CN1110666C - 热电冷却设备和操作该设备的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
结合脉冲电力和多个选择性启动的热开关、利用热电元件动力学而用于低温冷却的设备和方法。在一种形式中,利用电力脉冲使珀尔贴装置动态地启动,而在装置冷侧与热侧之间的热通路响应于珀尔贴装置内的温度动力学被选择性切换传导状态。通过脱开否则影响净热传导的焦尔发热和导热传递损失,与珀尔贴装置的电和热动力学相对同步地切换热连接的耦合,显著提高了效率。最佳实例利用MEMS完成选择性的切换,由此提高了低温冷却能力。
Description
本申请与1997年12月10日提出申请的、且转让给本申请受让人的共同待决美国专利申请No.08/988,621有关。
本发明一般涉及冷却系统。更具体地说,本发明旨在通过选择性切换的电力和选择性切换的热偶原理和配置的应用实现高相对效率的热电冷却的系统。
低温冷却常规通过基于使用氟利昂类型致冷剂以实现热传递的致冷循环的气/液蒸汽压缩来完成。这样的致冷系统广泛用于冷却人类住宅、食物、和车辆。低温冷却还经常用于诸如主计算机之类的主要电子系统。尽管蒸汽压缩冷却可能非常有效,但它的确需要显著的运动硬件,至少包括一个压缩机、一个冷凝器、一个蒸发器、及有关的冷却剂传送管道。由于复杂性和有关的高成本,蒸汽压缩冷却没有找到小型冷却应用中接收的材料,例如个人计算机中。
CMOS逻辑电路随温度降低运行能显著加快的事实已经众所周知至少几十年了。例如,如果CMOS装置在-50℃下运行,则相对于室温性能提高百分之50。在-196℃范围内的液氮运行温度已经显示出了百分之200的性能改进。对于集成电路线路显示出增加的类似益处,其中对于-50℃下运行的集成电路与室温运行相比,金属线路电阻降低2倍。这种改进比得上在集成电路中使用铜线路以减小互连电阻并由此有效增大可达到的运行频率的最近技术突破。因而,集成电路逻辑装置,如场效应晶体管、以及互连线路的低温运行,能显著提高集成电路性能,留下了在愈来愈小的尺寸和显著紧缩成本的环境的限制下,如何实现这种冷却。
热电冷却是一种可采用的方法,已经发现一些用途,给出紧凑尺寸的普遍使用的珀尔贴装置。因为冷却完全是固态,所以珀尔贴装置热电冷却也非常可靠。热冷却的主要不利方面在于效率低,其中珀尔贴装置冷却系统效率对于冷穴与环境之间的相对名义温度下降,通常仅在百分之20的范围内。例如,为了在0℃的低温下以一瓦特的速率冷却,珀尔贴冷却系统必须以5瓦特供电。随着要传递热能的增大,耗散到环境中的总功率必然导致大的对流装置和高输出功率的供电电路。因此,不认为珀尔贴装置热电冷却是一种对于提高集成电路性能可广泛应用的技术。
为了理解本发明如何提高热电冷却效率,必须理解珀尔贴装置热电冷却为什么效率低。珀尔贴装置由诸如碲化铋或碲化铅之类的半导体材料制造。尽管现在在各大学中正在估计新材料,但还没有获得成果。与既具有高导电性又具有高导热性的通常金属相比,普通使用的珀尔贴材料呈现出非常高的导电性和较低的导热性。在运行中,珀尔贴装置响应跨过珀尔贴装置形成的电场,把电子从温度T冷下的冷穴传送到温度T热下的热穴。然而,有其他的机理影响珀尔贴装置的效率,这些机理降低热能从冷穴到热穴的净传送。
图1示意地描绘一种带有DC电源2的常规珀尔贴型热电元件(TE)1,DC电源2在负载电流3时产生跨过TE1的电场。希望的热传递是从温度T冷下的冷穴4到温度T热下的热穴6。如在图1的公式中所示,传送的净热能由三个部分组成,第一个表示珀尔贴效应(热电)的作用,第二个定义负的焦尔发热效应,及第三个定义负的导电效应。热电分量由Seebeck系数、运行温度(T冷)和施加的电流组成。焦尔发热分量反映,大约一半焦尔发热到冷穴,而其余的到热穴。最后,可归因于热传导的负分量代表经珀尔贴装置从热穴到冷穴的热流动,如由珀尔贴装置的导热性所定义的那样。见公式(1)。
(1) q=αT冷I-1/2I2R-KΔT
由于热传递的热电分量与电流成正比的增大,而焦尔发热与电流平方成比例地增大,并且热传导与热穴到冷穴的温度差成正比,所以公式清楚地反映了珀尔贴装置如何迅速变成低效率的。
注意公式(2)的分子表示珀尔贴装置的净冷却能力。公式(2)的分母表示由外部电源2提供的总能量。以前描述了分子的各部分。分母中的第一项是总焦尔发热,而第二项是在把能量从T冷穴运动到T热穴时由珀尔贴装置所作的热能传递功。根据这种关系,图1结构中可能的最大性能系数由公式(3)给出。
参数γ能用塞贝克系数α、导电率σ和导热率λ的项表示,如公式中所描述的那样。
注意在公式(3)中的第一个因子是卡诺效率,这对于在两个温度穴T冷与T热之间运行的任何热泵来说是可能的最大效率。第二个因子表示非理想热电冷却,还能由一个指标值Z
T特征化。注意当γ→∞时,ηmax→(T冷/ΔT)。
至今,开发一种产生大Z
T值的热电材料仍是非常困难的。用于热电冷却器的普遍材料还是碲化铋(Bi2Te3)和碲化铅(PbTe)。这些材料在室温下具有约0.3的Z
T值。在大学的最近工作已经表明,在碲化铅量子井和多品格中Z
T值接近1可能是可能的。然而,即使用这些材料,热电冷却与机械蒸汽压缩冷却系统也无法相比。
珀尔贴装置冷却的另一种限制是可达到的低于室温的有限温度偏差。这种限制产生于温度跨度受效率限制的事实,当温差增大时效率参数迅速降低。可能的最大温度差ΔTmax由公式(5)给出。
(5) ΔTmax=1/2ZT2 冷
对于具有约0.3的Z
T的碲化铋,在300°K下ΔTmax是45°K。
因而,有多个对效率和温差的最基本限制,限制常规热电冷却元件用于低温冷却用途。
本发明通过对把热电元件连接到电源和冷穴上的电力和导热通路分别使用多路开关动态调制,克服了常规热电元件冷却的基本限制。
在一种形式中,本发明涉及一种热电冷却设备,该设备包括:一个第一名义温度的第一热量穴;一个第二名义温度的第二热量穴,第二温度与第一温度相比较大;一个热电元件,定位成耦合到第一和第二热量穴上;第一选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热耦合;第二选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热耦合;及一装置,用来选择性地启动跨过热电元件的电压。
在另一种形式中,本发明涉及一种可在室温下运行的热电冷却设备,该设备包括:一个第一热量穴装置,用来在室温以下的温度下吸收热能;一个第二热量穴装置,用来在室温以上的温度下耗散热能;一个热电元件,定位成耦合到第一热量穴上和第二热量穴上,以便在其之间传递热能;第一选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热传导;第二选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热传导;及控制装置,与第一选择切换装置相对同步地选择性地启动热电元件的装置。
在又一种形式中,本发明涉及一种操作一个热电冷却设备的方法,该设备带有:一个第一热量穴,可在第一名义温度下运行;一个第二热量穴,可在第二名义温度下运行,第二名义温度与第一名义温度相比较大;和一个热电元件,定位成耦合到第一和第二热量穴上;该方法包括步骤:选择性地切换热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热能传递;选择性地切换热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热能传递;及选择性地启动跨过热电元件的电压。
在又一种形式中,本发明涉及一种操作一个热电冷却设备的方法,该设备带有:一个第一热量穴,用来在室温以下的温度下吸收热能;一个第二热量穴,用来在室温以上的温度下耗散热能;和一个热电元件,定位成耦合在第一与第二热量穴之间,以便在其之间传递热能;该方法包括步骤:选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热传导;选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热传导;及与选择性切换步骤相对功能上同步地选择性地启动热电元件。
在本发明的一种具体化形式中,一个热电元件经能以脉冲方式操作的电和热开关,耦合到在一侧的一个热穴上和在另一侧的一个冷穴上。开关的选择性的、但相对同步的操作,以超过这种热电元件的静态方式操作的效率,提供从冷穴、经一个第一开关、经热电元件、经第二开关、到热穴的热能传递。过渡原理的使用使热电热量传递机理与热传导和焦尔发热机理相对隔离。
当考虑下文描述的详细实施例时,将更清楚地懂得和理解本发明的这些和其他特征。
图1示意地描绘一种常规可静态操作的珀尔贴装置冷却系统。
图2示意地描绘本发明的一种一般化的双开关、单热电元件的实施例。
图3示意地描绘图2中实施例的电力和热能传递的相对时间曲线。
图4示意地描绘图2中实施例的一种双开关电容性实现。
图5示意地描绘一种微机电系统(MEMS)装置。
图6通过示意剖视图描绘一排MEMS装置和珀尔贴类型热电元件。
图7示意地描绘一种可以用于低温冷却集成电路和电子模块的热电冷却器。
图8示意地描绘本发明对一种食品致冷系统的扩展应用。
图9示意地描绘本发明用于各种住宅和运输工具时的可能用途和益处。
图10示意地描绘一种小型热电冷却器局部冷却集成电路芯片的一个选择部分的用途。
用于本发明的概念基础涉及导热性与导电性之间的相关性的分离,该相关性至今仍限制着常规热电元件热传递的温差和效率。在数学上,目的是通过热电开关的使用,有效地隔离参与图1中指定的净热传递关系的元件,以便动态地使热电热传递最大,同时使焦尔发热和传导热传递最小。通过同步跨过热电元件施加的脉冲电压、和热电元件冷侧与冷穴之间的切换导热性耦合,使用热电元件过渡效应来提高效率。在一个最佳实例中,使用微机电系统(MEMS)热开关来完成导热性切换,其中使用多个小型热电元件阵列和相关的MEMS导热性开关来提高热传递能力,
图2示意地描绘本发明的一种最少元件配置。热电元件1经S1开关7选择性地耦合到热穴6上,并且经S2开关8选择性地耦合到冷穴4上。开关7和8是双功能的,它们既提供导电又提供导热,导电是提供来自电源2的电流流动,而导热是响应热电元件1的效应把热能从冷穴4传递到热穴6。如在图2中实施的那样,控制器9选择性地致动开关7和8。开关7和8两者的闭合允许电流经热电元件1传导,并且在热电元件1的热端11与冷端12之间产生有关的相对温差。在这种过渡间隔期间,经开关8的导热从冷穴4抽取热。在焦尔发热时,热电元件1内的导热性效应过渡到净热传递开始下降的点。在这个优化点处,开关8及时断开,脱开冷穴4与热电元件1的热耦合。与此不同,开关7保持闭合,以把热电元件1热端11处剩余能量耗散到热穴6,热电元件1的温度最终以指数衰减速率等于热穴6的值。然后断开开关7,并且重复循环。控制器9能按照计时序列操作开关7和8,或者能响应位于热电元件1和诸穴上的温度传感器。
图3通过曲线示意地描绘与图2中实施例的操作有关的说明性电压和热能传递波形。第一条曲线表示跨过热电元件施加的电压的脉冲特性。第二条曲线表明热过渡和耗散到热穴中的热能的有关衰减。最后一条曲线表明经连接到冷穴上的热开关从冷穴吸收的热能。图3中的曲线仅打算表明一般概念,而不是描绘具体化数值或特定时间关系。
图4中的实施例引入一种改进,允许由开关7和8启动的电脉冲与热量传递功能之间的一定程度的隔离。具体地说,由开关8闭合启动的电流脉冲的持续时间由电容器13引入的指数衰减定义,由此在经热电元件1的电流流动已经有效地下降之后,允许开关8进行导热。存储在电容器13中的电荷经连接到热穴6上的一个电阻性工具消散,如由电阻器14功能地描绘。由图4中实施例引入的关键改进在于,通过冷穴侧开关8的导电与导热的分离。然而,代价包括可归因于电阻元件14中消散的功率的效率降低。
图5示意地表明特别适于本发明的类型的一种代表性微机电系统(MEMS)开关的结构。由于MEMS技术仍处于其萌芽状态,所以图5中描绘的开关仅表明可适于提供热电元件与诸穴之间选择性电和热耦合的多种可能开关配置的一种。图5中所示的开关使用常规集成电路技术制造,以便在硅芯片16的表面上形成一阵列通过在薄柔性膜18处的运动适于微小位移的镍磁铁17。引入到螺旋线圈19中的电流产生一个适于在垂直于硅芯片平面方向上移动磁阵列的力。图5中的MEMS开关应该在断开时具有较低的导热性,而在由致动闭合时具有较高的电和热的传导性。由于图5中的MEMS装置是既完成电切换又完成热切换,所以期望多种发展的改进,以增强双重功能。
图6表明一阵列MEMS装置的使用,以在珀尔贴型热电装置与诸穴之间选择性地建立电和热连接,而保持图2中的功能描绘。热电元件21分别与热和冷穴MEMS开关23和24的磁阵列22之间的空隙,期望在半微米的名义范围内。期望该尺寸允许一个名义尺寸的电线圈19(图5)启动开关结构的致动。由于期望开关循环发生在秒的量级内,所以与MEMS装置的千赫频率切换有关的可靠性应该不是问题。
参照图5和6中说明描述的MEMS型热开关仅是多种可能开关配置的一种。例如,完全可以设想,在电容性开关结构中产生的静电力能用来实现类似的目的。所有开关的根本目的在于,对于诸开关位置使导热极值最大,从而当开关闭合时,热电元件与穴之间的热通路具有最大热传导,而对于断开的开关,热传导是可得到的最小值,同时使导电焦尔发热最小,且使电开关状态的极值最大。
图6中的描述描绘了,本发明的热电冷却系统最好由配置成阵列的多个热电元件和MEMS开关组成。热电元件和开关的多重性保证:在热电元件和开关材料的尺寸内,能实现构成本发明基础的过渡特性。换句话说,期望用较小热容量的热电元件、普通的珀尔贴装置、和相应的小MEMS型开关,最有效地实现热电热传递与焦尔发热和传导元件的隔离。
图7示意地描绘一种对于本发明的热电冷却器的应用。在这种情况下,冷却器位于一个将功率耗散到大气环境中的热穴、与一个带有电子模块和连接到其上的集成电路的冷穴之间。
图8示意地表明以扩展阵列形式使用的热电冷却器,以高效和清洁地操作食品冰箱。特征化本发明的是高效率和没有主要运动部分,这有助于热电冷却从高度选择性和限制性的用途,如小型便携式冷却器,向基本上每个家庭中的主要用途转移。
随着在大小上进一步改进和扩展构成本发明基础的概念,另外其他的用途示意地描绘在图9中,以包括主要的热传递用途,这些用途包括住宅和办公室冷却、食品运输系统、及个人车辆冷却。
图10示意地表明一种或许在范围其他边缘的用途,其中为了选择性区域的冷却目的,把微米尺寸的热电冷却器选择性地粘合到一个集成电路芯片的诸部分上,以控制集成电路的参数。这种局部或点冷却用途对于压控振荡器、鉴相器、混频器、低噪声放大器、激光器、光电二极管、及各种材料类型的光电电路特别有用。
本发明具有非常广泛的适用性,部分是因为它不受具体热电材料或电子配置的限制。本发明利用脉冲操作的热电元件的热动力学与小型电和热开关相结合,以隔离导热特性和实现较高的冷却效率。
熟悉本专业的技术人员将理解,上文描述的实施例仅是可以实施本发明的多种布置的示范,并且不脱离现在将由附属权利要求书限定的本发明,其本身可以由等效布置来代替。
Claims (34)
1.一种热电冷却设备,包括:
一个第一名义温度的第一热量穴;
一个第二名义温度的第二热量穴,第二温度与第一温度相比较大;
一个热电元件,定位成耦合到第一和第二热量穴上;
第一选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热耦合;
第二选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热耦合;及
控制装置,用来选择性地启动跨过热电元件的电压。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其特征在于,第一和第二选择切换装置是能够功能上同步地操作。
3.根据权利要求2所述的设备,其特征在于,第一和第二选择切换装置包括电切换手段。
4.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,热电元件是一个珀尔贴装置。
5.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于,第一或第二选择切换装置包括至少一个微机电系统装置。
6.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,电压的工作循环对应于第一选择切换装置的工作循环。
7.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于,电压的工作循环对应于第一选择切换装置的工作循环。
8.根据权利要求5所述的设备,其特征在于,电压的工作循环对应于第一选择切换装置的工作循环。
9.根据权利要求3所述的设备,其特征在于,第一选择切换装置的工作循环小于第二选择切换装置的工作循环。
10.根据权利要求4所述的设备,其特征在于,第一选择切换装置的工作循环小于第二选择切换装置的工作循环。
11.根据权利要求5所述的设备,其特征在于,第一选择切换装置的工作循环小于第二选择切换装置的工作循环。
12.根据权利要求1的热电冷却设备,其可在室温下运行,其中
第一热量穴,用来在室温以下的温度下吸收热能;
第二热量穴,用来在室温以上的温度下耗散热能;
热电元件,定位成耦合到第一热量穴上和第二热量穴上,以便在其之间传递热能;
第一选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热传导;
第二选择切换装置,用来选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热传导;及
控制装置与第一选择切换装置相对同步地选择性地启动热电元件。
13.根据权利要求12所述的设备,其特征在于,第一和第二选择切换装置包括电切换手段。
14.根据权利要求13所述的设备,其特征在于,热电元件是一个珀尔贴装置。
15.根据权利要求12所述的设备,其特征在于,第一或第二选择切换装置包括至少一个微机电系统装置。
16.根据权利要求13所述的设备,其特征在于,第一或第二选择切换装置包括至少一个微机电系统装置。
17.根据权利要求14所述的设备,其特征在于,第一或第二选择切换装置包括至少一个微机电系统装置。
18.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从食品致冷系统中吸收热能。
19.根据权利要求16所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从食品致冷系统中吸收热能。
20.根据权利要求17所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从食品致冷系统中吸收热能。
21.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从车辆乘员的冷却系统中吸收热能。
22.根据权利要求16所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从车辆乘员的冷却系统中吸收热能。
23.根据权利要求17所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从车辆乘员的冷却系统中吸收热能。
24.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从集成电路装置中吸收热能。
25.根据权利要求16所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从集成电路装置中吸收热能。
26.根据权利要求17所述的设备,其特征在于,把热能耗散到环境中,而从集成电路装置中吸收热能。
27.一种操作一个热电冷却设备的方法,该设备带有:一个第一热量穴,可在第一名义温度下运行;一个第二热量穴,可在第二名义温度下运行,第二名义温度与第一名义温度相比较大;和一个热电元件,定位成耦合到第一和第二热量穴上;该方法的特征在于包括步骤:
选择性地切换热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热能传递;
选择性地切换热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热能传递;及
选择性地启动跨过热电元件的电压。
28.根据权利要求27所述的方法,其特征在于,选择性切换和选择性启动的步骤在功能上同步地完成。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一个选择性切换的步骤用一个微机电系统装置完成。
30.根据权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于,选择性启动电压的步骤的工作循环对应于选择性切换在热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热能传递的步骤的工作循环。
31.根据权利要求27的操作热电冷却设备的方法,其中第一热量穴用来在室温以下的温度下吸收热能;第二热量穴用来在室温以上的温度下耗散热能;热电元件定位成耦合在第一与第二热量穴之间,以便在其之间传递热能;该方法包括以下步骤:
选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热传导;
选择性地切换耦合在热电元件与第二热量穴之间的热传导;及
与选择性切换步骤相对功能上同步地选择性地启动热电元件。
32.根据权利要求31所述的方法,其特征在于,选择性启动的步骤包括跨过热电元件的电压的切换。
33.根据权利要求32所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一个选择性切换热传导的步骤用一个微机电系统装置完成。
34.根据权利要求33所述的方法,其特征在于,选择性切换跨过电压的步骤的工作循环接近选择性切换耦合在热电元件与第一热量穴之间的热传导的步骤的工作循环。
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CN1219672A (zh) | 1999-06-16 |
US5867990A (en) | 1999-02-09 |
JP3117430B2 (ja) | 2000-12-11 |
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EP0922915A2 (en) | 1999-06-16 |
SG67582A1 (en) | 1999-09-21 |
EP0922915A3 (en) | 2000-03-22 |
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