CN111040042B - 一种枸杞多糖、制备方法及其应用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种枸杞多糖、制备方法及其应用，所述枸杞多糖通过碱提法制备获得；枸杞多糖LALP的单糖组成包括阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和岩藻糖，其中阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和岩藻糖的占比为37.26:22.23:14.53:7.66：4.11:1.61:6.18:6.43。多糖LALP含有两个主要组分，两个组分的分子量分别为183.9kDa和316kDa，多分散系数分别为2.793和1.411，分子旋转半径分别为17.5nm和37.3nm。经结构分析发现，主要由RG‑I结构的果胶多糖组成，实验表明上述多糖可以与抗癌治疗的分子靶点Gal‑3很好地结合，结合常数低于其他种类植物多糖，效果极佳，能开发成治疗癌症的糖类药物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及多糖类物质、其提取方法及其在医药技术领域中的用途，更具体地说，涉及一种从枸杞中提取富含RG-I结构多糖的方法及其在制备抗癌药物中的应用。
背景技术
植物多糖普遍存在于自然界植物体中，是构成生命活动的四大基本物质之一，同维持生命机能密切相关。其具有抗肿瘤、抗凝血、抗衰老、降血糖和免疫调节活性等多种功能活性而受到人们广泛关注。
宁夏枸杞(Lycium barbarum L.)系茄科枸杞属多年生落叶灌木。新鲜果实为小的红色浆果，味甘、性平。在传统的中医中药中，枸杞被视为上等的中药材，常为中国美食和中药成份之一。枸杞多糖(LBP)是由高度支化和仅部分表征的多糖和蛋白聚糖组成的复杂糖肽物质。近些年，枸杞多糖因其不同的生物活性而备受关注。但从枸杞中制备RGⅠ结构多糖并应用于癌症治疗药物尚无报道。
Gal-3(半乳糖凝集素3)是特异性结合β-半乳糖的凝集素，与免疫反应、心血管疾病、癌症、纤维病变等多种疾病相关，已成为癌症治疗的分子靶点。Gal-3的半乳糖型抑制剂，如人参果胶、马铃薯果胶的RG-I结构中的半乳糖侧链能够结合Gal-3的碳水化合物识别域(CRD)，抑制Gal-3的活性。
发明内容
本发明的目的是弥补现有技术的不足，提供一种富含RGⅠ结构枸杞多糖及其制备方法，实验表明制得的枸杞多糖能够有效结合Gal-3，可开发为抗癌治疗药物。
本发明采用了以下技术方案：
一种枸杞多糖，所述枸杞多糖通过如下步骤制备：
(1)枸杞前处理：将枸杞烘干、粉碎后，用丙酮浸泡脱脂，再用80wt％～85wt％乙醇浸泡脱游离糖，烘干得到枸杞渣。
(2)多糖提取：将得到的枸杞渣与0.6wt％NaOH溶液按体积比1:20～30混合后，在30～40℃下浸提10～20分钟，提取2～4次，合并提取液，冷却后滤除滤渣，调节提取液pH至中性，加1到3倍体积的乙醇静置12～24小时后收集沉淀，所述乙醇的质量分数为95wt％以上。并用无水乙醇和丙酮轮流洗涤，洗涤风干后复溶于水，透析两天至三天，最后干燥，得低温碱提枸杞多糖LALP。
枸杞多糖LALP的单糖组成包括阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和岩藻糖，其中阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和岩藻糖的占比为37.26:22.23:14.53:7.66：4.11:1.61:6.18:6.43。
多糖LALP含有两个主要组分，两个组分的分子量分别为183.9kDa和316kDa，多分散系数分别为2.793和1.411，分子旋转半径分别为17.5nm和37.3nm。
进一步地，所述步骤(1)中丙酮浸泡脱脂及80wt％乙醇浸泡脱游离糖操作的时间均为2.5-3小时。
进一步地，所述步骤(2)中，将得到的枸杞渣与0.6wt％NaOH溶液按体积比1:30混合后，在32℃下搅拌浸提10分钟。
进一步地，所述步骤(2)中，采用盐酸调节pH至6-7。
进一步地，所述步骤(2)中，透析操作的透析袋截留分子量为10000Da，用去离子水透析两天。
进一步地，所述步骤(2)中，加入的乙醇的体积为调节至中性后的提取液体积的3倍。
上述枸杞多糖在癌症治疗药物中的应用。
本发明的有益效果是：本发明通过碱提法制备的枸杞多糖LALP经结构分析发现，主要由RG-I结构的果胶多糖组成，实验表明上述多糖可以与抗癌治疗的分子靶点Gal-3很好地结合，结合常数低于其他种类植物多糖，效果极佳，能开发成治疗癌症的糖类药物。
附图说明
图1为特征1H-NMR图谱，A为多糖LALP，B为多糖WP；
图2为AFM图谱，A为多糖LALP，B为多糖WP；
图3为Mark-Houwink图谱，A为多糖LALP，B为多糖WP；
图4为特征FT-IR图谱，A为多糖LALP，B为多糖WP；
图5为多糖与Gal-3结合亲和力的SPR分析图，A为多糖LALP，B为多糖WP。
具体实施方式
本发明通过以下附图和实施例作进一步阐述，但并不对本发明具体请求的保护范围进行严格限定。需要说明的是：下述实施例中，枸杞原料购于新疆和硕县乌什塔拉乡东戈壁。透析所用膜为普通级实验用透析膜。
实施例1
一种枸杞多糖的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
(1)枸杞前处理：将枸杞至于65℃烘箱内烘干后用粉碎机粉碎，粉碎后的粉末分别用丙酮浸泡3小时以脱脂，过滤后用80wt％乙醇浸泡3小时以脱游离糖，过滤并使残渣中的乙醇挥发后，烘干。
(2)多糖提取：得到的枸杞渣用1:30的0.6wt％NaOH溶液在32℃下搅拌浸提10分钟，提取2次，合并的提取液冷却后用500目的滤布过滤，滤液再用Sigma(3K15)离心机在4℃下以8000r/min的转速离心10分钟，得到的上清液调节pH至6-7，加提取液3倍体积的95wt％乙醇，在4℃下静置24小时后收集沉淀，并用无水乙醇和丙酮轮流洗涤沉淀3次，风干后，将沉淀复溶于水，再用分子截留量为10000Da的透析袋对对离子水透析两天，最后将多糖溶液置于-58℃的真空冷冻干燥机中干燥，得低温碱提枸杞多糖LALP。
实施例2
(1)枸杞前处理：将枸杞至于60℃烘箱内烘干后用粉碎机粉碎，粉碎后的粉末分别用丙酮浸泡2.5小时以脱脂，过滤后用85wt％乙醇浸泡2.5小时以脱游离糖，过滤并使残渣中的乙醇挥发后，烘干。
(2)多糖提取：得到的枸杞渣用1:20的0.6wt％NaOH溶液在40℃下搅拌浸提20分钟，提取2次，合并的提取液冷却后用800目的滤布过滤，得到的上清液用盐酸调节pH至6-7，加提取液3倍体积的无水乙醇，在4℃下静置12小时后收集沉淀，并用无水乙醇和丙酮轮流洗涤沉淀3次，风干后，将沉淀复溶于水，再用分子截留量为10000Da的透析袋对去离子水透析两天，最后将多糖溶液置于-56℃的真空冷冻干燥机中干燥，得低温碱提枸杞多糖LALP。
实施例3
(1)枸杞前处理：将枸杞至于55℃烘箱内烘干后用粉碎机粉碎，粉碎后的粉末分别用丙酮浸泡3小时以脱脂，过滤后用80wt％乙醇浸泡3小时以脱游离糖，过滤并使残渣中的乙醇挥发后，烘干。
(2)多糖提取：得到的枸杞渣用1:30的0.6wt％NaOH溶液在32℃下搅拌浸提10分钟，提取1次，提取液冷却后用800目的滤布过滤，得到的上清液调节pH至6-7，加提取液3倍体积的无水乙醇，在4℃下静置12小时后收集沉淀，并用无水乙醇和丙酮轮流洗涤沉淀3次，风干后，将沉淀复溶于水，再用分子截留量为10000Da的透析袋对去离子水透析两天，最后将多糖溶液置于真空冷冻干燥机中干燥，得低温碱提枸杞多糖LALP。
对比例(水提法)
(1)枸杞前处理：将枸杞至于65℃烘箱内烘干后用粉碎机粉碎，粉碎后的粉末分别用丙酮浸泡3小时以脱脂，过滤后用80wt％乙醇浸泡3小时以脱游离糖，过滤并使残渣中的乙醇挥发后，烘干。
(2)多糖提取：得到的枸杞渣用1:30的蒸馏水在85wt℃下搅拌浸提3小时，提取2次，合并的提取液冷却后用500目的滤布过滤，滤液再用Sigma(3K15)离心机在4℃下以8000r/min的转速离心10分钟，加提取液3倍体积的95wt％乙醇，在4℃下静置24小时后收集沉淀，并用无水乙醇和丙酮轮流洗涤沉淀3次，风干后，将沉淀复溶于水，再用分子截留量为10000Da的透析袋对对离子水透析两天，最后将多糖溶液置于-58℃的真空冷冻干燥机中干燥，得热水提取枸杞多糖WP。
将实施例1得到的多糖LALP及对比例得到的WP进行结构鉴定及解析：
将多糖进行单糖组成分析，即将LALP及WP分别用4mol/L的三氟乙酸完全水解并进行PMP衍生，再氯仿萃取后，使用XDB-C18柱进行高效液相色谱分析。结果显示，LALP的单糖组成包括阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和岩藻糖，其比例为37.26:22.23:14.53:7.66：4.11:1.61:6.18:6.43。而WP的单糖为阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、半乳糖醛酸、鼠李糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖醛酸、葡萄糖和岩藻糖以比例39.13:20.74:19.75:4.17:2.79:1.64:4.59:6.62组成。可以看出LALP中鼠李糖与半乳糖醛酸的比值为0.527，这意味着LALP中含有较多RG-I结构域。而WP中鼠李糖与半乳糖醛酸的比值为0.211，意味着RG-I结构域较少。
采用高效液相排阻色谱与光散射及示差串联检测(HPLC-MALLS-RI)，无需使用标准品作为参照。利用激光光散射信号与示差信号的比值，结合dn/dc(折光指数增量)以及光散射和示差两个检测器各自的仪器常数，计算绝对分子量。结果表明，多糖LALP含有两个主要组分，分别命名为LALP1与LALP2。两个组分的分子量分别为183.9kDa和316kDa，多分散系数分别为2.793和1.411，分子旋转半径分别为17.5nm和37.3nm。而WP的两个组分WP1、WP2的分子量分别为49.44kDa和3.078kDa，对比说明LALP具有相对较大的分子量，这归因于LALP保留了较多的中性糖侧链，而侧链中半乳糖的存在在一定程度上有利于与Gal-3的结合。
1HNMR分析：取LALP及WP各8mg，溶于0.5mL D2O(99.9％)中，冻干，置换其中的活泼H，连续置换2次，最后再用0.5mL D2O(99.9％)溶解，装入核磁管使用安捷伦DD2-600(Agilent,美国)600MHz核磁共振波谱仪在25℃下采集数据。结果如图1所示，在UP5.0ppm附近的高质子信号如异头氢H-1(5.12ppm)和(4.96ppm)属于非酯化半乳糖醛酸残基。观察到较多阿拉伯残基的质子信号：4.09ppm，4.00ppm，3.87ppm，表明LALP具有较多阿拉伯糖。
图2为多糖LALP及WP的AFM图，从图中可以看出，相比于WP，LALP保留了较多支链结构。这些支链结构相互缠绕形成复杂的聚合物。
图3为多糖LALP及WP的Mark-Houwink图谱，其中，LALP、WP的α值分别为0.755及1.177，表明低温碱提取枸杞多糖在溶液中呈现出柔顺链构象，而热水提取枸杞多糖则具有刚性链构象。
取3mgLALP及WP与KBr在红外灯下混合后用红外光谱仪进行测定，以KBr为空白背景在400cm-1～4000cm-1间扫描进行红外光谱分析。扫描次数32次，分辨率为4cm-1。其结果如图4所示，图4为多糖LALP及WP的特征FT-IR图谱，从图中可以看出3384cm-1的一个宽峰为多糖分子内和分子间的O-H伸缩振动，在2925cm-1出现的峰为C-H键的伸缩振动峰，1630cm-1为多糖游离羧基(COO-)-COOH的振动，1414cm-1为v(C-O)-COOH的振动(羧基对称伸缩振动)，1096cm-1处的吸收峰是由吡喃糖环的C-O-C伸缩振动引起的，1021cm-1归属于GalA羧基形成的-COOR(C-O)和-COO-的伸缩振动。说明LALP不具有甲酯化。
表面等离子体共振(SPR)测试：
制作芯片：使用CM-5芯片固定Gal-3蛋白，用EDC和NHS活化芯片，活化完成后进样Gal-3蛋白(HEK293表达，购自R&D System，美国，蛋白溶液使用醋酸钠缓冲溶液调节pH至等电点以下，冰浴保存)，最后使用乙醇胺(Ethanolamine-HCl)封闭芯片。芯片第一通道为控制组通道，无Gal-3蛋白，其余步骤同实验通道。
多糖结合测试：将LALP与WP分别溶于HBS-EP缓冲液(10mmol、L 4-羟乙基哌嗪乙磺酸，pH7.4,150mmol/L NaCl，3mmol/L EDTA，0.005wt％表面活性剂P20)，溶液浓度为4mg/ml，并进行稀释得到一系列稀释样(2mg/ml、1mg/ml、0.5mg/ml、0.25mg/ml和0.125mg/ml)。按照梯度浓度进行进样，进样量90μL，25℃下测试SPR曲线，其结果如图5所示。最后用BIAevaluation4.1.1拟合SPR曲线，并计算KD值，KD值越小表明亲和力越强。
LALP与Gal-3为竞争性结合，其KD值为1.18nM，显著小于已有研究的其他天然植物多糖。且WP的KD值为15.3nM。这表明LALP在抗癌活性方面具有显著的优势。
Gal-3是一种核质β-半乳糖苷特异性凝集素，在癌症的发生和发展中起着至关重要的作用，它可通过结合细胞表面的碳水化合物分子来促进癌细胞的侵袭，转化和迁移，故Gal-3成为了某些癌症治疗的靶向分子。果胶多糖中可能与Gal-3结合的生物活性成分是富含RG-I或经修饰后缺失Ara的RG-I。且RG-I可能是果胶起生物活性作用的关键结构域，研究表明其对果胶多糖活性的贡献明显大于果胶中的其他结构域。经结构分析发现，LALP主要由RG-I结构的果胶多糖组成，且SPR实验表明其确实具有较好的与Gal-3结合的能力。这可能归因于枸杞中富含RG-I果胶，同时碱处理能够导致植物细胞壁中与果胶RG-I结构域缠绕结合的纤维素及半纤维素之间的键被破坏，从而将RG-I释放出来。而热水的条件相对温和，只将不紧密结合那部分游离糖提取出来。
经实验证明，实施例2和3制备得到的LALP的KD值均显著低于15nM，表明在该条件下制备的LALP在抗癌活性方面也具有显著的优势。
综上，通过实施例可知，从枸杞中以低温碱法制备的多糖LALP与抗癌治疗的分子靶点Gal-3有效结合，结合常数低于其他种类植物多糖，效果极佳，能开发成治疗癌症的糖类药物。
上面结合附图对本发明的实施方式作了详细说明，以上实施例仅为本发明的示例性实施例，不用于限制本发明，本发明的保护范围由权利要求书限定。本领域技术人员可以在本发明的实质和精神范围内，对本发明做出各种修改或等同替换，这种修改或等同替换也应视为落在本发明的保护范围内。
Claims (5)
1.一种枸杞多糖的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
(1)枸杞前处理：将枸杞烘干、粉碎后，用丙酮浸泡脱脂，再用80wt％～85wt％乙醇浸泡脱游离糖，烘干得到枸杞渣；
(2)多糖提取：将得到的枸杞渣与0.6wt％NaOH溶液按体积比1:30混合后，在32℃下浸提10分钟，提取2～4次，合并提取液，冷却后滤除滤渣，调节提取液pH至中性，加1到3倍体积的乙醇静置12～24小时后收集沉淀，所述乙醇的质量分数为95wt％以上；并用无水乙醇和丙酮轮流洗涤，洗涤风干后复溶于水，透析两天至三天，最后干燥，得低温碱提枸杞多糖LALP，多糖LALP含有两个主要组分，分别为LALP1与LALP2；两个组分的分子量分别为183.9kDa和316kDa。
2.根据权利要求1所述枸杞多糖的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤(1)中丙酮浸泡脱脂及80wt％乙醇浸泡脱游离糖操作的时间均为2.5-3小时。
3.根据权利要求1所述枸杞多糖的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤(2)中，采用盐酸调节pH至6-7。
4.根据权利要求1所述枸杞多糖的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤(2)中，透析操作的透析袋截留分子量为10000Da，用去离子水透析两天。
5.根据权利要求1所述枸杞多糖的制备方法，其特征在于：所述步骤(2)中，加入的乙醇的体积为调节至中性后的提取液体积的3倍。
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