CN111205219B - 百草枯半抗原、完全抗原、纳米抗体、检测试纸、试剂盒及制备方法、用途 - Google Patents
百草枯半抗原、完全抗原、纳米抗体、检测试纸、试剂盒及制备方法、用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111205219B CN111205219B CN202010025758.6A CN202010025758A CN111205219B CN 111205219 B CN111205219 B CN 111205219B CN 202010025758 A CN202010025758 A CN 202010025758A CN 111205219 B CN111205219 B CN 111205219B
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Abstract
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及化学检测技术领域,具体涉及一种百草枯半抗原、百草枯完全抗原、百草枯特异性抗体、百草枯纳米抗体、百草枯检测试纸、百草枯检测试剂盒及制备方法、用途。
背景技术
百草枯(paraquat,PQ),又名对草快、克芜踪,化学成分为1,1’-二甲基-4,4’联吡啶二氯化物,是一种速效触杀型除草剂,因其高效、经济、对环境污染小而广泛使用。目前,百草枯在全世界的使用已经超过130个国家,其用量仅次于除草剂草甘膦(Glyphosate),我国是该除草剂的最大生产和使用国。然而,百草枯对人体器官是毒性极大,且没有特定的解毒剂可以使用,口服中毒的死亡率可达99%以上。由于百草枯在土壤中有很强的吸附作用,会在土壤中产生残留物,对水体造成严重污染。百草枯残留于蔬果、谷物中的被人和动物食用后会导致肺纤维化等多器官衰竭,对人体和动物健康产生严重危害。因此,建立一种安全、快速、高效的百草枯残留的检测方法具有重要意义。
目前百草枯的检测方法有高效液相色谱法、液相-质谱联用法、毛细血管电泳法、紫外分光光度法等方法。紫外分光光度法(ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry,UV-VIS)具有检测快速、操作简单的优势,但其检测限偏高、检测结果准确性受限,无法满足百草枯微量检测的需要。高效液相色谱法(High Performance Liquid Chromatography,HPLC)具有准确、灵敏、快速等特点,但是此法样品前处理复杂,需要昂贵的检测设备以及专业人员操作,不适用于大批量样品的现场快速检测。液相-质谱联用法(Liquidchromatography–mass spectrometry,LC-MS)具有更高的而检测灵敏度与准确度,但受限于昂贵的仪器设备以及繁琐的检测步骤,未能普及应用。
基于抗原、抗体免疫反应的酶联免疫法(Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay,ELISA)以及免疫胶体金技术(Immune colloidal gold technique)等免疫分析方法具有简单、快速、灵敏等优点,适于百草枯现场快速检测。然而,百草枯属于小分子半抗原,不具备免疫原性,不能激活免疫系统产生抗体,只有和载体结合为百草枯完全抗原才具有免疫原性。百草枯半抗原与载体的结合结果决定抗体水平的高低,进而影响百草枯免疫检测的效果。因此,开发新型的适于合成完全抗原的百草枯半抗原,具有重要意义。
发明内容
因此,本发明要解决的技术问题在提供一种新型的用于合成具有免疫原性的百草枯完全抗原的百草枯半抗原。
为此,本发明提供如下技术方案:
第一方面,本发明提供了一种百草枯半抗原,具有如式(I)所示结构:
第二方面,本发明提供了上述的百草枯半抗原的制备方法,所述百草枯半抗原的制备步骤包括:以百草枯为原料,经羧基化反应和肟化反应,得到具有式(I)所示结构的百草枯半抗原;
所述百草枯半抗原的合成路径如下所示:
可选地,上述的制备方法,所述羧基化反应的反应步骤包括:将式(a)所示的百草枯溶于水,然后加入过氧化氢,在常温下搅拌反应1-2小时,得到含有式(b)所示的羧基化反应产物;
所述肟化反应的反应步骤包括:将所述羧基化反应产物除水后重新溶于有机溶剂,然后加入羧甲基羟胺半盐酸,在50℃下搅拌反应3-4小时,得到含有式(I)所示百草枯半抗原的肟化反应产物。
第三方面,本发明提供了一种百草枯完全抗原,所述百草枯完全抗原是由式(I)所示的百草枯半抗原偶联载体蛋白得到,所述百草枯完全抗原具有如式(II)所示结构:
可选的,上述的百草枯完全抗原,其特征在于,所述载体蛋白选自牛血清白蛋白、卵清蛋白、钥孔血蓝蛋白、甲状腺蛋白和人血清白蛋白中的任一种;
优选地,所述载体蛋白为牛血清白蛋白。
第四方面,本发明提供了上述的的百草枯半抗原,或上述的百草枯完全抗原在如下a1-a2中至少一种的用途:
a1,制备百草枯特异性抗体的用途;
a2,检测百草枯特异性抗体的用途。
第五方面,本发明提供了一种百草枯特异性抗体,所述百草枯特异性抗体是基于上述的百草枯完全抗原得到。
可选地,上述的百草枯特异性抗体,所述百草枯特异性抗体为百草枯纳米抗体。
第六方面,本发明提供了上述的百草枯特异性抗体在如下b1-b2中至少一种的用途:
b1,检测百草枯残留的用途;
b2,制备检测检测百草枯残留的产品的用途。
第七方面,本发明提供了一种百草枯纳米抗体的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
以权利要求4或5所述的百草枯完全抗原免疫骆驼科动物,取免疫后骆驼科动物的外周血,提取外周血淋巴细胞RNA;
将所述外周血淋巴细胞RNA反转录为cDNA,PCR扩增所述cDNA,得到骆驼单域重链抗体的基因片段,所述骆驼单域重链抗体为百草枯特异性抗体;
将所述骆驼单域重链抗体的基因片段连接表达载体,得到百草枯特异性抗体的重组表达载体;将所述重组表达载体转导至宿主菌,获得表达百草枯特异性抗体的重组工程菌;
诱导所述重组工程菌表达重组蛋白,对所述重组蛋白进行分离纯化处理,得到百草枯纳米抗体;
优选地,所述百草枯完全抗原是以式(I)所示的百草枯半抗原偶联牛血清白蛋白得到;
优选地,所述骆驼科动物为羊驼,所述骆驼单域重链抗体为羊驼骆驼单域重链抗体;
优选地,所述表达载体为噬菌体展示载体pHEN1,所述宿主菌为大肠杆菌。
第八方面,本发明提供了一种百草枯检测试纸,所述百草枯检测试纸包括层析膜和胶体金模块,所述胶体金模块包含胶体金标记的权利要求7或8所述的百草枯特异性抗体;所述层析膜上沿液体层析方向依次设有检测线和质控线,所述检测线上包被有上述的百草枯完全抗原,所述质控线上包被所述百草枯特异性抗体的结合抗体;
优选地,所述百草枯特异性抗体为百草枯纳米抗体,所述百草枯特异性抗体的结合抗体为鼠抗羊驼的IgG抗体。
可选地,上述的百草枯检测试纸,所述检测线是由0.025-0.1mg/mL的百草枯完全抗原以1μl/cm的速度包被于层析膜的检测线位置处形成,
所述质控线是由0.3-1.5mg/mL的鼠抗羊驼的IgG抗体以1μl/cm的速度包被于层析膜的质控线线位置处形成。
可选地,上述的百草枯检测试纸,所述胶体金模块为搭接于所述层析膜靠近检测线的一端的结合垫,所述结合垫上担载有胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体;
优选地,所述结合垫上担载5-8μL/mL的胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体。
可选地,上述的百草枯检测试纸,所述胶体金模块为含有胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体的检测试剂,所述检测试剂含有如下成分:10μl-30μl的胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体,15μl 2wt%的蔗糖水溶液,7μl(v/v)%的吐温水溶液,23μl 0.05M的Tris缓冲液。
可选地,上述的百草枯检测试纸,所述胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体的制备步骤包括:
将氯金酸溶液与柠檬酸钠溶液在微流控通道内混合,得到胶体金溶液;所述胶体金溶液由所述微流控通道流出后,得到均匀分布有胶体金颗粒的第一溶液;
将所述含有胶体金颗粒的第一溶液与百草枯特异性抗体混合,搅拌混匀后进行封闭处理,得到胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体;
优选地,所述百草枯特异性抗体为百草枯纳米抗体。
第九方面,本发明一种百草枯检测试剂盒,包括上述的百草枯半抗原,上述的百草枯完全抗原,上述的百草枯特异性抗体,或者上述的百草枯检测试剂;
优选地,所述百草枯检测试剂盒还包括百草枯待测样品的提取试剂,所述提取试剂是含有体积比为1:2:1的水、甲醇和乙醇的混合溶液。
本发明技术方案,具有如下优点:
1.本发明提供的百草枯半抗原,具有如式(I)所示结构:
上述的百草枯半抗原在1,1’-二甲基-4,4’联吡啶二氯化物的基础上进行改造,在吡啶4’位的N+上引入-C(H)=N-O-C(H2)-C(=O)-OH。-C(H)=N-O-C(H2)-C(=O)-OH末端的羧基与载体蛋白的氨基脱水缩合后,使百草枯半抗原偶联于载体蛋白上,得到具有免疫原性的完全抗原。由于-C(H)=N-O-C(H2)-C(=O)-OH中具有电子云密度高的-C(H)=N-O-键,式(I)所示结构的百草枯半抗原与载体蛋白偶联后,百草枯半抗原中高密度的电子云将其推离载体蛋白,使百草枯半抗原充分从百草枯半抗原与载体蛋白的偶联物中暴露出来,得到充分暴露的抗原表位。以上述偶联后的完全抗原作为免疫原制备抗体,有利于促进特异性免疫反应的发生,提高百草枯特异性抗体的表达水平,获得抗体效价高、特异性强、灵敏度高的抗体。
2.本发明提供的百草枯半抗原的制备方法,是以百草枯为原料,经羧基化反应和肟化反应得到,通过羧基化反应在百草枯的4’位上引入羰基,为肟化反应提供反应位点,羧基化的反应产物经肟化反应后,得到具有-C(H)=N-O-C(H2)-C(=O)-OH基团的半抗原。上述制备方法步骤简单,制备效率高,适于百草枯半抗原的合成。
3.本发明提供的百草枯完全抗原,是由式(I)所示的百草枯半抗原偶联载体蛋白得到,具有如式(II)所示结构:
上述的百草枯完全抗原中,高电子云密度的-C(H)=N-O-键将推离载体蛋白,使抗原表位充分暴露出来,在百草枯特异性抗体的制备过程中,能够促进特异性免疫反应,提高抗体表达水平,获得抗体效价高、特异性强、灵敏度高的百草枯特异性抗体。
4.本发明提供的百草枯特异性抗体为百草枯纳米抗体,是来源于骆驼科动物的单链重域抗体。与传统由4条多肽链形成的“Y”型的单克隆抗体相比,百草枯纳米抗体仅来源于抗体重链区域的重链可变区(variable region of heavy-chain antibodies),仅相当于传统抗体的一部分。百草枯纳米抗体作为一种小分子抗体,相对分子质量仅为传统单克隆抗体的1/10。与传统单克隆抗体相比,百草枯纳米抗体具有稳定性高、可溶性好、更容易接近抗原表位,以及较强的组织穿透能力。此外,由于传统单克隆抗体需要两个结构域共同发挥作用,抗体的活性受连接肽长度、种类限制,常以没有活性的包涵体在原核系统中表达。而本申请中的百草枯纳米抗体仅由一个结构域构成,易于进行基因工程操作。百草枯纳米抗体作为基于上述百草枯完全抗原的单链重域抗体,其灵敏度高、特异性强、效价高,适用百草枯残留检测。
5.本发明提供的百草枯纳米抗体的制备方法,以上述的百草枯完全抗原免疫骆驼科动物,通过免疫后骆驼科动物的外周血获得骆驼单域重链抗体的基因片段。上述基因片段连接表达载体得到重组表达载体,重组表达载体在转导至宿主菌后,获得百草枯纳米抗体的基因文库。在体外诱导重组工程菌的蛋白表达,能够获得具有高活性与稳定性的骆驼单域重链抗体。在上述的制备方法中,以骆驼单域重链抗体作为表达载体,将动物免疫与噬菌体展示技术相结合,保持骆驼单域重链抗体的空间折叠结构,能够大量制备效价高、特异性强、灵敏度高的百草枯纳米抗体。
6.本发明提供的百草枯检测试纸,包括层析膜和胶体金模块,所述胶体金模块包含上述的百草枯特异性抗体。层析膜上沿液体层析方向依次设有检测线和质控线,检测线上包被有上述的百草枯完全抗原,质控线上包被百草枯特异性抗体的结合抗体。
上述的百草枯检测试纸在用于检测百草枯残留时,待测的样品溶液首先流经胶体金模块,若样品溶液中含有百草枯,则与胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体结合,然后在毛细作用下继续在层析膜上涌动。当到达检测线位置时,检测线上包被的百草枯完全抗原结合胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体而显色。在样品中含有百草枯时,样品中的百草枯与检测线上的百草枯完全抗原竞争性结合百草枯特异性抗体,使检测线的颜色随着样品中百草枯浓度则增加而变浅,当样片中的百草枯浓度达到一定值时,检测线不显色。样品溶液继续涌动至质控线位置时,样品溶液中的百草枯特异性抗体与质控线包被的结合抗体相结合,使质控线显色。由于无论样品溶液中是否含有百草枯,质控线都能通过与样品溶液中胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体结合显色,从而提示试纸是否能正常工作。
百草枯检测试纸中由于使用了上述具有高抗体效价、特异性和灵敏度高的百草枯特异性抗体,能够实现对百草枯残留的快速、灵敏检测。百草枯检测试纸的检测结果准确、检测范围宽,假阳性率低,检测结果可靠;对标准品的检出限为5ng/mL,加药植物性食品中的检出限为18ng/mL,在使用上述检测试纸时,样品前处理时间短,仅为20min,总体的检测时间约25min。该方法适用于植物性食品中百草枯的残留检测;可以在较短时间内检测大量样品,排除大量阴性样品。由于样品处理简便易行,检测又无需昂贵的仪器设备,因此,适合在基层检验检疫单位推广使用。
进一步的,在制备胶体金标记的百草枯特异性抗体时,将氯金酸溶液与柠檬酸钠溶液在微流控通道内混合,通过微流控技术,能够得到粒径均一、分散均匀的胶体金颗粒,适于对百草枯特异性抗体进行胶体金标记。
7.本发明提供的百草枯检测试剂盒,包括百草枯待测样品的提取试剂,提取试剂是含有体积比为1:2:1的水、甲醇和乙醇的混合溶液。以上述提取试剂对加药植物性食品进行前处理、提出待测样品溶液,所需用的时间短,且提取的待测样品在以百草枯检测试纸进行测试时显色效果好,提高了检测效率及检测效果。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明具体实施方式或现有技术中的技术方案,下面将对具体实施方式或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍,显而易见地,下面描述中的附图是本发明的一些实施方式,对于本领域普通技术人员来讲,在不付出创造性劳动的前提下,还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1是本发明实施例2中百草枯完全抗原的紫外光谱图;
图2是本发明实施例4中百草枯检测试纸卡的结构示意图;
图3是本发明实施例4中纳米胶体金颗粒的透射电镜图;
图4是本发明实验例2中胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体的最适pH值(左边1、2、4、6为百草枯检测试纸卡,右边1、2、4、6为百草枯检测试纸条);
图5是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸条(a)中和百草枯检测试纸卡(b)中胶体金标记的百草枯纳米体的最佳抗体标记量(N:0.02M PB缓冲液作为阴性样品;P:含1μg/mL的PQ标准品);
图6是本发明本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸条(a)中和百草枯检测试纸卡(b)中最佳包被抗原浓度(N:0.02M PB缓冲液作为阴性样品;P:含1μg/mL的PQ标准品);
图7是本发明本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸条(a)中和百草枯检测试纸卡(b)中最佳鼠抗羊驼IgG二抗浓度(每组最左边样品为含有0.02M PB缓冲液的阴性样品);
图8是本发明百草枯检测试纸条的检出限(每组最左边样品为含有0.02M PB缓冲液的阴性样品)
图9是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸卡的检出限(每组最左边样品为含有0.02M PB缓冲液的阴性样品)
图10是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸卡的最优样品提取方法(N:0.02M PB缓冲液作为阴性样品;P:含200ng/mL的PQ标准品)
图11是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸条的最优样品提取方法(N:0.02M PB缓冲液作为阴性样品;P:含200ng/mL的PQ标准品)
图12是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸卡中韭菜加标样品的分析结果(阴性样品为0.02M PB缓冲液)
图13是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸条中韭菜加标样品的分析结果(阴性样品为0.02M PB缓冲液)
图14是本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸卡的稳定性分析结果(阴性样品为0.02MPB缓冲液);
图15是本发明本发明实验例2中百草枯检测试纸条的稳定性分析结果(阴性样品为0.02M PB缓冲液);
1-底板,2-层析膜,21-检测线,22-质控线,3-结合垫,4-样品垫,5-吸水垫。
具体实施方式
提供下述实施例是为了更好地进一步理解本发明,并不局限于所述最佳实施方式,不对本发明的内容和保护范围构成限制,任何人在本发明的启示下或是将本发明与其他现有技术的特征进行组合而得出的任何与本发明相同或相近似的产品,均落在本发明的保护范围之内。
实施例中未注明具体实验步骤或条件者,按照本领域内的文献所描述的常规实验步骤的操作或条件即可进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市购获得的常规试剂产品。
下述实施例使用的仪器设备:分析天平(Sartorius BS110S),德国Sartorius公司;微量加样器,美国Thermo公司;酸度计(HANNA pH 211型),意大利HANNA公司;漩涡振荡器(GL-8813型),江苏海门市其林贝尔仪器制造有限公司;低温冷冻大容量离心机(AnkeDL-4000B型),上海安亭科学仪器厂;超低温冰箱(SANYO Ultra low freezer),日本SANYO公司;酶标仪(Thermo Scientific Multiskan FC),美国Thermo公司;PCR仪(ABI 2720),美国ABI公司。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种百草枯半抗原,具有如式(I)所示的结构:
本实施例还提供上述百草枯半抗原的制备方法,包括如下步骤:以式(a)所示百草枯为原料,经羧基化反应和肟化反应,得到具有式(I)所示结构的百草枯半抗原。具体如下:
(1)羧基化反应
称取2.5716g(约0.01mol)百草枯溶于10mL水中,然后再加入过氧化氢40-90mL,混合均匀后常温持续搅拌反应1~2h,反应结束后真空旋转蒸发去除水,得到式(b)所示的羧基化反应产物。
(2)肟化反应
用50~100mL丁酮溶解残余物,然后再加入2.19g(约0.02mol)羧甲基羟胺半盐酸,50℃下持续搅拌反应3~4h。反应结束后真空旋转蒸发除去丁酮,用50~100mL水溶解残余物,过滤取上清,用无水乙醇重结晶两次,得到含有式(I)所示百草枯半抗原的肟化反应产物。
(3)纯化处理
将肟化反应产物溶于水中,经过薄层层析纯化,收集Rf约为0.2的条带,溶解于水,进行抽滤,最后真空旋转蒸发得到纯化产物,即百草枯半抗原。
百草枯半抗原的合成路径如下所示:
式(I)所示结构的百草枯半抗原在1,1’-二甲基-4,4’联吡啶二氯化物的基础上引入-C(H)=N-O-C(H2)-C(=O)-OH,上述基团中具有电子云密度高的-C(H)=N-O-键,在与载体蛋白欧联后,高密度电子云将百草枯半推离载体蛋白,使抗原表位暴露出来,以提高免疫反应的特异性,增强免疫原性。
实施例2
本实施例提供一种百草枯完全抗原,具有如式(II)所示的结构:
其中,载体蛋白为牛血清白蛋白(BSA),百草枯完全抗原的化学式为PQ-BSA。
本实施例还提供上述百草枯完全抗原的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
以碳二亚胺法制备百草枯完全抗原,首先制备A液和B液,A液:取纯化后的百草枯半抗原7mg、EDC-HCl 3.5mg、NHS 4.4mg,加入500μL DMF中,室温下避光震荡1h。B液:取BSA20mg溶于4.5mL含20(v/v)%DMF的PBS缓冲液中,4℃下预冷。
一边搅拌一边将A液逐滴加入到B液中,4℃下反应4h。反应结束后,先用含20%DMF的PBS缓冲液透析反应液,并逐渐降低DMF的含量,最后用蒸馏水透析1d,得到百草枯完全抗原PQ-BSA,将PQ-BSA冷冻保存。百草枯完全抗原PQ-BSA的紫外光谱图如图1所示,由图1可知,百草枯半抗原与牛血清白蛋白偶联成功。以碳二亚胺法制备百草枯完全抗原,水溶性的EDC-HCl有利于牛血清白蛋白充分溶解,提高百草枯半抗原与牛血清白蛋白的偶联成功率。
作为替换的实施方式,百草枯完全抗原中的载体蛋白还可以是卵清蛋白、钥孔血蓝蛋白、甲状腺蛋白或人血清白蛋白等。
式(II)所示结构的百草枯完全抗原,以式(I)中的半抗原偶联载体蛋白得到,百草枯半抗原中高电子云密度的-C(H)=N-O-键将推离载体蛋白,使抗原表位充分暴露出来。以式(II)所示结构的百草枯完全抗原制备抗体,能够得到特异性强、表达水平高、灵敏度高的百草枯特异性抗体。
实施例3
本实施例提供一种百草枯特异性抗体,百草枯特异性抗体是以实施例2中的百草枯完全抗原PQ-BSA免疫羊驼得到的百草枯纳米抗体,百草枯纳米抗体的制备步骤包括:
1、免疫骆驼科动物
选用健康的18月龄的羊驼,以PQ-BSA为免疫抗原,第1次基础免疫使用弗氏完全佐剂充分乳化,加强免疫以后改用不完全佐剂乳化。注射方式采用皮下多点注射,每只羊驼每次的免疫剂量为100μg。免疫前1周于颈静脉采血留作阴性对照。第4次免疫后7d于颈静脉采血用于制备血清,用采集的血清通过直接ELISA法进行血清效价测定。检测结果为阳性时,通过颈部静脉采集羊驼外周血50mL,通过密度梯度离心方法分离外周血淋巴细胞,计数后直接用于提取总RNA,剩余细胞沉淀于-80℃冻存。
2、构建纳米抗体文库
(1)使用总RNA提取试剂盒提取淋巴细胞总RNA,总RNA使用NanoDrop 2000测定浓度后,通过RT-PCR反转录合成第一链cDNA,根据羊驼重链抗体基因序列设计特异性引物,通过巢式PCR扩增羊驼单域重链抗体(variable domain of heavy chain of heavy-chain antibody,VHH)基因片段VHH。巢式PCR扩增第一轮扩增的引物序列为F1(5′-GTGGTCCTGGCTGCTCT-3′),R1(5′-CGCCATCAATRTACCAGTTGA-3′);巢式PCR扩增第一轮扩增的引物序列为F2(5′-GTGGTAGCACAAACTATG-3′),R2(5′-GGCTGCACAGTAATAAAC-3′)。
(2)将第二轮PCR的产物通过胶回收试剂盒得到纯的目的基因条带,并将其克隆到噬菌体展示载体pHEN1中(TaKaRa公司,大连),构建pHEN1-VHH重组表达载体,最后将噬菌体重组表达载体转导进入大肠杆菌,通过电穿孔法将噬菌体重组表达载体转导入大肠杆菌TG1,获得抗PQ-BSA特异性纳米抗体基因文库。
3、纳米抗体的诱导表达与纯化
(1)挑取单菌落接种于5mL LB-AMP-C液体培养基中培养(37℃12h),之后按照1%比例接种于50mL LB.AMP.C液体培养基中,37℃摇床振荡培养至OD值为0.6~0.8;加入终浓度为0.1mmol/L的异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷作为激活剂,转至30℃摇床振荡诱导培养6h。
(2)将诱导后的培养基在5000r/min离心10min,弃上清,收集菌体;菌体沉淀加入1/2体积的PBS缓冲液洗涤1次,最后用1/5体积的PBS重悬;在冰浴条件下超声波破碎菌体,破碎液于4℃,8000r/min离心15min,分离上清和沉淀。采用Ni2+-NTA亲和层析柱纯化重组蛋白,并通过SDS-PAGE分析目的蛋白表达及纯化情况。将得到的纯化的百草枯纳米抗体。将百草枯纳米抗体分装,冻存于-80℃下备用。
上述的百草枯纳米抗体是来源于羊驼的单链重域抗体,仅相当于传统抗体重链区域的重链可变区。作为一种小分子抗体,百草枯纳米抗体具有稳定性高、可溶性好、更容易接近抗原表位,以及较强的组织穿透能力。此外,由于传统单克隆抗体需要两个结构域共同发挥作用,抗体的活性受连接肽长度、种类限制,常以没有活性的包涵体在原核系统中表达;而百草枯纳米抗体仅由一个结构域构成,易于进行基因工程操作。上述百草枯纳米抗体结合动物免疫与噬菌体展示技术,保持羊驼单域重链抗体的空间折叠结构,具有特异性强、灵敏度高、适于大规模制备等优势。
实施例4
本实施例提供第一种结构的百草枯检测试纸,为百草枯检测试纸卡。如图2所示,百草枯检测试纸卡包括底板1和固定在底板1上的层析膜2、结合垫3、样品垫4和吸水垫5。其中,结合垫3上担载有实施例3中的百草枯纳米抗体。层析膜2上沿液体层析方向设有检测线21和质控线22,检测线21上包被有实施例2中的百草枯完全抗原PQ-BSA,质控线22上包被有与百草枯纳米抗体特异性结合的鼠抗羊IgG抗体。结合垫3搭接于层析膜2靠近检测线21的一端,层析膜2靠近质控线22的一端与吸水垫5搭接,结合垫3远离层析膜2的一端与样品垫4搭接。
百草枯检测试纸卡的制备方法包括如下步骤:
1、制备胶体金
以微流控芯片合成纳米胶体金,微流控芯片包括具有第一通道和第二通道的微流控通道,其中第一通道的两端为与外部连通的开口,第二通道一端的开口开设于第一通道的侧壁上,另一端的开口与外部连通,使微流控通道呈“T”型。将0.01wt%氯金酸溶液和0.01wt%柠檬酸三钠溶液分别由第一通道的两个开口等速通入微流控通道,氯金酸溶液和柠檬酸三钠溶液在第一通道内混合后流入第二通道,在微流控作用下,经第二通道与外部连通的开口流出微流控通道,得到均匀分散有胶体金颗粒的第一溶液。在制备胶体金的过程中,可以加入表面活性剂用来降低液滴表面张力。
2、制备胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体
用1μL、2μL、4μL和6μL的Tris缓冲液(0.05M,pH 8.0)调整1mL的第一溶液的PH。百草枯纳米抗体(3μL、5μL、8μL)添加到含有胶体金的第一溶液中,轻轻搅拌室温(25℃)20分钟,用最终浓度为1%的BSA封闭。混合物在室温下孵育10分钟,然后12000rpm离心10分钟(4℃)。去除上清溶液,沉淀重悬于100μL胶体金复溶液中,得到胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体。将胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体4℃保存,待用。
3、组装百草枯检测试纸卡
准备硝酸纤维素膜(NC膜)作为层析膜2,在层析膜2上以1μl/cm的速度喷涂鼠抗羊驼I gG抗体,作为质控线22;百草枯完全抗原以1μl/cm的速度喷涂,作为检测线21。鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体喷涂的浓度梯度为0.3、0.4、0.5、1.5mg/mL,对应百草枯完全抗原的浓度梯度为0.025mg/mL(10X)、0.05mg/mL(20X)、0.075mg/mL(30X)和0.1mg/mL(40X)。
将膜在37℃下干燥12小时,并将其切成宽度为3mm的单个测试条,以供进一步测试。将胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体滴在结合垫3上24小时后自然干燥。在制作金标结合垫之前,样品垫首先浸泡在0.01M PBS(含1wt%BSA、1(v/v)%吐温-20、1wt%NaCl和0.02MPB)中,在37℃下自然干燥4小时,以减少非特异性结合和基质干扰。
本实施例还提供第二种结构的百草枯检测试纸,为百草枯检测试纸条。在百草枯检测试纸条中,结合垫还可以由反应微孔替代,以反应微孔为待测样品溶液与胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体提供一定的反应空间,减少误检的可能性。对于此种结构的百草枯检测试纸,胶体金模块为含有胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体的检测试剂。检测试剂包括胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体(10μL、20μL和30μL),15μl 2wt%的蔗糖水溶液,7μl(v/v)%的吐温水溶液,23μl 0.05M的Tris缓冲液。使用前将50μL含有胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体的检测试剂放于放于微孔中,冻干24h(-50℃,0.08mbar),成为粉红色粉末,使用时需要以150μL的体系溶解。
实验例1
1、实验目的:检测实施例4中百草枯纳米抗体的抗体质量。
2、实验方法及结果
2.1抗体的效价
采用直接ELISA法进行测定,以OD值为1.0左右的抗体稀释倍数为阳性。结果抗体效价为1:6.4×105。
2.2抗体的灵敏度
采用间接竞争ELISA法进行测定,以抗体的IC50(抑制率为50%所对应的药物浓度)来判定抗体的灵敏度。PQ-BSA完全抗原的竞争药物是百草枯标准品,将百草枯稀释成0ng/mL、0.1024ng/mL、0.256ng/mL、0.64ng/mL、1.6ng/mL、4ng/mL、10ng/mL、25ng/mL系列浓度,测定其吸光度,将所得的标准品吸光度的平均值除以0ng/mL标准品的吸光度,再乘以100,绘制成一个以百草枯浓度(ng/mL)为半对数坐标系的曲线图,并计算IC50值。结果IC50为0.24ng/mL,表明灵敏度高。
2.3抗体的特异性
采用间接竞争ELISA法进行测定,以抗体的交叉反应率来判定抗体的特异性。将百草枯、草甘膦、草胺磷和敌草快等除草剂配制成不同浓度,测定各除草剂的IC50值,每种药物3个复孔,计算交叉反应率。结果见表1。
表1本发明抗体的特异性
实验例2
1、实验目的:对实施例4中的百草枯检测试纸进行测试和条件优化。
2、实验方法及结果:
2.1胶体金质量
通过透射电镜对合成的纳米胶体金进行观察,评价纳米胶体金的质量。结果如图2所示,纳米胶体金分布均匀,呈球形,粒径一般为15-28nm,粒径分布均匀。
2.2胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体的最适pH值
以1μL、2μL、4μL和6μL的Tris缓冲液调节含有胶体金颗粒的第一溶液1mL的pH,以浓度为1μg/mL的百草枯溶液作为阳性样品(对应图中的P栏),以浓度为0.02M的PB缓冲液(磷酸缓冲液)作为阴性样品(对应图中的N栏)。结果如图4所示,2μL/mL的Tris缓冲液显示最强烈的颜色。过高或过低离子浓度会破坏胶体金标记抗体的稳定性,使其难以维持胶体溶液的状态,发生聚合,影响百草枯纳米抗体与百草枯完全抗原、鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体的结合,颜色的变化可以用肉眼观察到。
2.3胶体金标记的百草枯纳米抗体的最佳抗体量
将3μL、5μL、8μL的百草枯纳米抗体添加到含有胶体金的第一溶液中,如果抗体不足,当离子浓度改变时,胶体金不稳定,容易发生凝聚现象,层析膜2上的颜色显示也不同。图5显示百草枯检测试纸的分析结果,其中图5a为百草枯检测试纸条的分析结果,图5b为百草枯检测试纸卡的分析结果,图中P栏为阳性样品显色结果,N栏为阴性样品显色结果。百草枯纳米抗体添加量为3μL/mL时质控线22的颜色明显弱于其他两组,显示抗体量不足;而5μL/mL与8μL/mL的抗体添加量颜色区分不大,因此,确定5μL/mL为最佳百草枯纳米抗体包被量。
2.4包被百草枯完全抗原和鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体的最佳浓度
百草枯检测试纸的检测线21包被0.025mg/mL(10X)、0.05mg/mL(20X)、0.075mg/mL(30X)和0.1mg/mL(40X)的百草枯完全抗原,质控线22包被0.3、0.4、0.5、1.5mg/mL的鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体,检测阴性样品和阳性样品的显色结果。图6显示百草枯完全抗原的浓度分析结果,图6a为百草枯检测试纸条的分析结果,图6b为百草枯检测试纸卡的分析结果。从图6可以看出,随着抗原浓度的增加,检测线的颜色逐渐增加,图6a显示在百草枯检测试纸条在百草枯完全抗原为20X处具有最佳显色能力,图6b显示百草枯检测试纸卡在百草枯完全抗原为30X处具有最佳显色能力。图7显示鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体的浓度分析结果,图7a为百草枯检测试纸条的分析结果,图7b为百草枯检测试纸卡的分析结果。由图7a可知,在百草枯检测试纸条中,鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体的浓度为0.3μL/mL时具有最佳显色结果;由图7b可知,在百草枯检测试纸卡中,鼠抗羊驼IgG抗体的浓度为0.4μL/mL时具有最佳显色结果。
2.5确定检出限
以百草枯标准品溶液和作为阴性对照的0.2M PB缓冲液,确定百草枯检测试纸条及试纸卡的可视检出限。图8显示百草枯检测试纸条的分析结果,图9显示百草枯检测试纸卡的分析结果。由图8和图9可知,检测线的颜色强度随着分析物浓度的降低而增加,若样品中不含百草枯,则检测线21和质控线22均有颜色,百草枯含量达到一定量时检测线21不显色。图8显示百草枯检测试纸条的可视检出限为5ng/mL,图9显示百草枯检测试纸卡的可视检测限为5ng/mL。
2.5待测样品的前处理方法
从本地市场购买的韭菜样品经液相质谱检测证实不含百草枯。每个样品平行分析3次。用不同浓度(10mL)的超纯水、甲醇和乙醇对韭菜样品(5g)加入10mL提取剂进行研磨和提取,振荡3min,提取液在4000rpm离心5分钟,取上清后进行胶体金免疫层析测定。通过对多种提取剂的比较,优化提取工艺。图10和图11分别提取方法优化后百草枯试纸卡、试纸条的显色结果,由图10和图11可知,提取剂的不同对两种方法质控线22的显色均无影响。当提取剂为50%甲醇时,检测线21的显色效果最好。
2.6加药韭菜样品的检测灵敏度
以200μL的加药韭菜样品的提取液测试百草枯检测试纸卡和试纸条的灵敏度,结果如图12和图13所示,通过目视观察,百草枯检测试纸卡(图12)和百草枯检测试纸条(图13)的可视检测限皆为18ng/mL,可视检测限LOD明显低于国家标准中百草枯的最大残留限量(稻米为50ng/mL,茶叶为200ng/mL)。实验结果表明,该方法具有检测速度快、直观、操作方便等优点。
2.7百草枯检测试纸稳定性测试
4℃贮藏稳定性试验:将制作好的百草枯检测试纸和干燥剂一起用铝箔袋密封包装,至于4℃冰箱内,每两个月取出2条,检测可视检测限浓度的百草枯标准系列溶液,观察稳定性测试结果(包括检测线和质控线的有无、条带的清晰度、金标垫放金标记抗体的程度及试纸条的灵敏度等)。
18ng/mL阳性样本和阴性样本都被用来评估稳定性。百草枯检测试纸卡、试纸条的稳定性分析结果见图14和图15,试纸条在4℃保存8个月,每两个月进行有效性评估。结果表明,百草枯检测试纸条/卡常温贮藏的有效期均为8个月以上。
上述的百草枯检测试纸,具有高特异性、高灵敏度、高精确度、高准确度等特点,其检测范围宽、假阳性率低、检测结果可靠。使用百草枯检测试纸时,样品前处理时间短,仅为20min,标准品的检出限为5ng/mL,加药植物性食品中的检出限为18ng/mL,总体的检测时间约25min。该检测方法适用于植物性食品中百草枯的残留检测;可以在较短时间内检测大量样品,排除大量阴性样品。由于样品处理简便易行,检测又无需昂贵的仪器设备,因此,适合在基层检验检疫单位推广使用。
显然,上述实施例仅仅是为清楚地说明所作的举例,而并非对实施方式的限定。对于所属领域的普通技术人员来说,在上述说明的基础上还可以做出其它不同形式的变化或变动。这里无需也无法对所有的实施方式予以穷举。而由此所引伸出的显而易见的变化或变动仍处于本发明创造的保护范围之中。
Claims (4)
3.根据权利要求2所述的百草枯半抗原的制备方法,其特征在于,所述羰基化反应的反应步骤包括:将式(a)所示的百草枯溶于水,然后加入过氧化氢,在常温下搅拌反应1-2小时,得到含有式(b)所示的羰基化反应产物;
所述肟化反应的反应步骤包括:将所述羰基化反应产物除水后重新溶于有机溶剂,然后加入羧甲基羟胺半盐酸,在50℃下搅拌反应3-4小时,得到含有式(I)所示百草枯半抗原的肟化反应产物。
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