300-600℃,调节反应原料气的空速至500-10000ml/g/h。产物由在线色谱检测分析。
改变温度、压力和空速,可以改变反应性能得到不同催化剂不同条件下的性能结果,具体见表4。本发明的催化剂在反应250h后低碳烯烃(乙烯、丙烯、丁烯的一种或二种以上)在产物中的选择性可达75~80%,甲烷选择性低于5%,原料转化率15-50%;由于所述金属氧化物的微观形貌是球状,球形氧化物暴露出更多的台阶位、扭点位、梯田位有利于低碳烯烃的生成,且金属氧化物表面{311}、{111}、{220}晶面占比表面积的百分数低于20%。避免了这些容易生成甲烷和低碳烷烃的晶面,大大提高了选择性。
表4催化剂的具体应用及其效果数据(反应250h后的结果)
现有技术1:催化剂同201610600945.6专利实施例中J。
现有技术2:催化剂同201610600945.6专利实施例中Z1。
对比例3催化剂K:氧化物使用对比例1中对比氧化物1替代催化剂I中的金属氧化物9,其它条件相同。
对比例4催化剂L:氧化物使用对比例1中对比氧化物2替代催化剂I中的金属氧化物9,其它条件相同。
通过实施例对比,可以发现,本发明的球状氧化物ZnGa2O4组成的催化剂表现出更优的选择性。
使用本发明的催化剂长时间反应后仍然能保持优异的产物选择性。
提供以上实施例仅仅是为了描述本发明的目的,而并非要限制本发明的范围。本发明的范围由所附权利要求限定。不脱离本发明的精神和原理而做出的各种等同替换和修改,均应涵盖在本发明的范围之内。
Claims (15)
1.一种催化剂,其特征在于:所述催化剂包括组分I和组分II,组分I的活性成份为金属氧化物,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物为球状ZnGa2O4,组分II为分子筛;
所述球状ZnGa2O4暴露的特定晶面主要为{11-1}、{020}、{1-1-1}晶面。
2.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述金属氧化物的晶粒大小是5-200nm。
3.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于:组分II为具有CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛。
4.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于:金属氧化物与组分II之间的重量比范围为0.1-20:1。
5.根据权利要求4所述的催化剂,其特征在于:金属氧化物与组分II之间的重量比范围为0.3-5:1。
6.根据权利要求1所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述组分I中还添加有分散剂,金属氧化物分散于分散剂中;所述分散剂为Al2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、ZrO2、TiO2、ZnO中的一种或二种,所述分散剂在组分I中的含量为0.05-90 wt.%,其余为金属氧化物。
7.根据权利要求3所述的催化剂,其特征在于:所述CHA、AEI拓扑结构的分子筛的骨架元素组成是Si-Al-O、Ga-Al-O、Ti-Si-O、Si-Al-P-O、Al-P-O、Ge-Al-O中的一种或二种以上。
8.一种权利要求1所述催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于,所述方法为:组分I和组分II以物理方式混合。
9.根据权利要求8所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述物理方式混合为机械搅拌、球磨、摇床混合中的至少一种。
10.根据权利要求8所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述物理方式混合为机械研磨。
11.根据权利要求8所述的制备方法,其特征在于,所述物理方式混合的混合温度20-100℃,混合气氛为a、b、c、d中任意一种;所述a:氮气和/或惰性气体;所述b:氢气与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,混合气中氢气体积分数为5~50%;所述c:CO与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,混合气中CO的体积分数为5~20%;所述d:O2与氮气和/或惰性气体的混合气,混合气中O2的体积分数为5-20%;所述惰性气体为氦气、氩气、氖气中的一种或两种以上。
12.一种一氧化碳加氢直接转化制低碳烯烃的方法,其特征在于:所述方法以含有CO与H2的合成气为原料气,在固定床或移动床上进行转化反应,反应中采用的催化剂为权利要求1-7任意一项所述的催化剂。
13.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于:所述合成气为H2/CO混合气,H2与CO的摩尔比为0.2-3.5:1;所述合成气的压力为0.5-10 MPa。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其特征在于:所述H2与CO的摩尔比为0.3-2.5:1。
15.根据权利要求12所述的方法,其特征在于,所述转化反应的反应温度为300-600℃,反应空速为300-10000 h-1。
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