CN111201978A - Intercropping cultivation method for alleviating continuous cropping obstacle of konjak - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses an intercropping cultivation method for relieving continuous cropping obstacles of konjak. The invention integrates the intercropping cultivation technology into the konjak planting system, and the rotation of konjak and green manure can improve the land utilization efficiency, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, adjust the soil fertility and effectively block the continuous cropping disease of konjak; the konjak and the long-stalk crops are intercropped, land, water, light and heat resources are fully utilized, and the long-stalk crops provide shading protection for the konjak; covering plants with the konjac in a relay mode, quickly forming vegetation with proper density and height on ridges, inhibiting growth of weeds in fields, reducing ground surface temperature in a high-temperature period, keeping soil moisture, facilitating increase of diversity of soil organisms, promoting beneficial soil organism communities and inhibiting growth and proliferation of harmful soft rot and southern blight pathogenic bacteria. Meanwhile, the alternate intercropping cultivation system interferes the identification, positioning and damage of pests to the konjak, is beneficial to the survival of natural enemies and inhibits and kills field pests, reduces the wounds of stems and leaves of konjak plants caused by the pests, reduces the probability of infecting the konjak by pathogenic bacteria, does not need to apply chemical herbicide, bactericide and insecticide any more in the growing period of the konjak, ensures the green, efficient and sustainable development of konjak planting industry and the quality safety of konjak products, greatly improves the vibration of the konjak industry, and promotes the comprehensive and rapid development of economy and society in Qinba and Yunobu mountainous areas.

Description

Intercropping cultivation method for alleviating continuous cropping obstacle of konjak

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of disease ecological regulation and control of economic crops, and relates to an intercropping cultivation method for relieving continuous cropping obstacles of konjak.

Background

The tuber of the konjak is food material and medicinal material, has the efficacies of reducing blood pressure, losing weight, promoting urination, dispelling toxin, beautifying, stimulating appetite, preventing cancer and the like, is determined as one of ten health-care foods by the health organization of the United nations, is widely applied to the industries of food, medical treatment, chemical industry, paper making, textile, petroleum and the like due to the richness of high-quality starch, protein, amino acid, glucomannan, trace elements and the like, and is called as 'oriental magic powder'. Konjak is mainly distributed in Asia, African tropical and subtropical countries and regions, China is the origin and the first country of production, the planting area is over 150 ten thousand mu throughout the year, and the yield accounts for about 60 percent of the world. The konjak industry becomes the characteristic industry with competitive advantages and development potential in agriculture in Qinba, Yungui mountain areas and rural economic development in China. With the continuous enlargement of the konjak planting area and the large-scale planting, the disease incidence rate of the konjak continuous cropping field is 35-50% higher than that of a non-continuous cropping field on average, the yield is reduced by 50-80%, and the disease is even dead in some cases, wherein the soft rot and the southern blight belong to soil-borne diseases and are the most serious and difficult to control in konjak production. At present, the konjac has the defects of lack of disease-resistant varieties, poor prevention and treatment effect of chemical pesticides, high cost, environmental pollution, poor growth potential of konjac, serious diseases, low yield and unsatisfactory benefit.

The konjak originates from bottom vegetation of tropical rainforests, is suitable for growth at the temperature of 20-25 ℃, is fond of shading and wetting, cannot resist direct strong light irradiation and drought, and is cool, astigmatic and moist, so that photosynthesis and growth of the konjak are facilitated. In order to avoid direct irradiation of strong light, the konjak shading planting mode is successful in production, and mainly includes under-forest planting (such as loquat, kiwi fruit and the like) or intercropping with long-stalked crops (such as corn, castor bean and the like). In order to avoid drought and waterlogging, the konjak is generally planted in ridges, but weeds on the ridges are clustered to be unfavorable for the growth of the konjak, the use of chemical herbicides is inevitable, and obvious side effects are brought to the ecological environment. The covering crops can cover the bare ground to control the growth of weeds, reduce the impact of rain on soil, cover the ground surface to cool and preserve moisture, keep the soil in a certain loose state, and facilitate the growth of the root system of the konjak and the expansion of corms. In the konjak planting production, there is a practice of sowing single pasture (mainly red and white clover of leguminosae) on konjak planting ridges. The rotation is a cultivation system combining land and soil cultivation, is beneficial to balancing the utilization of soil nutrients, can effectively improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, adjust the soil fertility and prevent and control diseases, pests and weeds. The continuous cropping obstacle of the konjak is the biggest obstacle in konjak production, seriously harms the healthy development of konjak planting industry and is a key limiting factor for the enlargement of konjak product processing industry.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide an intercropping cultivation method for relieving continuous cropping obstacles of konjak, and solves the problem of lack of green ecological cultivation technology in comprehensive prevention and control of soil-borne diseases of konjak.

The above object of the present invention is achieved by the following specific steps:

1. performing rotation: and in the idle period of konjak planting, planting green manure in one season. Ploughing the land and leveling, and selecting one or more of gramineous or leguminous green manure.

Preferably, the green manure is planted in a mixed mode, and can be 2 mixed plants (ryegrass and vetch) and 3 mixed plants (tall fescue, red clover and milk vetch).

Preferably, the hand seeder broadcasts the green manure grass seeds, the seeding amount is 10g grass seeds per square meter of land, and the soil is covered and pressed.

Preferably, after the konjak is harvested (10 months bottom), green manure is arranged to be planted immediately, and in 3 months in the next year, the green manure is turned into soil to be decomposed for 1 month.

2. Intercropping: the konjak and the long-stalk crops are intercropped and planted, furrowing and ridging are carried out to plant the konjak, and a planting space of the long-stalk crops is reserved.

Preferably, the tall stalk crop is a combination of corn and castor.

Preferably, the planting ridges are 35cm high, the ridges are 80cm wide, the drainage ditch is 40cm wide, the ditch depth is 30cm, and the inter-ridge passage is 40 cm.

Preferably, the konjak is planted in double rows, and the row spacing of the konjak is 50cm and the plant spacing is 30 cm.

Preferably, the corn rows are positioned at two sides of the ridge, the corn row spacing is 70cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm.

Preferably, the castor is planted in the aisle, and the planting distance is 120 cm.

Preferably, konjak is planted in the middle of 4 months, and corn and castor are planted in the middle of 5 months.

3. Performing relay intercropping: covering crops are planted on the konjak planting ridges, and the covering crops are selected from one or more of gramineae, leguminosae, compositae, liliaceae, purslane, chenopodiaceae and umbelliferae.

Preferably, the mixed planting of the cover crops can be 4 kinds of mixture (ryegrass, red clover, chrysanthemum nankingense and buckwheat) and 6 kinds of mixture (mouse couch grass, alfalfa, common cnidium fruit, purslane, wild mint and Chinese chives).

Preferably, the seeds are sowed by hands to cover the grass seeds of the crops, the sowing amount is 5g of the grass seeds per square meter of land, and the seeds are covered with soil and then pressed.

Preferably, the covering crops are intercropped after the konjak seedlings are planted (6 months).

4. Field management: and performing water management and high-stalk crop trimming.

Preferably, after the cover crops are sowed, the soil on the ridge surface is ensured to be moist within 2-3 weeks, and artificial water supplement is added if necessary, wherein the water amount is 1cm per day.

Preferably, in the last 9 months, castor beans are chopped off to increase light and ventilation.

5. Harvesting: and naturally pouring the seedlings for 10 days, and then harvesting the konjac tubers.

The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

the invention integrates the intercropping cultivation technology into the konjak planting system, and the rotation of konjak and green manure can improve the land utilization efficiency, improve the physical and chemical properties of soil, adjust the soil fertility and effectively block the continuous cropping disease of konjak; the konjak and the long-stalk crops are intercropped, land, water, light and heat resources are fully utilized, and the long-stalk crops provide shading protection for the konjak; covering plants with the konjac in a relay mode, quickly forming vegetation with proper density and height on ridges, inhibiting growth of weeds in fields, reducing ground surface temperature in a high-temperature period, keeping soil moisture, facilitating increase of diversity of soil organisms, promoting beneficial soil organism communities and inhibiting growth and proliferation of harmful soft rot and southern blight pathogenic bacteria. Meanwhile, the alternate intercropping cultivation system interferes the identification, positioning and damage of pests to the konjak, is beneficial to the survival of natural enemies and inhibits and kills field pests, reduces the wounds of stems and leaves of konjak plants caused by the pests, reduces the probability of infecting the konjak by pathogenic bacteria, does not need to apply chemical herbicide, bactericide and insecticide any more in the growing period of the konjak, ensures the green, efficient and sustainable development of konjak planting industry and the quality safety of konjak products, greatly improves the vibration of the konjak industry, and promotes the comprehensive and rapid development of economy and society in Qinba and Yunobu mountainous areas.

Detailed Description

For better understanding of the essence of the invention, the technical contents of the invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but the contents of the invention are not limited thereto and thus should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

Example 1: preferred plants and proportion in konjak inter-wheel intercropping cultivation system

The preferred plants and proportions in each link of rotation, intercropping and relay intercropping are shown in table 1.

TABLE 1 preferred plants and proportions in the konjak alternate intercropping cultivation system

Note: the combination is shown by "√" which indicates that the plant is included in the combination, and the numerical value in "()" indicates the mass percentage of the plant grass seeds in the combination.

Example 2: application of alternate intercropping cultivation method for relieving successive cropping obstacle of konjak in Shaanxi Ankang

In a large-area planting area of Ankang konjak in Shaanxi, konjak is traditionally planted in a local konjak and corn intercropping mode, two rows of corns and four rows of konjak are planted, the ridge width is 150cm, the drainage ditch width is 40cm, the passage between ridges is 40cm, the corn rows are positioned at two sides of the planting ridge ditch, and after the konjak is harvested, the land is left idle for overwintering and is planted with the konjak again in the next year. A preferable alternate intercropping cultivation method for alleviating continuous cropping obstacles of konjak is used for konjak production, wherein: the crop rotation is 2 kinds of mixed crops (70 percent of ryegrass and 30 percent of hairy vetch), and the seeding amount is 10g of grass seeds per square meter of land; interplanting corn and castor-oil plant in konjak, wherein the ridge height is 35cm, the ridge width is 80cm, the drainage ditch width is 40cm, the ditch depth is 30cm, the channel between the ridges is 40cm, the konjak is planted in double rows, the row spacing of the konjak is 50cm, the plant spacing is 30cm, the corn rows are positioned at two sides of the ridge, the row spacing of the corn is 70cm, the plant spacing is 40cm, the castor-oil plant is planted in the channel, and the plant spacing is 120 cm; the cover crops for relay intercropping are 4 kinds of mixed (ryegrass 60% + red clover 25% + chrysanthemum brain 7% + buckwheat 8%), and the seeding amount is 5g of grass seeds per square meter of land. The specific time node of the konjak intercropping cultivation is as follows: and (3) arranging green manure for crop rotation planting at the bottom of 10 months (harvesting the konjak), turning the green manure into soil for decomposition for 1 month in 3 middle days of the next year, planting the konjak in 4 middle days of the month, planting corn and castor in 5 middle days of the month, interplanting the covering crops at the beginning of 6 months (seedling alignment of the konjak), cutting off the castor in the last ten days of 9 months (later period of the expanding period of the konjak), and harvesting at the bottom of 10 months. Unlike traditional konjak planting, the konjak intercropping cultivation system of the invention does not apply any chemical pesticide. The treatment is the konjak planted by the method, the contrast is the konjak planted by the traditional method, and 3 repeated plots are respectively arranged for the treatment and the contrast, and each plot is 0.5 mu. When the konjak is sown (in the middle ten (4) months), namely the first year of crop rotation of green manure, collecting a soil sample to determine the organic matter content and the pH value of the soil; surveying 100 konjak expanding periods (8 middle and last ten days of the month, konjak soft rot and southern blight high-incidence period), recording the number of plants damaged by soft rot and southern blight, recording typical symptoms of stem base rot and plant seedling falling, calculating the disease incidence rate of soil-borne diseases, simultaneously collecting soil samples, extracting soil sample DNA, analyzing soil microbial diversity through high-throughput sequencing, and calculating shannon index; continuously observing the seedling falling condition of the konjak plants, and calculating the number of days required for 50 percent of konjak plants to fall seedlings; and (4) in the konjak harvesting period (10 months end), taking out all konjak bulbs, weighing and counting, and measuring the acre yield. The corn is an auxiliary crop, has a certain yield, but has low economic value and is not counted.

TABLE 2 physicochemical nutrients of soil, microorganisms, disease occurrence and yield of konjak

Note: the data in the table are the average of 3 replicates.

As shown in Table 2, the alternate intercropping cultivation method for alleviating the continuous cropping obstacle of konjak improves the organic matter content of the soil, enhances the soil fertility, increases the microbial diversity index of the soil from the pH value close to neutral, and facilitates the konjak to resist the continuous cropping obstacle. The disease occurrence monitoring result shows that the disease occurrence rate of the treated disease konjak plant is far lower than that of the control, the disease occurrence rate is reduced by 82.9 percent, the time for pouring 50 percent of the plants of the treated konjak plant is prolonged by 19 days compared with the control, and the later pouring of the seedlings is beneficial to the continuous growth and development of the konjak plant. Finally, the treated yield per mu is increased by 104.9% compared with the control. Therefore, the preferable intercropping cultivation method for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of the konjak is adopted, the land capability is conserved, the soil environment beneficial to the growth of the konjak is created, the problem of soft rot and southern blight damage in the continuous cropping of the konjak is greatly relieved, the economic benefit is increased, and the use of chemical pesticides is avoided.

Claims (6)

1. The alternate intercropping cultivation method for relieving the continuous cropping obstacle of the konjak is characterized by comprising five steps of alternate cropping, field management and harvesting.

2. The crop rotation as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the idle period of konjak planting, a one-season green manure is planted, and the green manure is one or more of gramineous green manure and leguminous green manure;

preferably, the green manure mixed planting can be 2 kinds of mixed plants (ryegrass + vetch seeds) and 3 kinds of mixed plants (tall fescue + red clover + milk vetch);

preferably, the seeding amount of the green manure is 10g of mixed grass seeds per square meter of land;

preferably, after the konjak is harvested (10 months bottom), green manure is arranged to be planted immediately, and in 3 months in the next year, the green manure is turned into soil to be decomposed for 1 month.

3. The intercropping of claim 1, wherein the konjak and the long-stalked crops are intercropped and planted, and the konjak is planted by ditching and ridging, so that a planting space for the long-stalked crops is reserved;

preferably, the tall stalk crop is a combination of corn and castor;

preferably, the planting ridges are 35cm high, 80cm wide, the drainage ditch is 40cm wide, 30cm deep and 40cm of passageways between ridges;

preferably, the konjak is planted in double rows, the row spacing of the konjak is 50cm, and the plant spacing is 30 cm;

preferably, the corn rows are positioned at two sides of the ridge, the corn row spacing is 70cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm;

preferably, the castor-oil plants are planted in the passageways, and the planting distance is 120 cm;

preferably, konjak is planted in the middle of 4 months, and corn and castor are planted in the middle of 5 months.

4. The relay intercropping of claim 1, wherein the covering crops are intercropped on the konjak planting ridges, and the covering crops are selected from one or more of gramineae, leguminosae, compositae, liliaceae, portulacaceae, chenopodiaceae and umbelliferae;

preferably, the mixed planting of the cover crops can be 4 kinds of mixture (ryegrass, red clover, chrysanthemum nankingense and buckwheat) and 6 kinds of mixture (mouse couch grass, alfalfa, common cnidium fruit, purslane, wild mint and Chinese chives);

preferably, the seeding quantity of the cover crops is 5g of grass seeds per square meter of land;

preferably, the covering crops are intercropped after the konjak seedlings are planted (6 months).

5. The field management of claim 1, wherein moisture management, tall crop conditioning;

preferably, after the cover crops are sowed, the soil on the ridge surface is ensured to be moist within 2-3 weeks, and artificial water supplement is added if necessary, wherein the water amount is 1cm per day;

preferably, in the last 9 months, castor beans are chopped off to increase light and ventilation.

6. The harvest of claim 1, wherein the konjac tubers are harvested 10 days after the natural dumping of the seedlings.