CN111218611A - 具有金属基体和合金钢涂层的轴承组件 - Google Patents
具有金属基体和合金钢涂层的轴承组件 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111218611A CN111218611A CN201911165614.4A CN201911165614A CN111218611A CN 111218611 A CN111218611 A CN 111218611A CN 201911165614 A CN201911165614 A CN 201911165614A CN 111218611 A CN111218611 A CN 111218611A
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Abstract
所公开的是轴承组件,其包括:基体(5;7),其由金属材料制得,该基体(5;7)形成轴承组件;以及至少一层金属涂层(6;8),其涂覆于基体(5;7)。在这里,基体(5;7)包括例如非合金钢或铸铁,涂层(6;8)包括合金钢,其中涂层(6;8)通过沉积焊接涂覆到基体(5;7)。归因于基体(5;7)的优选材料选择,其可以以相对具有成本效益的方式制造。由于涂层(6;8)由合金钢构成,所以例如对于滚动元件(4)的滚道可以实现特别有利的性能,特别是适当高的硬度。通过沉积焊接可以实现合金化在焊接工艺期间近似“原位”地进行。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及轴承组件(/轴承组成部件)(bearing component),其具有形成轴承组件的基体和涂覆于基体的至少一层涂层。
背景技术
轴承组件在现有技术中是已知的,例如具有至少一个用于滚动元件的滚道的滚动轴承圈。在这里,滚道原则上应当具有一定的机械性能,特别是的高硬度,以便能够在尽可能长的时间段以适当的方式可靠地避免因滚动元件疲劳、磨损、被迫断裂或蠕变等而导致的损坏。为此,已知的是,对滚道涂覆涂层,以使其表面硬化,并且可能的是,以更好地防止腐蚀。在这里和在下文中,以其中包括表面相邻区域(边缘层)的方式使用术语“表面”。
在现有技术中还已知的是,使由钢构成的组件的表面硬化,以便针对特定应用获得硬度适当的表面。例如,表层硬化(/表面硬化)(case hardening)、碳氮共渗和感应硬化是已知的。然而,通过这种方法,表面硬度只能在有限的程度上受到热或受到热和化学的影响。另外,这样的组件可能具有至少针对某些应用而言不期望的性质;例如,这样的组件可能具有脆性较高的边缘层,这可能导致开裂形成的风险。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的是提供如下轴承组件:在具有以有成本效益的方式制造的可能性的情况下,区别点在于有利的表面性质。
该目的通过根据方案1的轴承组件来实现。
在下文中,提供包括如下轴承组件:包括由金属材料制得的基体(base body),并且包括涂覆于基体的至少一层涂层,该基体形成轴承组件。轴承组件可以是例如旋转的滚动轴承的内圈或外圈、直线轴承的滚道或滑动轴承的滚道、凸缘、保持架、密封件或者滚动元件。为了进一步使用(在一定操作时间之后),例如在彻底清洁和机械烧蚀功能表面准备之后,可以根据本发明新地制造(newly manufactured)轴承组件,或者可以重新制造(remanufactured)轴承组件(在后一种情况下,任选的是,具有改善的性能)。
基体可以由有成本效益的金属制得。
根据一个优选实施方式,非合金钢的基体,例如非合金结构钢(例如,S185、S235、S275、S295、S355;不同的变体/材料编号可以分别是:例如,S275JR/1.0044、S275JO/1.0143)或非合金可热处理钢(例如,C22/1.1151、C35/1.1181、C40/1.1186、C45/1.1191、C50/1.1206),或者铸铁(例如,球墨铸铁、GJS或奥氏体-铁素体或者具有球状石墨或具有碳化物的奥氏体铸铁、ADI或CADI,以及奥贝球(austempered)或贝氏体铸铁);后一种材料相对具有成本效益。然而,基体还可以由不同的金属材料制得,例如,诸如标准滚动轴承钢100Cr6(材料编号:1.3505)等的滚动轴承钢、诸如42CrMo4(材料编号1.7225)等的低合金可热处理钢或者诸如铝、铜或钛材料等的不同金属合金。材料的选择允许例如设定基体的性能(例如,低合金可热处理钢的淬火和回火(quenching and tempering)),该性能有利地适应不同要求。
通常,非合金钢或铸铁或者铝、铜或钛合金也不适于制造轴承组件,因为这些材料不具有所需的表面性能(例如,硬度、疲劳寿命、耐磨性)。然而,由于根据本申请的轴承组件具有用于提供如下鲁棒表面(robust surface)的涂层,所以根据本申请,所提及的材料能够用于形成基体:具有更大、更适合的硬度和强度。
特别的是,当在诸如轴承圈或滚动轴承的情况下,非最大机械载荷(例如,滚动)对内部区域的应力小于对表面(边缘层)的应力时,较小硬度的材料因而能够用于基体。
为了使涂层的表面获得高的硬度,涂层是金属的、包括合金钢并通过沉积焊接(deposition welding)(也称作喷镀(cladding))涂覆到基体。因而,涂层例如适于形成旋转或线性滚动轴承的滚道表面或滑动轴承的滚道。
此外,沉积焊接的优点在于,可以在焊接加工期间的液相中或在涂覆到基体的涂层中,“原位”地形成合金。以这种方式,可能出现的是,例如,将如下化学元素“直接”添加到钢,作为涂层来涂覆:在传统熔融冶金(批量)制造工艺中,该化学元素的混合在技术上是困难的。
根据一个优选示例性实施方式,涂层的合金钢包括由基础钢和至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属(carbide-forming transition metal)制成的合金。通过使用碳化物形成过渡金属,可以使涂层包括(特殊的(special))碳化物、碳氮化物和/或氮化物;在这里,沉积焊接可以确保碳化物、碳氮化物和/或氮化物以特别高的比例包含在涂层中。使用传统方法,不能获得相应的比例,或者只有付出大的技术努力才能达到相应的比例。
特别的是,碳化物、碳氮化物或氮化物以小颗粒的形式存在于涂层的合金中,其中小颗粒以高的密度均匀地分布。在沉积焊接加工之后,在有(例如,热机械处理)或没有温度的暂时控制或调节的情况下,在升温(相对于室温)下利用随后的重塑处理(例如,轧制、压制、锻造),可以特别通过(形变)诱导动态析出反应((deformation-)induced dynamicprecipitation reaction)形成颗粒,并且适当地适应涂层的重塑程度(degree ofreshaping)。在这里,归因于溶解在固溶体中的过渡金属原子的(高)过饱和而产生的位错核(dislocation core)的形变诱导析出(析出电位),可以实现小于1μm的期望小粒径。
作为一种选择,还可以在沉积焊接之后,通过热处理使涂层中的颗粒(纯(purely))热(例如,等温、在多个温度阶段或根据需要进行温度控制)地析出。
对于颗粒的析出,还可以以任意的组合执行重塑和热处理。
此外,例如,最初,可以在高温(例如,超过1100℃或1200℃)下进行固溶退火,以便为了期望小颗粒的稍后析出,例如将在固化期间形成的较大颗粒溶解在基质中。因而,可以实现的是,颗粒较小且其数量较大,使得在随后,颗粒全体针对给定的总颗粒体积具有特别大的表面积。除了额外的强度会与之相关联(小的颗粒距离、析出或弥散硬化的原理)地增大以外,由于碳化物、碳氮化物或氮化物颗粒对氢的强的内结合起到在微观结构上不可逆的粘附位(adhesion site)的作用,所以这特别重要,其中氢的强的内结合对钢的材料性能有害,并且会在晶格中扩散。通常,氢可能会在金属结构中沉积,其中特别是可活动的(可扩散的)且弱地(例如,在位错处)结合的氢会损害机械行为,并且例如会降低韧性;具体而言,对于钢,在这里称作氢脆。随之而来的是,存在氢致开裂形成的风险,并且可能导致加速的材料疲劳。特别的是,通过涂层的合金中的所述颗粒,可以降低氢致开裂形成(氢致开裂,HIC(hydrogen-induced cracking))和氢致材料疲劳的风险。
原理上,颗粒密度越大越好。然而,为了避免对材料性能的负面影响,颗粒的体积比不应当超过大约10%。
根据一个优选示例性实施方式,至少一种过渡金属是铌、钽、锆、钛、铪、钨、钼、钒和/或锰。在这里,用作合金元素的碳化物形成过渡金属的选择几乎不会影响所得到的析出颗粒对氢的粘附或吸收能力,但是会显著影响在涂层的钢中,目标结构(targetstructure)的技术可制造性、设计和性能。对于所提及的结合氢原子的作用(以及对于强度提高)而言特别有利,并且对于形成尽可能小且均匀分布的颗粒而言特别有利。因此,作为碳化物形成过渡金属,由于针对碳化合物、碳氮化物和/或氮化物的形变诱导析出,具有相对高的析出电位,即高的成核速度(通常称作成核速率),同时具有相对低的析出动力学,例如与在这方面不太适合的钛和钒相比,在升温(increased temperature)下的转变期间会得到在结构中精细地分布的致密析出颗粒(denser precipitation particle),所以铌、钽和锆是特别优选的。可以定性地说明在升温下在转变处理时的该期望的析出行为,从而快速(高的成核速度)地形成在结构中均匀分布在错位处的许多晶粒(grain),随后仅略微生长(低的晶粒生长速度)。
锆的另一优点是能够析出小的非相干颗粒(incoherent particle),对于氢粘附(“捕获(trapping)”)和提高强度而言,非相干颗粒是特别有利的,并且归因于锆在钢基质中的缓慢扩散,在随后可能的热处理(例如,涂层的马氏体或贝氏体硬化)时,也几乎没有变粗(coarsen)。
根据一个优选示例性实施方式,碳化物形成过渡金属在合金中的质量比在0.01%和5%之间,特别优选在1%和3%之间,这是因为与传统的轴承组件相比,以这种方式可以实现特别高比例的过渡金属,可以在原位焊接加工期间将其引入合金中。
根据一个优选示例性实施方式,合金的基础钢是耐过压钢(overroll-resistantsteel),特别是全硬化滚动轴承钢(/穿透淬火滚动轴承钢)(through-hardening rolling-element-bearing steel),例如100Cr6或其衍生物,诸如100CrMnSi6-4(材料编号:1.3520)、100CrMo7-3(1.3536)或100CrMnMoSi8-4-6(1.3539)。这些钢级的特征在于,高硬度(取决于热处理,在整个截面或边缘层中,通常在58HRC和65HRC之间)、高滚动阻力和良好的耐磨性,诸如众所周知的用于滚动轴承的那些。
如果基体由诸如标准滚动轴承钢100Cr6等滚动轴承钢制得,则合金的基础钢可以有利地是例如更高等级的(例如,耐疲劳的)滚动轴承钢,例如100CrMo7-3。
根据另一优选示例性实施方案,合金包括作为基础钢的滚动轴承钢100Cr6,以及作为过渡钢的在1.5重量%和2.5重量%之间、优选2重量%的锆,或者作为过渡钢的在0.5重量%和1.5重量%之间、优选1重量%的铌,或者作为过渡金属的在2.5重量%和3.5重量%之间、优选3重量%的钽。归因于其根据所述方法以精细的分布以形变诱导的方式析出的碳化物、碳氮化物或氮化物颗粒,所提及的这三种合金特别适合用作轴承内圈或轴承外圈的滚道材料。
根据另一示例性实施方式,按重量百分比计,基础钢的优选成分包括:
0.25至1.3的碳,
0.1至1.0的硅,
0.1至1.5的锰,
0.5至2.5的铬,
以及如下元素中的任选一种或多种:
0至1.0的钼,
0至4.0的镍,
0至0.5的铜,
0至0.1的铝,
0至0.1的钙,
0至0.1的钒,
0至0.1的钛,
0至0.1的铌,
0至0.1的钽,
0至0.1的钨,
0至0.1的钴,
0至0.1的氮,
0至0.1的氧
0至0.1的硼,
0至0.05的磷,
0至0.05的硫,
0至0.05的锡,
其余为铁和不可避免的污染物,诸如砷、铅、锑、镁等。
在更常用的技术方式中,在这里用重量百分比(重量%)表示质量比。还以相同的含义使用质量百分比。
根据一个示例性实施方式,以轴承圈的形式,例如以圆柱滚子轴承的内圈的形式,提供轴承组件,其中涂层形成用于供滚动元件滚动的滚道。在这里,可以为轴承圈实现长的使用寿命。
根据一个示例性实施方式,涂层还形成例如呈引导凸缘或保持凸缘或者滚道轮廓的形式的结构。该结构可以通过沉积焊接以特别适当的方式制得。
根据一个示例性实施方式,基体的尺寸已经完全确定。因而,其已经具有用于滚道(等等)的定形结构(shape-giving)。然后,可以将涂层相应地涂覆到对应的区域。
根据本发明的另一方面,提供用于制造轴承组件的方法,其包括如下步骤:a)提供金属基体,以及b)通过沉积焊接在基体上涂覆至少一层金属涂层,其中涂层包括合金钢。
因而,在这里沉积焊接用作增材制造(additive manufacturing)(增材焊接)的方法,任选的是,还用于例如对使用过的大轴承套圈进行再加工。由于是通过沉积焊接将涂层涂覆到基体,所以可以在焊接加工期间“原位”形成地合金。因而,仅在一次制造过程中,就可以形成涂层的合金并将其涂覆到基体。
在这里,基体优选由非合金钢或铸铁或者铝、钛或铜合金制得,特别是由非合金钢或铸铁制得。
例如,对于沉积焊接,可以使用等离子弧焊、激光(束)焊或电子束焊。
根据一个优选示例性实施方式,涂层的合金钢包括由基础钢和至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属制成的合金。特别是对于涂层的形成,通过所提及的沉积焊接,可以先混合包括基础钢和至少一种过渡金属的合金组分,以形成沉积材料(填充材料),然后将沉积材料涂覆到基体以形成涂层。
在这里,过渡金属的组分可以以纯的形式(in pure form)、混合物、合金和/或化合物提供,例如金属间相(例如,与铁或至少一种另一过渡金属),具有较低熔点。
根据一个示例性实施方式,在这里,涂层材料的组分的混合可以在沉积焊接之前或在沉积焊接的过程中进行。焊接加工期间的混合是特别有利的,这是因为以这种方式,可以省去单独的混合过程。对于混合,可以使用例如相应的喷嘴组件。
组件优选以粉末和/或线(wire)和/或带(band)的形式提供。特别优选的是,可以使用对于各种材料而言容易获得的粉末。由此,用于形成合金的混合特别简单,特别是当在焊接期间进行时。因而,形成基础钢的组分可以是例如由100Cr6制成的粉末。形成锆的组分可以特别是高纯的锆粉。
根据一个优选示例性实施方案,在涂层的涂覆期间,由基础钢形成合金,其中过渡金属以液态溶解在熔体中或以固态溶解在置换混晶(substitution mixed crystal)中。在升温下的重塑处理(例如,压制和/或轧制)期间,随后通过形变诱导动态析出来产生过渡金属的碳化物、碳氮化物和/或氮化物。在这里,该受热机械控制的结构形成与工件的热、温或温热成型相结合地进行,其中重塑期间的升温可以通过单个(通用方法(common method))或多个加热或者通过由控制或调节过的加热引导的温度来设定。以这种方式,颗粒可以以适当的数量形成颗粒并在涂层中具有均匀的分布。
在这里,归因于这样的重塑,不仅可以在涂层中以适当的量、尺寸和密度产生期望的颗粒,而且还特别可以例如以为了提高强度而晶粒细化(grain refining)的形式实现性能优化。因而,例如还可以实现在沉积焊接之后封闭可能存在于涂层中的孔或腔。
所提及的重塑工艺均在恒温下或在大约1400℃(优选1250℃)和500℃之间变化、优选降温(例如,加热后)下执行。为了获得特别有效的颗粒的形变诱导动态析出,重塑(例如,环轧)可以在升温下执行较长时间,特别是比通常的热/温/温热形成长的时间,例如,一分钟或更多分钟。在这里,例如,在两阶段的重塑过程中,在1250℃和950℃之间的升温下进行的第一成形(热成形)(例如,在大约1100℃的范围内的环轧)的持续时间可以显著短于在900℃和600℃之间进行第二成形(温成形)(例如,还是环轧)的持续时间。此外,至少一个热处理(热机械处理)可以在至少一个重塑工艺的上游、之间或下游,其中进一步优选的是,在该重塑工艺中或在各重塑工艺中或者在最后的重塑工艺之后,例如,进行受控的冷却(例如,淬火),以便进一步提高涂层的硬度。
如上所提及的,如果相应的颗粒以尽可能大的数量均匀分布在涂层中,并且具有尽可能小的尺寸,则是有利的。在所描述的合金的沉积焊接和随后的升温下的重塑处理期间,形成了小于1μm或小于0.5μm,或者甚至小于0.1μm或小于0.05μm的碳化物、碳氮化物或氮化物。
另外,与传统的熔融冶金钢制造和碳化物、碳氮化物或氮化物在热处理的背景下的析出相比,使用这里描述的方法,能够更容易地避免熔渣损失(例如,氧化物型)。
根据另一示例性实施方式,在沉积焊接之后,通过在单步或多步热处理中热析出来产生作为过渡金属的碳化物、碳氮化物和/或氮化物的期望颗粒。该热处理工艺是在恒温、多个等温步骤或任何变温下执行的,优选在峰值分别在大约500℃和1250℃之间的温度下执行。
根据另一示例性实施方式,至少一种重塑处理和至少一种热处理彼此以任意的顺序组合,以便通过析出工艺在涂层中产生期望的颗粒。根据另一示例性实施方案,预先在1000℃和1250℃之间的温度下进行短暂的固溶退火,以便为了期望小的颗粒的随后析出,将在固化期间形成的较大颗粒溶解在基质中。
根据另一示例性实施方式,在以上提及的步骤之后还进行另一封闭(closing)步骤,以例如在涂层中形成具有期望机械性能(例如,硬度)的马氏体或贝氏体结构态(structure state)。在这里,析出的颗粒的尺寸和分布不再显著改变。
此外,轴承组件还可以具有至少一层另外涂层,该涂层通过另一沉积焊接涂覆到首先提及的涂层。原理上,多层相应的涂层(多层涂层)可以逐层设置。在这里,特别的是,另一涂层以类似的方式、即通过相应的沉积焊接依次涂覆到首先提及的涂层。
最后,可以将能够用于例如改善摩擦学性能、用于提高耐腐蚀性或用于防止电流通过的最终的其它涂层以一层或多层的方式涂覆到通过沉积焊接产生的涂层上。在这里,作为示例,可以举出黑色氧化、PVD(物理气相沉积)、CVD(化学气相沉积)或等离子喷涂(例如,非导电氧化铝)。
其它优点和有利实施方式记载在说明书、附图和权利要求书中。在这里,特别的是,记载在说明书和附图中的特征的组合纯粹是示例性的,使得特征还可以单独存在或以其它方式组合。
在下文中,将使用在附图中描绘的示例性实施方式更详细地描述本发明。在这里,示例性实施方式和示例性实施方式中所示的组合纯粹是示例性的,并且不意在限定本发明的范围。该范围仅由未授权的权利要求限定。
附图说明
图1示出了滚动轴承的示意性截面图。
附图标记说明
1 滚动轴承
2 轴承内圈
3 轴承外圈
4 滚动元件
5 轴承内圈的基体
6 轴承内圈的涂层
7 轴承外圈的基体
8 轴承外圈的涂层
9 轴承内圈的滚道
10 轴承外圈的滚道
具体实施方式
在下文中,用相同的附图标记指代相同或功能上等同的元件。
在图1中,图示出了滚动轴承1,其包括具有滚道9的轴承内圈2和具有滚道10的轴承外圈3。轴承内圈2与轴承外圈3之间布置有在滚道9、10上滚动的滚动元件4。
轴承内圈2包括形成轴承内圈2的基体5和涂覆于基体5的金属涂层6,金属涂层6形成用于滚动元件4的滚道。在这里,通过沉积焊接将涂层6涂覆到基体5。
基体5由特别非合金钢制得,例如由S235、S355、C22或C35制得。通过这样的材料选择,可以以相对具有成本效益的方式制造基体5。涂层6自身包括合金钢。因而,针对滚道9可以获得所需的硬度和滚动阻力。
根据一个优选示例性实施方式,涂层6的合金包括作为基础钢(base steel)的全硬化滚动轴承钢(/穿透淬火滚动轴承钢)100Cr6和作为另一组分的浓度为2.0重量%的过渡金属锆。由于是通过沉积焊接工艺将涂层6涂覆到基体5,所以在合金中可以使较高比例的过渡金属锆成为可能,其中合金在焊接工艺中是“原位(in situ)”形成的。使用已知的钢制造方法,就能获得只有通过付出相当大的技术努力才能获得的相应高比例的过渡金属。
为此,类似地形成轴承外圈3;其包括基体7和以类似的方式涂覆到轴承外圈3的滚道的涂层8。
总之,提供了包括基体和涂层的轴承组件,其中涂层的区别点在于特别高的硬度和滚动阻力。在这里,在沉积焊接加工期间,涂层会“原位”地形成到基体。与传统的熔融冶金钢制造相比,在随后的使碳化物、碳氮化物或氮化物析出的情况下,例如在热处理的背景下,使用本发明的方法,可以在钢制造期间更容易避免特别是熔渣损失。
Claims (12)
1.一种轴承组件,其包括:
-基体(5;7),其形成所述轴承组件,以及
-至少一层涂层(6;8),其涂覆于所述基体(5;7),其特征在于,
所述基体(5;7)由金属材料制得,所述涂层(6;8)是金属的、包括合金钢并通过沉积焊接涂覆到所述基体(5;7)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述基体(5;7)由非合金钢或铸铁或者铝、钛或铜合金制得,优选由非合金钢或铸铁制得。
3.根据权利要求1所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述涂层(6;8)的合金钢包括由基础钢和至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属制成的合金,其中优选的是,所述至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属是铌、钽、锆、钛、铪、钨、钼、钒和/或锰,特别优选的是,所述至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属是铌、钽和/或锆。
4.根据权利要求2所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述碳化物形成过渡金属在所述合金中的质量比在0.01重量%和5重量%之间,优选在1重量%和3重量%之间,
其中优选的是,所述合金的基础钢是耐过压钢,特别是全硬化滚动轴承钢,例如100Cr6或其衍生物,诸如100CrMnSi6-4或100CrMo7-3,或者100CrMnMoSi84-6,
特别优选的是,所述合金包括作为基础钢的滚动轴承钢100Cr6以及
作为过渡金属的在1.5重量%和2.5重量%之间的锆、优选2重量%的锆,或者
作为过渡金属的在0.5重量%和1.5重量%的铌、优选1重量%的铌,或者
作为过渡金属的在2.5重量%和3.5重量%的钽、优选3重量%的钽。
5.根据权利要求2或3所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述基础钢包括:
0.25重量%至1.3重量%的碳,
0.1重量%至1.0重量%的硅,
0.1重量%至1.5重量%的锰,
0.5重量%至2.5重量%的铬,
以及如下元素中的任选一种或多种:
0重量%至1.0重量%的钼,
0重量%至4.0重量%的镍,
0重量%至0.5重量%的铜
0重量%至0.1重量%的铝,
0重量%至0.1重量%的钙,
0重量%至0.1重量%的钒,
0重量%至0.1重量%的钛,
0重量%至0.1重量%的铌,
0重量%至0.1重量%的钽,
0重量%至0.1重量%的钨,
0重量%至0.1重量%的钴,
0重量%至0.1重量%的氮,
0重量%至0.1重量%的氧,
0重量%至0.1重量%的硼,
0重量%至0.05重量%的磷,
0重量%至0.05重量%的硫,
0重量%至0.05重量%的锡,
其余为铁和不可避免的污染物,诸如砷、铅、锑、镁。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的轴承组件,其特征在于,所述轴承组件特别是轴承圈(2;3)的形式,所述涂层(6;8)形成用于滚动元件(4)的滚道和/或所述涂层(6;8)形成结构。
7.一种用于制造轴承组件的方法,其包括如下步骤:
a)提供金属基体(5;7),所述基体形成所述轴承组件,以及
b)通过沉积焊接在所述基体(5;7)上涂覆至少一层金属涂层(6;8),所述涂层(6;8)包括合金钢。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其特征在于,所述基体(5;7)由非合金钢或铸铁或者铝、钛或铜合金制得,优选由非合金钢或铸铁制得。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的方法,其特征在于,所述涂层(6;8)的合金钢包括由基础钢和至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属制成的合金。
10.根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b)之时/之后,优选在500℃和1400℃之间、更优选在500℃和1250℃之间的升高温下执行至少一次重塑处理和/或热处理,和/或优选在高达500℃至1200℃的升温下执行热处理,其中优选的是,在升温下执行所述至少一次重塑处理和/或热处理期间,在有或没有预先固溶退火的情况下,通过形变诱导和/或热析出生成过渡金属的碳化物、碳氮化物和/或氮化物的颗粒。
11.根据权利要求7至10中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述沉积焊接之前或在所述沉积焊接之时,将所述基础钢和所述至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属混合。
12.根据权利要求7至11中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b)之前,以粉末和/或线和/或带的形式,优选以粉末的形式,提供所述基础钢和所述至少一种碳化物形成过渡金属。
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DE102019216995A1 (de) | 2020-05-28 |
US11473622B2 (en) | 2022-10-18 |
US20230012836A1 (en) | 2023-01-19 |
US20200166080A1 (en) | 2020-05-28 |
CN111218611B (zh) | 2022-11-11 |
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