CN111201016A - 针对情绪疾患的新型γ氨基丁酸A型受体调节剂 - Google Patents
针对情绪疾患的新型γ氨基丁酸A型受体调节剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN111201016A CN111201016A CN201880065653.4A CN201880065653A CN111201016A CN 111201016 A CN111201016 A CN 111201016A CN 201880065653 A CN201880065653 A CN 201880065653A CN 111201016 A CN111201016 A CN 111201016A
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Abstract
本发明涉及新型的GABAA受体α5亚基选择性负向别构调节剂,其被氘化以通过延长它们的半衰期来改善它们的药用性质,使它们用作针对抑郁症相关疾患的速效药物疗法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年08月28日提交的美国临时申请号为62/550,826的优先权。这些申请的全部内容均以引用的方式并于此,如同本申请完全所述。
政府资助
本发明是在国家卫生研究院授予的MH086828号政府资助下完成的。政府对这项发明拥有一定权利。
技术领域
本发明涉及神经病学、精神病学、药理学和医学领域。具体地,本发明涉及使用选择性地针对含α5亚基的γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)受体的负向别构调节剂(negative allostericmodulator)(NAM)来治疗、预防或改善抑郁症和/或其他精神和神经病症的组合物和方法,该负向别构调节剂的关键位置已被氘化(重氢化),从而使其作为速效抗抑郁药化合物的药用价值得以增强。氘化化合物的性质得以增强是因为氘化是专门为延长其在人体中的半衰期而进行的。
背景技术
γ-氨基丁酸A受体(GABAAR)是离子型受体和配体门控离子通道。GABAAR发现于所有具有中枢神经系统的生物体内。由于它们广泛分布在哺乳动物的神经系统中,它们几乎在所有的大脑功能中都发挥着作用。GABAAR的内源性配体是γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),即中枢神经系统中主要的抑制性神经递质。GABAAR是异五聚型配体门控离子通道。迄今已鉴定出十九种GABAA受体亚基。大多数GABAA受体包含以2:2:1的化学计量的α、β和γ2亚基。GABAAR的主要激活位点是针对GABA和针对几种药物的结合位点,包括蝇蕈醇(muscimol)、加波沙朵(gaboxadol)和荷包牡丹碱(bicuculline)。相邻的γ2和α亚基之间的界面形成了苯二氮杂环庚熳(benzodiazepine)位点,即通道门控的别构调节剂。α亚基的特征决定了该位点的药理学概况。含有α1、α2或α3亚基的受体被唑吡坦(zolpidem)(即苯二氮杂环庚熳1型激动剂)增强,然而含有α5亚基的受体对唑吡坦基本上不敏感。结合在该位点的药物能影响GABA激活GABAAR的能力,包括促进功能的正向别构调节剂和降低功能的负向别构调节剂。最近的研究表明α1亚基择优地介导苯二氮杂环庚熳的镇静作用、抗惊厥作用和失忆作用,而α2和α3亚基介导其抗焦虑作用。除了苯二氮杂环庚熳的抗焦虑激动剂之外,还有一类药物,例如β-咔啉(β-carboline),其在苯二氮杂环庚熳的位点上作为完全或部分反向激动剂来降低GABAA受体功能。在本公开的具体实施方式中,部分反向激动剂提供了以下优点:更宽泛的治疗浓度范围以及更低的产生焦虑或癫痫样放电(epileptiform discharge)的可能性。
α5亚基mRNA在海马和皮层的锥体细胞(艾伦脑图谱(Allen Brain Atlas))中被高度表达,并且含α5的GABAA受体定位于突触和突触外位点上的海马CA1锥体细胞的树突中。由于去抑制化(抑制解除)促进了长期增强(LTP)的诱导,并且由于其选择性地定位在前脑,因此选择性地抑制含α5受体的药物正在被开发为认知增强剂。例如,已经表明,含α5的GABAA受体的部分反向激动剂在海马依赖性学习任务中增强了联想记忆获取。
Fishell等人(2015年)首次表明了含α5亚基的GABAA受体的部分反向激动剂在类似抑郁行为的动物模型中具有类似抗抑郁药疗效。例如,从临床角度来看,使用已建立的临床前模型显示出的快速发生的抗抑郁药作用是非常理想的,而且这些化合物从未被尝试过。这些研究表明,含α5亚基的GABAA受体的部分反向激动剂至少在治疗抑郁症上是有用的。
抑郁疾患及其后遗症诸如自杀是严重的世界性问题。目前针对抑郁症的黄金标准疗法,即选择性血清素(5-羟色胺)再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs),通常必须给药6-8周以上才能最终达到疗效,且只对约50%的使用它们的患者有效。目前,FDA还没有批准任何速效的抗抑郁药。那些目前正在开发的药物显现出许多限制它们临床应用的副作用,如滥用易患性和诱发类似精神病响应的倾向。确实存在针对抑郁症的替代药物,但其中许多药物在起疗效前同样需要长期治疗,且其中许多药物也没有效果或仅有部分效果。因此,需要在全世界范围内找到可用于治疗抑郁疾患和降低自杀率的新药物。
γ氨基丁酸A受体(GABAAR)是一种离子型受体和配体门控离子通道。其内源性配体是γ-氨基丁酸(GABA),即中枢神经系统的主要抑制性神经递质。GABAAR的主要激活位点是针对GABA和针对几种药物(包括蝇蕈醇、加波沙朵和荷包牡丹碱)的结合位点。GABAAR上的第二结合位点是所谓的苯二氮杂环庚熳受体位点。结合于此位点的药物会影响(促进或损害)GABA激活GABAAR的能力。所有具有中枢神经系统的生物体中都能找到GABAAR。由于它们广泛分布在哺乳动物的神经系统中,其几乎在所有的大脑功能中都发挥着作用。
发明内容
本发明涉及治疗某些医学病症的组合物和方法,包括抑郁症相关疾患、焦虑相关疾患、注意力相关疾患、精神病相关疾患、人格疾患、饮食疾患、认知障碍(包括创伤性脑损伤(TBI)之后或非TBI相关认知障碍之后的认知障碍)、神经性疼痛、慢性肌肉或骨骼疼痛、糖尿病并发症导致神经损伤、全身性肌无力发作、白天反复发作性睡眠、偏头痛、成瘾或其结合。
具体地,本发明包括氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物,如式I:
其中,R1、R2和R3各自独立地是H或D,前提是R1、R2和R3中至少有一者是D,且其中R4和R5各自独立地是H或D。
在一些实施方式中,本发明涉及选自由以下组成的组的GABAA5-NAM化合物:(S)-7-甲氧基-9-氧代-11,12,13,13a-四氢-9H-苯并[e]咪唑并[5,1-c]吡咯并[1,2-a][1,4]二氮杂环庚熳-1-羧酸乙酯(ethyl(S)-7-methoxy-9-oxo-11,12,13,13a-tetrahydro-9H-benzo[e]imidazo[5,1-c]pyrrolo[1,2-a][1,4]diazepine-1-carboxylate)(L–655,708)、3-溴-10-(二氟甲基)-9H-苯并[f]咪唑并[1,5-a][1,2,4]三唑[1,5-d][1,4]二氮杂环庚熳(3-bromo-10-(difluoromethyl)-9H-benzo[f]imidazo[1,5-a][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-d][1,4]diazepine)(RO4938581)、N-苄基-6-乙氧基-4-氧代-1H-1,5-萘啶-3-羧酰胺(N-benzyl-6-ethoxy-4-oxo-1H-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxamide)(CP–457,920)、3-叔丁基-7-(5-甲基异噁唑-3-基)-2-(1-甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基甲氧基)吡唑并(1,5-d)(1,2,4)三嗪(3-tert-Butyl-7-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)-2-(1-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylmethoxy)pyrazolo(1,5-d)(1,2,4)trizaine)(MRK-016)和(1,1-二氧硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮((1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)methanone)(RG-1662);所述化合物是氘化化合物。在其他实施方式中,本发明涉及一种选自由以下组成的组的化合物:(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基)甲醇((3-(4-fluophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4yl)methanol)、6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基-甲氧基)烟酸腈(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4yl-methoxy)nicotinonitrile)和6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)nicotinicacid)。
优选地,氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物如式II:
在一些实施方式中,本发明还包括如本文所讨论的一种氘化巴米沙尼(Basmisanil)相关的或巴米沙尼衍生的化合物,其是通过以下合成的:(a)在有氘供体存在或随后有氘供体的情况下,用碱或在碱性条件下处理(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲醇;(b)添加步骤(a)中的产物至6-氯烟酸腈或6-氯烟酸甲酯中;(c)将步骤(b)的产物水解成羧酸;以及(d)将步骤(c)的产物与硫代吗啉1,1-二氧化物或其盐进行酰胺偶联。该氘供体可以是D2O或CD3OD。
在另外的实施方式中,本发明涉及一种形成氘化RG-1662化合物的方法,该方法包括在含氘溶剂存在下,用碱对选自由以下组成的组的化合物进行处理:6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸腈(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)nicotinonitrile)、6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酰胺(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)nicotinamide)和6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)nicotinic acid)。优选地,该含氘溶剂是D2O。
本发明的某些实施方式涉及权利要求1的氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物,当给药至哺乳动物时,其具有比相同结构的非氘化化合物更长的生物半衰期。
在某些实施方式中,本发明还涉及一种治疗有需要的人类受试者的抑郁症相关疾患的方法,包括向受试者给药治疗有效量的如本文所述的氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物。在本方法中,氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物可以经口、皮内、肌肉内、腹腔内、静脉内、通过吹入或在真皮贴片中给药,并且可以每隔0.5天、1天、2天、3天或4天给药至受试者。
在一些实施方式中,该方法涉及那些将氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物与用于治疗或改善抑郁症的一种或多种其他疗法联合给药至受试者的方法。这些疗法可以包括但不限于给药选自由以下组成的组的抗抑郁药物:单胺氧化酶抑制剂、选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂、血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂、三重再摄取抑制剂、CNS乙酰胆碱功能调节剂、兴奋剂、抗糖皮质激素、NMDA型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂、三环类抗抑郁药及其任何组合。该抑郁症相关疾患可以选自以下中的一种或多种:一般抑郁症、重度抑郁疾患(临床抑郁症)、心境恶劣、自杀倾向、单相抑郁症、双相抑郁症、精神性抑郁症、非典型抑郁症、季节性情感疾患、经前焦虑疾患、内源性抑郁症、紧张性抑郁症、创伤后应激疾患(post-traumatic stressdisorder)、产后抑郁症、疾病或损伤引起的抑郁症、药物或酒精引起的抑郁症、抗治疗性抑郁症及其任何组合。包括在抑郁症相关疾患的定义中的其他疾患和病症指的是那些具有作为某些其他主要医学病症的次要结果而发生的这些症状,例如肿瘤、创伤、物质滥用疾患、酒精中毒。在优选的方法中,氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物选自以下组成的组:(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基)甲醇((3-(4-fluophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4yl)methanol)、6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基-甲氧基)烟酸腈(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4yl-methoxy)nicotinonitrile)、6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)nicotinic acid)和(1,1-二氧硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)美沙酮((1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)(6-((3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(methyl-d3)isoxazol-4-yl)methoxy)pyridine-3-yl)methadone)。此外,在优选的方法中,受试者是人类。
附图说明
图1A、图1B、图1C、图1D、图1E和图1F示出了NMR光谱结果,证实了如结构所示的中间化合物的化学品身份,以及如下面的实施例1所示的生成NCGC-43的合成方案的最终产物。
图2是示出了在所示条件下蔗糖偏好试验结果的图。
图3是示出了在所示条件下的社交互动试验(social interaction test)结果的图。
图4A是旷场试验(开场试验)的示意图。
图4B、图4C、图4D和图4E是所示旷场试验结果的条形图(柱状图)。
图5是示出了所示高架十字迷宫试验(elevated plus maze test)结果的图。
图6A、图6B、图6C和图6D是示出了所示强迫游泳试验(forced swim test)结果的图(%静止时间(图6A)、直至静止的潜伏期(图6B)、静止时间(图6C)和静止发作次数(immobile episode)(图6D)。
图7是示出了强迫游泳试验中NCGC-43剂量-反应关系的图。
具体实施方式
1.定义
除非另有限定,否则本文中使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本领域普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。尽管可以在本发明的实践或测试中使用与本文所述的方法和材料类似或等效的各种方法和材料,但是以下记载的是合适的方法和材料。然而,本领域技术人员理解,所使用和记载的方法和材料是示例性的,并且可能不是唯一适合在本发明中使用的方法和材料。此外,由于测量值会受到内在变化的影响,因此,除非另有明确规定,否则本文中给出的任何温度、重量、体积、时间间隔、pH、盐度、摩尔浓度或质量摩尔浓度、范围、浓度和任何其他测量值、数量或数值表达式均为近似值,而非精确值或临界值。
除非另有限定,否则本文中使用的所有技术和科学术语的含义与本发明所属领域以及本发明提交时的通常理解的含义相同。尽管可以在本发明的实践或试验中使用与本文所述的方法和材料类似或等效的各种方法和材料,但是以下记载的是合适的方法和材料。然而,本领域技术人员应当理解,所使用和记载的方法和材料是示例性的,并且可能不是唯一适合在本发明中使用的方法和材料。此外,还应理解,由于测量受到内在变化的影响,除非另有明确规定,否则本文给出的任何温度、重量、体积、时间间隔、pH、盐度、摩尔浓度或质量摩尔浓度、范围、浓度和任何其他测量值、数量或数值表达式应为近似值,而不是精确值或临界值。因此,在适合于本发明且如本领域技术人员所理解的情况下,使用专利申请中常用的近似或相对的术语和程度术语来记载本发明的各个方面是适宜的,例如:如此尺寸的、约、大约、实质上、基本上,基本上由…组成、包含和有效量。
本文所使用的术语“约”是指所述值的正负20%,因此,例如,“约0.125”是指0.125±0.025,或“约1.0”是指1.0±0.2。
本文所使用的术语“氘”是指氢的稳定同位素,其质量大约为最常见同位素的两倍,即质量为约2个原子质量单位。
本文所用术语“生物半衰期”是指活体通过正常排泄需要除去一半的给药物质的量的时间。
术语“治疗”是指对疾病的干预,例如对有需要的受试者给药药物组合物。这种治疗涉及采取步骤以获得有益或期望的结果,包括以下临床结果例如:减轻、减缓或改善一种或多种疾病、疾患或病症的症状;减少疾病、疾患或病症的程度;延缓或减缓疾病、疾患或病症的进展;预防或减少疾病、疾患或病症复发的机会或频率;改善或稳定疾病、疾患或病症的度量(统计);或通过直接或间接的方式提高另一种有利于治疗疾病、疾患或病症的药物的疗效。
如本文所使用的术语“抑郁症相关疾患”包括任何引起抑郁症、与抑郁症相关或定义为抑郁症的疾患,以及任何有抑郁症状的疾患或病症。如本文所用,该术语还包括认知、记忆、物质滥用和精神疾患。抑郁疾患包括但不限于一般抑郁症、严重抑郁疾患(临床抑郁症)、心境恶劣、自杀倾向、单相抑郁症、双相抑郁症、精神性抑郁症、非典型抑郁症、季节性情感疾患、经前焦虑疾患、内源性抑郁症、紧张性抑郁症、创伤后应激疾患、产后抑郁症及其任何组合。包括在抑郁症相关疾患的定义中的其他疾患和病症为:焦虑相关的疾患;快感缺失、注意力相关的疾患、精神病相关的疾患、人格疾患、睡眠疾患、饮食疾患、认知障碍(包括创伤性脑损伤(TBI)之后或非TBI相关的认知障碍之后的认知障碍)、记忆障碍、学习疾患、神经性疼痛、慢性肌肉或骨骼疼痛、糖尿病神经病变、全身性肌无力发作、白天反复发作性睡眠、偏头痛、成瘾、或其组合。包括在抑郁症相关疾患定义中的其他疾患和病症是那些具有作为某些其他主要医学病症的次要结果而发生的症状,例如肿瘤、物质滥用疾患、酒精中毒。
如本文所使用的术语“有需要的受试者”是指任何动物,优选为哺乳动物,且最优选为人类。本定义包括实验室动物、伴侣性和服务性动物、农场动物和动物园动物。优选的动物包括小鼠、大鼠、兔子、猴子、猿和人类。
如本文所使用的术语“治疗有效量”是指治疗剂的量,其在给药至受试者时具有预期的治疗效果。治疗效果是治疗预期的疾患或病症的效果,包括改善疾病、疾患或病症或其症状,包括减轻症状或延迟疾病、疾患、病症或症状的发生或复发。完全的治疗效果不一定是通过一次剂量的给药而发生的,并且可能是在一系列剂量的给药之后才能发生。因此,治疗有效量可以是以一次或多次给药而给药。
2.概述
在具体的实施方式中,医学病症包括抑郁症相关疾患、焦虑相关疾患、注意力相关疾患、精神病相关疾患、人格疾患、饮食疾患、认知障碍(包括创伤性脑损伤(TBI)之后的或非TBI相关认知障碍之后的认知障碍)、神经性疼痛、慢性肌肉或骨骼疼痛、糖尿病并发症导致神经损伤、全身性肌无力发作、白天反复发作性睡眠、偏头痛、成瘾、酒精中毒、物质使用疾患或其任何组合。具体地说,本发明涉及速效的氘化抗抑郁药组合物,其可作为含α5亚基的GABAAR的负向别构调节剂。
3.本发明的实施例
A.总体评述
本发明的实施方式涉及用于治疗一种或多种医学病症的组合物和方法,尤其包括抑郁症及类似病症。该病症可以是任何类型,但在特定的实施方式中,治疗的病症是严重抑郁症(严重抑郁疾患)和/或自杀倾向。使用本发明的组合物和方法,医学病症的治疗优选以比目前已知的此类疾病的治疗产生更快的速率,成功地治疗了更大比例的患者群体,并且具有更少的有害副作用。
在本公开的具体实施方式中,一种或多种含α5亚基的GABAA受体的苯二氮杂环庚熳结合位点的部分反向激动剂通过恢复兴奋性突触正常功能以在单相形式和双相形式的抑郁症中产生快速抗抑郁药作用并减少自杀念头。这些考量因素可以被例如使用具有面部、结构和预测有效性的抑郁症啮齿动物模型进行表征,如用慢性不可预测应激(CUS)或慢性多模态应激(抑制、频闪光和白噪声)来表征急性给药(24小时)α5选择性GABA-NAM的作用。例如,可以在实验室动物(如小鼠和大鼠)体内使用蔗糖偏好和社交探索试验(socialexploration test)对含α5亚基的GABAA受体的部分反向激动剂的抗抑郁药效果进行测试(Amat等人,2010年)。我们还可以使用体外的电生理学和生化分析来确定含α5亚基的GABAA受体的部分反向激动剂逆转应激引起的抑郁症的电生理关联性的能力。动物模型中的这些效果可以与氯胺酮(一种已知的对人类具有快速抗抑郁药疗效的谷氨酸受体阻滞剂)进行比较(Zarate等人,2006)。
在本公开的某些实施方式中,患者可以针对严重抑郁发作的DSM-IV参数经受标准精神病筛查。在具体的实施方式中,向个体提供包含一种或多种激动剂的盐溶液,例如缓慢地(大约30-60min)注入。可以重复地给予抑郁症相关的测试和其他评分测试,诸如汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale)、贝克抑郁量表(Beck DepressionInventory)、针对染毒得分“高”的视觉模拟量表(Visual Analog Scale)以及简短的精神病评定量表(Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale);仅作为一个例子,这些测试可在给药后四小时内使用,并在接下来的七天里每天使用。在特定的实施方式中,可由测试分数的变化来确定抗抑郁药的效果以及精神模拟或焦虑响应,从而展示出特定化合物的效果。
本发明的具体实施方式涉及含α5亚基的GABAAR的负向别构调节剂,其是解决抑郁症和/或减少自杀倾向的速效抗抑郁药。优选地,这些调节剂是与非氘化调节剂相比具有各种优点的新型氘化化合物。这些可以优点包括在已治疗的受试者中延长生物利用度。
氘是一种天然存在的、稳定的、无放射性的氢的同位素。氢由一个电子围绕一个由一个质子组成的原子核构成,且具有约为1.0原子质量单位(AMU)的质量。氘还具有单一电子,但其原子核包含一个中子和一个质子,致使原子质量约为2.0AMU。当过量的氘取代氢被并入分子中时,称为氘化(氘代),氘化化合物类似于全氢化合物。一般来说,氘化化合物的形状和大小与它们的全氢类似物是基本上不可区分的。此外,氘具有显著的低系统毒性。单细胞生物通常可以在全氘化的条件下生长。此外,人类可以忍受体液中高水平的氘。而且,氘化化合物作为代谢和药代动力学探针在人类中有很长的安全使用历史。因此,如本文所述,选择性氘化可用于药物化合物和组合物中,来创造实现尚未满足医疗需求的新药。若干种氘化药物已经进入临床评估中。第一种用于亨廷顿舞蹈病的氘化药物已被FDA(AustedoTM;氘四嗪(deutetrabazine))批准。
在若干种抑郁症小鼠模型中,GABAA的α5负向别构调节剂被证实可作为快速抗抑郁药。随后有人申请了一项将GABAAα5NAM用作抗抑郁药剂的用途专利。为了设计一种治疗抑郁症及相关病症的速效药物组合物,(1,1-二氧基硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮(称为RG-1662)——一种在II期临床试验中被证明是安全的(但不是有效的)可作为益智剂的GABAAα5选择性NAM——被使用为先导剂(lead)。
在一种实施方式中,本发明涉及用于治疗和/或改善人类受试者的抑郁症和/或自杀倾向以及其他抑郁相症关疾患的组合物和使用该组合物的方法,包括向受试者给药治疗有效量的含α5亚基的GABAAR的氘化负向别构调节剂。在一种更优选的实施方式中,该调节剂是RG-1662的一种形式,即一种先前在第II阶段临床试验中已被证明是安全的GABAA5R的负向别构调节剂(NAM),为了延长其在人体内的半衰期,通过在肝脏中的一个或多个水解位点的具体位点用氘取代氢原子对其进行了改性。
(1,1-二氧基硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮
B.化合物
选择性针对含α亚基GABAAR的负向别构调节剂(如(13aS)-7-甲氧基-9-氧代-11,12,13,13a-四氢-9H-咪唑并[1,5-a]吡咯并[2,1-c][1,4]苯二氮杂环庚熳-1-羧酸乙酯(L-655,708)、3-溴-10-(二氟甲基)-9H-苯并[f]咪唑并[1,5-a][1,4]二氮杂环庚熳(RO4938581)、N-苄基-6-乙氧基-4-氧代-1H-1,5-萘啶-3-羧酰胺(CP-457,920)、3-叔丁基-7-(5-甲基异噁唑-3-基)-2-(1-甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑酮-5-基甲氧基)吡唑并(1,5-d)(1,2,4)三嗪(MRK-016)、(1,1-二氧硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮(RG-1662)可以通过在降解肝酶水解的底物的分子中用氢离子取代氘离子进行改性(修饰)。这种改性减缓了化合物在体内水解和分解代谢的速率。无论何种递送途径,这都延长了化合物的生物利用度,并增加了其作为速效抗抑郁药的临床实用性。
由于催化性肝酶水解迅速,现有的GABAAR的α5亚基选择性负向别构调节剂的药代动力学曲线太快(半衰期短),从而降低了提供治疗性缓和的所需关键受体的生物利用度,导致效果并不是最佳。通过在代谢水解的一个或多个位点引入氘,分解代谢的速率被减缓,从而提高了生物利用度和治疗效果,并且减少了对药物频繁用药的需求且使用较少剂量,从而降低潜在的副作用并改善用药依从性。
因此,根据本发明的化合物优选是氘化的。化合物中任何特定氢原子上的氘含量范围可以从无氘(或自然富集的氘)到最多至约95%的氘或更多。优选地,在肝脏代谢中进行水解的那些氢原子位点富含氘。这些位点是首先在体外试验中被鉴定的,使用培养的肝细胞以便能够特定地引导其化学取代。当此氘化步骤在RG-1662上进行时,该化合物在本文中被称为NCGC-43。
优选的化合物从GR-1662衍生而来,并选自由以下组成的组:(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基)甲醇、6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基-甲氧基)烟酸腈、6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸和(1,1-二氧硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)美沙酮(NCGC-43)。在本发明优选的实施方式中,氘化α5亚基选择性GABA-NAM化合物是使用实施例1所描述的反应/合成方法合成的,且该氘化化合物用NMR表征。
根据本发明的化合物包括GABA-NAM化合物:
该化合物优选是氘化的,以及最优选地是在化合物中肝脏代谢发生的位置处被氘化。
另外,本发明包含中间化合物:
优选的化合物是
本发明的化合物包括基体及其任何药学上可接受的水合物、溶剂化物、酸或盐,并且可以是无定形或任何结晶形式,或作为油或蜡。方便的话,任何药学上可接受的盐都可以使用。通常,这些盐从药学上和生物学上可接受的无机或有机酸和碱或金属衍生而来。此类盐的实例包括但不限于:乙酸盐、己二酸盐、藻酸盐、铵盐、天冬氨酸盐、苯甲酸盐、苯磺酸盐(氨氯地平)、碳酸氢盐、硫酸氢盐、丁酸盐、柠檬酸盐、樟脑酸盐、樟脑磺酸盐、碳酸盐、环戊烷丙酸盐、二葡萄糖酸盐、十二烷硫酸盐、乙磺酸盐、甲酸盐、富马酸盐、葡萄糖酸盐、甘油磷酸盐、乙醇酸盐、半硫酸盐、庚酸盐、己酸盐、盐酸盐、氢溴酸盐、氢碘酸盐、2-羟基乙磺酸盐、乳酸盐、镁盐、马来酸盐、丙二酸盐、甲烷磺酸盐(甲磺酸盐)、2-萘磺酸盐、烟酸盐、硝酸盐、草酸盐、棕榈酸盐、果胶酸盐、过硫酸盐、3-苯基丙酸盐、磷酸盐,苦味酸盐、新戊酸盐、钾盐、丙酸盐、水杨酸盐、钠盐、琥珀酸盐、硫酸盐、酒石酸盐、硫氰酸盐、甲苯磺酸盐(toluenesulfonate)(甲苯磺酸盐(tosylate))和十一酸盐。
所述化合物还包括治疗剂的任何或所有立体化学形式(即,每个不对称中心的R和/或S构型)。因此,治疗剂的单一对映异构体、外消旋混合物和非对映异构体都在本发明的范围内。治疗剂的空间异构体和位置异构体也在本发明的范围内。一些实施方式中,治疗剂还旨在包括仅在一个或多个同位素富集的原子存在下不同的化合物。例如,其中一个或多个原子被例如氘、氚、13C、14C(或本领域通常使用的任何同位素标记物如磷、钙、碘、氯、溴或任何其他用于同位素标记方便的元素)替代的治疗剂属于本发明的范围内。
C.组合物
在优选的方法实施方式中,本文所述的化合物经配制并作为药物组合物给药,该药物组合物包括药学上可接受的载体和一种或多种药物试剂,包括本文所述的一种或多种发明化合物,且包括本文所述的一种或多种具有其他剂的发明化合物,例如其他种类的抗癌药物。药学上可接受的载体是指无毒并且不会破坏或显著降低与其配制在一起的治疗剂的药理活性的任何方便的化合物或化合物的组。此类药学上可接受的载体或媒介物涵盖本领域已知的任何标准的药学上可接受的固体、液体或气体载体,例如本领域中讨论的那些。
合适的载体取决于药物组合物预期的给药途径。给药途径是由技术人员根据便利性、根据待治疗的受试者的健康和状况以及根据待治疗的病症的位置和阶段来确定。
此类途径可以是从业者在考虑到诸如患者、患者的总体状况和待治疗的具体病症后认为的最有效或最方便的途径。例如,给药途径可包括但不限于局部和肠外给药,包括口服、局部(外用)、经皮、口含、舌下、透粘膜、伤口覆盖、吸入、吹入、经直肠、经阴道、经鼻腔、伤口覆盖、静脉注射、肌肉内注射、动脉内注射、鞘内注射、皮下注射、皮内注射、腹腔注射、直接局部注射等等。可以通过输血或输液来进行给药,并且可以通过植入物、植入泵或外部泵或本领域已知的任何设备来给药。
因此,药物组合物可以采用的形式包括但不限于:片剂、胶囊、囊片、锭剂、糖衣药丸、丸剂、颗粒剂、口服溶液、用于稀释的粉剂、用于吸入的粉剂、蒸气、气体、无菌溶液或其他用于注射或输入的液体、经皮贴剂、颊贴剂、插入物和植入物、直肠栓剂、阴道栓剂、乳膏、洗剂、油、软膏、局部覆盖物(例如,伤口覆盖物和绷带)、悬浮液、乳剂、脂质小泡等等。
我们想到将任何药学上可接受的载体被用于本发明,例如本领域已知的载体和赋形剂。载体可以包括例如淀粉(例如,玉米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、大米淀粉)、纤维素(例如,微晶纤维素、甲基纤维素等)、糖(例如,乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖等)、粘土、矿物质(例如,滑石粉等)、树胶、调味剂、增香剂和香料、防腐剂、着色剂、掩味剂、甜味剂、凝胶、蜡、脂质(例如,脂质小泡或纳米颗粒)、油、聚乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇、溶剂(例如,水或药学上可接受的有机溶剂)、盐溶液(例如,盐溶液、电解质溶液、乳酸盐溶液等)、乳化剂、悬浮剂、湿润剂、填充剂、佐剂、分散剂、粘合剂、pH调节剂和缓冲剂、抗菌剂(例如,苯甲醇、苯甲酸甲酯等)、抗氧化剂(例如,抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠等)、螯合剂(例如,EDTA等)、助流剂(例如,胶态二氧化硅)和润滑剂(例如,硬脂酸镁等)。可以在容器(诸如泡包装、安瓿、瓶、预填充注射器等)中提供化合物或包含该化合物的药物组合物。
还想到将缓释和持续释放组合物在本发明实施方式中使用。因此,合适的载体可以包括任何已知成分以实现让活性成分延迟释放、延长释放或持续释放。优选地,药物组合物中包括治疗有效量。
D.剂量
根据本发明的实施方式,通过任何方便的给药途径以治疗有效量向人类受试者给药氘化的α5选择性的GABA-NAM,例如NCGC-43。在重复剂量方案中,以方便的时间间隔,例如每0.5天、1天、2天、3天或更多天、每周或以任何方便的时间间隔,将本发明化合物的剂量给药至受试者。该化合物可以作为单一疗法单独给药,或与一种或多种其他疗法组合给药,既可以以相同剂型也可以以各自的剂型,在相同时间或在不同时间提供,既可用单剂也可以用重复剂量方案。
治疗方案包括单次给药或持续两天或更多天的给药疗程,包括一周、两周、几周、一个月、30天、60天、90天、几个月、六个月、一年或更长时间,包括在受试者剩余的生命中进行给药。该方案可以包括例如每天多次剂量、每天或每周一次剂量,或持续一小时、多个小时、一整天或更长时间的长时间输液给药。
每次给药的剂量包括从业者可确定的任何量,并且将取决于待治疗的受试者的大小、受试者的健康状况、给药途径、待治疗或预防的病症等。通常,考虑到对于大多数受试者而言,剂量在约0.01mg/kg至约100mg/kg是合适的,优选约0.1mg/kg至约50mg/kg、更优选约0.1mg/kg至约10mg/kg以及最优选约0.2mg/kg至约5mg/kg是有用的。这种剂量可以每周、每天或每天多次给药。可以给药约0.1mg、0.2mg、0.25mg、0.5mg、1mg、5mg、10mg、20mg、40mg、80mg、100mg、250mg、500mg或1000mg的剂量。
优选地,治疗有效剂量使得在受试者的脑脊髓液中存在氘化化合物,其浓度足以结合于所有GABAAR中的10%至75%,从而使GABAAR的功能降低至少约10%至75%。另外,当对哺乳动物如人类受试者进行治疗性给药时,优选的氘化组合物具有较长的半衰期,包括氘化RG-1662化合物的类似物和衍生物,为了在给人类受试者给药时产生增强的生物利用度和增加的半衰期,这些化合物用其他的氘原子进行取代。
在某些实施方式中,本发明的方法涉及治疗有效量的氘化α5亚基选择性GABA-NAM与其他抗抑郁药物的组合给药(按顺序地或同时地)。抗抑郁药物可以包括例如以下的一种或多种:单胺氧化酶抑制剂、选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂、血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂、三重再摄取抑制剂、CNS乙酰胆碱功能调节剂、兴奋剂、抗糖皮质激素、NMDA型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂、三聚体抗抑郁药、用于减少物质滥用疾患或酒精中毒中的渴望和戒断的药物及其任意组合。
E.方法
GABAA5-NAM化合物(RG-1662是其成员)在治疗精神和神经病症诸如唐氏综合征、双相疾患、病理性焦虑和自闭症谱系疾患方面具有潜在的用途。因此,本发明涉及治疗、预防或改善患有如上所定义的抑郁症相关疾患的个体中的至少一种症状的方法。
本发明方法中考虑为“有需要”的受试者是指任何动物,优选哺乳动物,以及最优选为患有抑郁症相关疾患的人类患者,包括引起抑郁症、与抑郁症相关或定义为抑郁症的任何疾患以及具有抑郁症状的任何疾患或病症。如本文所述,该术语还包括认知、记忆和精神疾患。抑郁疾患包括但不限于一般抑郁症、严重抑郁疾患(临床抑郁症)、心境恶劣、自杀倾向、单相抑郁症、双相抑郁症、精神性抑郁症、非典型抑郁症、季节性情感疾患、经前焦虑疾患、内源性抑郁症、紧张性抑郁症、创伤后应激疾患、产后抑郁症、创伤后应激疾患及其任意组合。包括在抑郁症相关疾患定义中的其他疾患和病症为:焦虑相关疾患、快感缺失、注意力相关疾患、精神病相关疾患、人格疾患、睡眠疾患、饮食疾患、认知障碍(包括创伤性脑损伤(TBI)之后或非TBI相关认知障碍之后的认知障碍)、记忆障碍、学习疾患、神经性疼痛、慢性肌肉或骨痛、糖尿病神经病变、全身性肌无力发作、白天反复发作性睡眠、偏头痛、成瘾或其结合。包括在抑郁症相关疾患的定义中的其他疾患和病症是那些具有作为一些其他主要医学病症的次要结果所发生的这些症状,如肿瘤、物质滥用疾患、酒精中毒。可以通过向这些受试者给药氘化的RG-1662化合物NCGC-43或组合物以约0.1mg至约1000mg的量进行治疗,优选每天一次、每周一次、每月一次或根据需要进行给药。优选的给药途径为口服、局部(外用)、经皮、经口腔、舌下、经粘膜、伤口覆盖、吸入、吹入、经直肠、经阴道、经鼻腔、伤口覆盖、静脉注射、肌肉内注射、动脉注射、鞘内注射、皮下注射、皮内注射、腹腔注射、直接局部注射等。可通过输血或输液给药,且可通过植入物、植入泵或外部泵或本领域已知的任何设备来给药。
4.实施例
本发明不限于所描述的特定工艺、组合物或方法,因为它们可能会变化。本说明书中使用的术语仅出于描述特定版本或实施方式的目的,并不旨在限制本发明的范围,本发明的范围将仅受所附权利要求限制。尽管在本发明实施方式的实践或测试中可以使用与本文描述的方法和材料相似或等效的任何方法和材料,现在此描述的是优选的方法、设备和材料。本文提及的所有公开出版物均以引用的方式全部并入本文;本文中的任何内容均不得解释为承认本发明无权享受在先的发明中公开内容的优先权。
实施例1:化学合成方法。
NCGC00508843是从(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲醇按照如下步骤合成的。在氘氧化物和氘化甲醇的混合物中,用氘氧化钠在高温下处理(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲醇,得到(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲醇。然后用6-氯烟酸腈取代亲核芳香族化合物,得到6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸腈。腈在氘化溶剂中水解成酸,还增加了氘并入量至95%。最后,用1,1-二氧化硫代吗啉(thiomorpholine 1,1-dioxide)进行酰胺偶联得到NCGC-43。
从RG-1662合成氘化的化合物以从商业原料经四步产生(1,1-二氧基硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮(NCGC00508843;NCGC-43),总产率33%。通过1H NMR测定出氘并入量为95%。
(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲醇的合成是通过如下步骤完成的。将(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲醇(500mg,2.4mmol)放置在具有搅拌棒的微波小瓶中。向其中加入2.0mL的氘氧化物、8.0mL的CD3OD和1.0mL的在D2O中的30%NaOD。将小瓶密封,并用微波辐射加热至85℃持续两小时。然后将小瓶冷却,并通过加入氯化铵水溶液进行淬火。将该化合物萃取到乙酸乙酯中,并通过旋转蒸发除去溶剂,得到无需进一步纯化下的产率为99%(504mg)的作为白色固体的标题产物。1H NMR分析显示氘并入量约为80%。1H NMR(400MHz,cdcl3)δ7.91-7.68(m,2H),7.18-6.98(m,2H),4.48(s,2H),2.41-2.36(m,0.6H,80%氘并入量)。13C NMR(101MHz,cdcl3)δ168.7,163.7(d,Jc-F=25l.5Hz,1C)161.7,130.4,130.3,125.2,116.1,115.9,113.0,53.6,10.7(m,C-D分裂)。MS:预期:211.2(M+H)。观测到:211.1。
6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸腈是通过如下步骤合成的。在0℃将氢化钠(120mg,2.9mmol,在矿物油中60%的分散剂)添加到四氢呋喃(THF)(5.0mL)中的(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲醇(504mg,2.4mmol)的溶液中。然后,通过注射器添加在THF(5.0mL)中的6-氯烟酸腈(400mg,2.9mmol)的溶液中。允许反应加热至室温并搅拌两小时。然后加入碳酸氢钠水溶液进行淬火。将反应物萃取到乙酸乙酯中,且通过旋转蒸发除去溶剂。通过硅胶层析(在己烷中0%至100%乙酸乙酯)进行纯化得到75%产率(560mg)的作为白色固体的标题产物。氘并入量可维持在80%左右。1H NMR(400MHz,cdcl3)δ8.47(dd,J=2.3,0.8Hz,1H),7.81(dd,J=8.7,2.3Hz,1H),7.77-7.66(m,2H),7.19-7.05(m,2H),6.84(dd,J=8.7,0.8Hz,1H),5.29(s,2H),2.57-2.51(m,0.6H,80%氘并入量)。13C NMR(101MHz,cdcl3)δ170.3,164.8,163.8(d,Jc-F=250.5Hz,IC)162.0,151.7,141.5,130.3,130.2,125.2(d,Jc_p=3.0Hz,1C),117.0,116.2,116.0,112.2,109.1,103.3,57.8,11.2(m,C-D分裂)。MS:预期:313.3(M+H)。观察到:313.1。
6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸是以如下步骤合成的。将氘氧化物(5.0ml)和氘氧化钠(2.5g,18mmol,D2O中的30%重量)添加至在d4-甲醇(7.0mL)中含6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸腈)的溶液(560mg,1.8mmol)的小瓶中。密封小瓶,将反应加热至55℃并搅拌16小时。然后将小瓶冷却并用盐酸水溶液淬火。将pH值调节至2,并用乙酸乙酯萃取反应得到粗产物(560mg),其不用再经进一步纯化即可使用。氘并入量增加至约95%并入量。
(1,1-二氧硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮(NCGC00508843)是以如下步骤合成的。将粗6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸(560mg,1.7mol)溶解在二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)(3.0mL)中。向其中添加硫代吗啉1,1-二氧化物盐酸盐(350mg,2.0mmol),然后添加六氟磷酸氮杂苯并三唑四甲基尿嘧啶(hexafluorophosphate azabenzotriazole tetramethyl uronium)(HATU)(770mg,2.0mmol)和三甲胺(350mg,3.4mmol)。将反应搅拌2小时。然后倒入水中,并用乙醚(3X)萃取。将有机萃取物混合,并通过旋转蒸发除去溶剂。通过硅胶层析(己烷中0%至100%的乙酸乙酯)进行纯化得到所需产物。除去溶剂,将化合物再次溶解在乙醇中,并通过旋转蒸发除去乙醇,得到所需的作为白色固体的产物,产率为45%(340mg)。lH NMR测定出氘并入量为95%。lH NMR(400MHz,cdcl3)δ8.28(dt,J=2.4,0.8Hz,lH),7.80-7.72(m,2H),7.70(ddd,J=8.5,2.4,0.7Hz,lH),7.18-7.08(m,2H),6.82(dt,J=8.6,0.8Hz,lH),5.26(s,2H),4.24-3.95(m,4H),3.12-3.02(m,4H),2.55-2.50(m,0.05H(95%氘))。13C NMR(101MHz,cd3od)δ171.8,170.7,165.4,165.l(d,Jc-F=247Hz,1C)163.3,147.5,139.8,131.6,131.5,125.6,117.0,116.8,112.1,111.8,111.0,58.1,52.7,38.9。MS:预期:449.5(M+H)。观察到:449.1.MP:132.3℃。
中间化合物的NMR波谱如图1所示。当最终化合物作为HCl盐不稳定时,可使用其他盐或将该化合物配制为游离碱。
实施例2:抗抑郁药作用和焦虑作用缺乏的临床前研究
图2示出了NCGC-43和氯胺酮在蔗糖偏好试验中的比较,证明NCGC-43具有类似氯胺酮的快速且持久的抗抑郁药效果。在蔗糖偏好试验中,在以下情况下让大鼠进行过夜两瓶选择任务(其中蔗糖溶液消耗量显示为总溶液消耗量的百分比):开始应激前(基线),紧随慢性多模态应激14天后,和在注射NCGC-43(3mg/kg,灰色)、氯胺酮(20mg/kg,橙色)或媒介物(载体)(DMSO溶液,蓝色)后24小时、7天和14天,并同时继续每天的慢性多模态应激。对照组不接受应激或药物(黄色)。慢性应激降低了蔗糖偏好,这是快感缺失的征兆,而单次注射氯胺酮或NCGC-43以快速(24小时内)且持久(多达14天)的方式恢复了蔗糖偏好。
NCGC-43的作用与氯胺酮相当,其以在人体内可产生快速且持久的抗抑郁药效果而广为人知。
图3示出了NCGC-43和氯胺酮在社交互动试验中的比较,显示出NCGC-43具有类似氯胺酮的快速且持久的抗抑郁药效果。在社交互动试验中,大鼠可以选择在以下的小室中呆上一段时间:一个有新关在笼里的幼鼠的小室和一个有空笼的小室。在社交互动试验中,大鼠在开始应激前(基线),紧随慢性多模式应激14天后,和注射NCGC-43(3mg/kg,灰色)、氯胺酮(20mg/kg,橙色)或媒介物(DMSO溶液,蓝色)24小时后,在一个有新关在笼里的幼鼠的小室和一个有空笼的小室中进行选择。社交互动计算了与新动物相处的时间百分比。对照组不接受应激或药物(黄色)。慢性应激减少了社交互动,这是快感缺失的表现,而单次注射氯胺酮或NCGC-43则恢复了他们与新动物互动的偏好。
图4示出了NCGC-43在旷场试验中的作用。图4A是旷场试验的示意图。图4B示出慢性应激和注射NCGC-43或注射媒介物均对总运动活性(自发活动)无显著影响。图4C示出,在试验过程中,无论是慢性应激还是注射NCGC-43或注射媒介物对动物在角落和侧面停留的时间都没有显著影响,这与在任何情况下动物的焦虑状态没有变化相吻合。图4D示出,在试验过程中,无论是慢性应激还是注射NCGC-43或媒介物,对动物在室的中心停留的时间与在角落/侧面停留的时间的比率都没有显著影响,这与在任何情况下动物的焦虑状态没有变化相吻合。图4E示出慢性应激和注射媒介物NCGC-43或注射媒介物均对动物首次进入室的中心前的潜伏期无显著影响,这与动物焦虑状态无变化相吻合,而NCGC-43轻微地减少了潜伏期,这与适度的抗焦虑作用相吻合。行为测量是在开始应激前(基线),紧随慢性多模式应激14天后,和注射NCGC-43(3mg/kg)或注射媒介物(DMSO溶液)24小时后进行的。
图5示出了NCGC-43和氯胺酮在高架十字迷宫(elevated plus maze)中的比较,表现出对NCGC-43缺乏抗焦虑响应。在高架十字迷宫中,大鼠在紧随慢性多模态应激14天后和在注射NCGC-43(3mg/kg)或注射氯胺酮(20mg/kg)24小时后,需要在高架交叉形的两只臂(一只闭合臂以及另一只开放臂)中选择一只。对照组为非应激组,且被注射了媒介物(DMSO)。单次注射氯胺酮增加了大鼠在闭合臂上停留的时间百分比,这与焦虑或恐惧的增加相吻合。应激或NCGC或媒介物注射都没有影响在闭合臂上停留的时间,这与它们没有增加焦虑或恐惧相吻合。
图6示出了NCGC-43和氯胺酮在强迫游泳试验(forced swim test)中的比较。在强迫游泳试验中,将无应激的大鼠和接受14天慢性多模态应激的大鼠置于装满水的罐中(持续5分钟),注射NCGC-43(3mg/kg)、氯胺酮(20mg/kg)或媒介物(DMSO溶液)1小时或24小时后,并监测动物静止的时间(图6A)和直到动物停止挣扎并变为静止的潜伏期(图6B),这些行为响应被称为类似啮齿动物的“行为绝望”。NCGC-43和氯胺酮注射二十四小时后,相比于给予媒介物的应激动物,动物静止的时间减少(图6A),而且直到动物停止挣扎并变为静止的潜伏期增加(图6B)。NCGC-43和氯胺酮在本试验中均表现出类似抗抑郁药的响应。在1小时和24小时的响应比较表明,NCGC-43表现出类似于先前描述的氯胺酮的快速且持久效果(Zanos等人,2016)。还参见图6C和图6D。
图7示出了强迫游泳试验中NCGC-43的剂量-响应关系。我们观察到,无论是在注射后1小时还是24小时测量,增加腹腔递送的NCGC-43的剂量对直至静止的潜伏期有较大的影响,并在1和3mg/kg时有显著疗效。
实施例3:肝细胞代谢稳定性研究。
肝脏是哺乳动物的主要代谢器官。巴米沙尼的代谢过程如下。
下表1显示了RG-1622在体外大鼠和人肝细胞中半衰期的数据,示出了氘化化合物半衰期的增加。由于肝细胞研究之间的差异,人肝细胞的稳定性与大鼠肝细胞相比改善更多。因此,氘化的RG-1662化合物代谢更稳定。更长的半衰期还允许了较小的频率剂量。优选的化合物更强力且有效,且优选是被氘化的。氘化最好是位于代谢位点,因为在代谢位点设置氘原子更容易增加化合物的半衰期。
表1:RG-1662化合物在体外肝细胞中的半衰期
在第二项研究中,稳定性研究表明大鼠体内代谢迅速,而人肝细胞中代谢的速度较慢,大鼠的半衰期为0.33小时,而人的半衰期为6小时。代谢物鉴定研究跟进这些测定来确定水解位点。
参考文献
以下列出的以及整个说明书中列出的所有参考文献其全部内容均通过引用并入本文。
1.Fischelle,等人,Neuropsychopharmacology,40:2499-2509,2015。
2.国际专利申请号PCT/US2015/023667。
3.Zanos,等人,Nature,533:481-486,2016。
Claims (17)
2.一种GABAA5-NAM化合物,选自由以下组成的组:
a.(S)-7-甲氧基-9-氧代-11,12,13,13a-四氢-9H-苯并[e]咪唑并[5,1-c]吡咯并[1,2-a][1,4]二氮杂环庚熳-1-羧酸乙酯(L–655,708);
b.3-溴-10-(二氟甲基)-9H-苯并[f]咪唑并[1,5-a][1,2,4]三唑[1,5-d][1,4]二氮杂环庚熳(RO4938581);
c.N-苄基-6-乙氧基-4-氧代-1H-1,5-萘啶-3-羧酰胺(CP–457,920);
d.3-叔丁基-7-(5-甲基异噁唑-3-基)-2-(1-甲基-1H-1,2,4-三唑-5-基甲氧基)吡唑并(1,5-d)(1,2,4)三嗪(MRK-016);和
e.(1,1-二氧硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)甲酮(RG-1662);
所述化合物是氘化的。
3.一种化合物,选自由以下组成的组:
a.(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基)甲醇;
b.6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基-甲氧基)烟酸腈;和
c.6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸。
5.根据权利要求1所述的氘化巴米沙尼化合物,其通过以下合成:
(a)在有氘供体存在或随后有氘供体的情况下,用碱或在碱性条件下处理(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲醇;
(b)将步骤(a)中的产物添加至6-氯烟酸腈或6-氯烟酸甲酯中;
(c)将步骤(b)中的产物水解成羧酸;以及
(d)将步骤(c)中的产物与硫代吗啉1,1-二氧化物或其盐进行酰胺偶联。
6.根据权利要求4所述的化合物,其中,氘供体是D2O或CD3OD。
7.一种形成氘化RG-1662化合物的方法,包括在含氘溶剂存在下用碱对选自由以下组成的组的化合物进行处理:
6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸腈;
6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酰胺;和
6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-甲基异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中,所述含氘溶剂是D2O。
9.根据权利要求1所述的氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物,当给药至哺乳动物时,其具有比相同结构的非氘化化合物更长的生物半衰期。
10.一种治疗有需要的人类受试者的抑郁症相关疾患的方法,包括向所述受试者给药治疗有效量的根据权利要求1或权利要求4所述的氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物经口、皮内、肌肉内、腹腔内、静脉内、通过吹入或真皮贴片中给药。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物每0.5天、1天、2天、3天或4天给药至所述受试者。
13.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物与用于治疗或改善抑郁症的一种或多种其他疗法组合给药至所述受试者。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法,其中,所述一种或多种其他疗法包括给药选自由以下组成的组的抗抑郁药物:单胺氧化酶抑制剂、选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂、血清素-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂、三重再摄取抑制剂、CNS乙酰胆碱功能调节剂、兴奋剂、抗糖皮质激素、NMDA型谷氨酸受体拮抗剂、三环类抗抑郁药及其任何组合。
15.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述抑郁症相关疾患选自由以下组成的组:一般抑郁症、重度抑郁疾患(临床抑郁症)、心境恶劣、自杀倾向、单相抑郁症、双相抑郁症、精神性抑郁症、非典型抑郁症、季节性情感疾患、经前焦虑疾患、内源性抑郁症、紧张性抑郁症、创伤后应激疾患、产后抑郁症、疾病或损伤引起的抑郁症、药物或酒精引起的抑郁症、抗治疗性抑郁症及其任何组合.包括在所述抑郁症相关疾患的定义中的其他疾患和病症是那些具有作为某些其他主要医学病症的次要结果而发生的症状,如肿瘤、创伤、物质滥用疾患、酒精中毒。
16.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述氘化GABAA5-NAM化合物选自由以下组成的组:(3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基)甲醇;6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4基-甲氧基)烟酸腈;6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)烟酸;和(1,1-二氧基硫代吗啉)(6-((3-(4-氟苯基)-5-(甲基-d3)异噁唑-4-基)甲氧基)吡啶-3-基)美沙酮。
17.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,所述受试者是人类。
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