CN111030472B - 一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路 - Google Patents

一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路 Download PDF

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CN111030472B
CN111030472B CN201911363895.4A CN201911363895A CN111030472B CN 111030472 B CN111030472 B CN 111030472B CN 201911363895 A CN201911363895 A CN 201911363895A CN 111030472 B CN111030472 B CN 111030472B
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王其岗
侯天明
武桐
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Lanzhou Institute of Physics of Chinese Academy of Space Technology
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/338—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement
    • H02M3/3385—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only in a self-oscillating arrangement with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1213—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开了一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路。使用本发明能够满足航天器低压母线小功率隔离DC‑DC变换器隔离启动高健壮性应用要求，具有低成本、小体积、高健壮性、高适用性的特点。本发明通过抽取主开关管基极电流，快速关断主开关三极管，解决了电路启动瞬时，三极管的基极电流和集电极电流峰值大，容易烧毁三极管的缺陷，解决了主开关三极管b‑e电流峰值不满足I级降额问题；通过稳压二极管来控制三极管放大电路，快速关断主开关管，减少了开关管的过渡损耗，确保隔离式供电电路能够长期可靠稳定地工作；通过电阻分压的方法来精确调节输出电压，解决了由于稳压二极管反向电压的离散性带来的输出电压不能精确调节的问题。

Description

一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路
技术领域
本发明涉及隔离供电电路设计技术领域，具体涉及一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路。
背景技术
宇航隔离二次电源中一般都采用自激振荡的小型电路为PWM芯片进行供电，以达到原副边隔离的目的。目前多采用单管自激振荡的反激拓扑电路，如图1所示，但该电路存在以下问题：
(1)电路启动瞬时，三极管的基极电流和集电极电流峰值大，容易烧毁，目前流行的改进方法是在主开关管对地增加一个负反馈电阻，在主开关管电流过大时，电阻电压升高，迫使主开关管发射极电压升高而关断，但是这个工作过程比较缓慢，不能对主开关管b-e结电流进行快速限制，使主开关三极管b-e结电流峰值过大而不满足Ⅰ级降额；
(2)稳压二极管VD4反向击穿后，不能迅速抽走主开关三极管基极电荷，拉低基极电压而使主开关快速关断，过渡损耗较大；同时在输入电压变化、空载/轻载变化、高温等情况下，容易使整个电路发生间歇性停振；目前流行的改进方法是采用反向电流较大的稳压二极管，缩短主开关管的关断过程，但是对过渡损耗的减少有限，也不能消除间歇性振荡问题；
(3)由于稳压二极管VD4反向击穿电压的离散性和主变压器的匝比离散性带来的输出电压不能精确调节，目前流行的方法往往是对稳压二极管的进行反向击穿电压进行筛选测量，尽量靠近所需的精确值。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明提供了一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路，能够满足航天器低压母线(28V、42V)小功率隔离DC-DC变换器隔离启动高健壮性应用要求，具有低成本、小体积、高健壮性、高适用性的特点。
本发明在主开关三极管发射极和地线之间串联过流采样电阻R1，并在主开关三极管基极和地线之间串联了三极管VQ3，该三极管基极通过电阻与过流采样电阻R1相连，当R1电压达到阈值时，三极管VQ3开通，迅速拉低主开关三极管基极电压，关断主开关三极管，解决了电路启动瞬时，输入电流峰值大，容易烧毁三极管的缺陷和主开关三极管b-e结电流峰值不满足Ⅰ级降额问题；在主开关三极管和地线之间串联了加速三极管VQ2，并将该三极管基极与稳压二极管阴极相连，当稳压二极管VD4反向导通时，可以迅速关断主开关三极管，减少了主开关三级管关断过渡损耗，保证了主开关管关断时稳压电容C4上电压的一致性，解决了电路在工作条件变化时的间歇性停振问题确保该供电电路能够长期可靠稳定地工作；同时，在基于增加加速三极管VQ2的基础上，在稳压电容C4两端并联了分压电阻，通过分压电阻可以弥补稳压二极管和变压器匝比带来的输出电压离散性缺陷，解决了由于稳压二极管反向电压的离散性带来的输出电压不能精确调节的问题。
有益效果：
本发明所涉及的输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路，对以往采用了单管自激振荡的反激拓扑电路进行了改进：本发明采用过流保护电路，在主开关管电流超过阈值时，通过抽取主开关管基极电流，快速关断主开关三极管，解决了电路启动瞬时，三极管的基极电流和集电极电流峰值大，容易烧毁三极管的缺陷，解决了主开关三极管b-e电流峰值不满足Ⅰ级降额问题；通过稳压二极管来控制一个三极管放大电路，快速关断主开关管，减少了开关管的过渡损耗，确保隔离式供电电路能够长期可靠稳定地工作，彻底解决了在诸多条件下(例如：高输入电压、空载/轻载、高温等)的震荡波形间歇震荡及停振问题；并通过电阻分压的方法来精确调节输出电压，解决了由于稳压二极管反向电压的离散性带来的输出电压不能精确调节的问题。本发明较以往电路具有更好的电性能特性(效率高、启动过冲小、波形稳定)、更高可靠性(元器件满足一级降额、具有低压保护自恢复功能)、更高的电学条件适应性(输入电压范围大、输出负载可调)及更高的环境适应性(工作温度范围大、空间辐射环境适应性好)，是实现PWM控制电路后置开关电源拓扑的核心电路；是实现小功率遥控、遥测电路的首选产品，可广泛应用到各领域、各轨道、各寿命要求的航天器中。
附图说明
图1为传统电路原理图。
图2为本发明电路原理图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图并举实施例，对本发明进行详细描述。
本发明提供了一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路。
如图2所示，针对适用于航天器的低成本、小体积、高健壮性、小功率输出的低压(28V、42V)母线二次电源，设计了一款输入母线电压范围为20V～50V，输出电压可调，额定输出功率1W，输出稳定度优于2％，转换效率74％以上的隔离启动电路。
电路工作原理为：
输入电压(20V～50V)经过输入滤波电路(1)后，一部分接R2的一端降压后接VQ1的基极，给VQ1提供启动电流；一部分接到T1的1脚给变压器T1提供输入电压；VQ1的发射极通过R1接地线；VQ1的集电极接到T1的2脚；
T1的3脚和4脚为辅助绕组；T1的4脚接地线，T1的3脚经过C3、VD5并联后接R4再接VQ1的基极，组成自激开通控制电路；
VQ2发射极与VQ1基极相连接；VQ2基极与稳压二极管VD4阴极连接；VQ2集电极接地线，VD4阳极与分压电阻R5、R6连接，分压电阻R5、R6串联后连接电容C4两端，C4与辅助绕组4脚连接，组成可调稳压控制电路；
T1的5脚和6脚为输出绕组；T1的6脚接输出地线；T1的5脚经过VD7连接电容C5,组成输出整流滤波电路；
在每个振荡周期中，当VQ1开通后，集电极流过电流，引起辅助绕组电流增大，使VQ1电流增加，形成正反馈过程，使VQ1集电极电流持续增大，当变压器的磁感应强度增加到增量拐点，此时辅助绕组换相，开关管基极电流减小，稳压电容C4反向电压增加，C4电压通过电阻R5、R6分压后，达到稳压二级管反向导通阈值，稳压二极管导通，迫使加速三极管VQ2导通，快速抽取主开关三极管VQ1基极电流，使VQ1迅速关断；同时T1的3脚和4脚输出的反向电动势，通过VD6向C4充电并通过输出绕组向负载输出功率。
依据绕组的匝比关系，当VQ1关断后，T1的3脚和4脚输出电压采样方波的幅值近似线性地反映T1的5脚和6脚功率变换方波的幅值，并与电容C4的电压线性相关；当输出负载电压波动时，引起C4电压变化；C4电压经过电阻R5、R6线性分压后引起稳压二极管阳极电位变化，在下一个振荡周期中决定VQ1的关断时机，从而完成输出电压调节；改变电阻R5、R6的阻值比例，可以精确调节输出电压值。
过流保护三极管VQ3集电极连接到VQ1基极，VQ3发射极连接到地线，VQ3基极通过电阻R3与VQ1发射极相连；VQ1发射极通过电阻R1与地线连接，当VQ1发射极电流过大时，电阻R1电压升高，使VQ3导通，快速抽VQ1基极电流，将VQ1关断，防止VQ1由于电流过大而烧毁。
本发明电路的输入电压范围为20V～50V；工作温度范围-55℃～+125℃，输出电压可调(9.0V∽13.0V)，额定输出功率1W，输出稳定度优于2％，转换效率74％以上。该电路是采用单管自激反激拓扑电路，利用变压器匝比关系，通过辅助绕组与输出绕组磁级联耦合、采样反馈，实现输入/输出电压隔离、稳压；通过电路的自适应功能，调节震荡频率和占空比来实现输出电压的稳定。电路无需专用控制芯片,结构简单、健壮性高、成本低、体积小、输出电压设计灵活。在主开关三极管的发射极串联采样电阻，并利用三极管进行采样信号放大，组成过流保护电路，可以有效消除主开关三极管的启动过冲电流，实现输出过流/短路保护功能，满足开机瞬间主开关管电流脉冲要求和Ⅰ级降额设计要求；在稳压电容两端并联分压电阻，调节稳压二极管阳极电位，在无需调节变压器匝比和更换稳压二极管的情况下，实现输出电压的精确调节；在稳压控制电路上增加了电流放大电路，将稳压二极管电流信号放大，可以快速关断主开关三极管，改善关断波形下降时间，减少关断损耗、有效提升效率。上述设计还彻底解决了在诸多条件下(例如：高输入电压、空载/轻载、高温等)的震荡波形间歇震荡及停振问题，极大地提高了电路健壮性和适用性。
本项发明适用于我国航天器28V母线和42V母线的应用。可以作为单独小功率电源或者DC-DC模块隔离启动辅助供电，具有广泛的应用需求。
综上所述，以上仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非用于限定本发明的保护范围。凡在本发明的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (1)

1.一种输出电压可调的高健壮性自启动隔离供电电路，包括：输入滤波电路、功率开关电路、自激开通控制电路、隔离功率变换电路和输出整流滤波电路，其特征在于，还包括过流保护电路和可调稳压控制电路；
其中，所述过流保护电路包括采样电阻R1、限流电阻R3和过流保护三极管VQ3；其中，采样电阻R1串联在功率开关电路中的三极管VQ1的发射极；限流电阻R3的一端接三极管VQ1的发射极，另一端接过流保护三极管VQ3的基极；过流保护三极管VQ3的发射极接地，集电极接三极管VQ1的基极和发射极；
所述可调稳压控制电路包括加速三极管VQ2、稳压二极管VD4、二极管VD6、电阻R5、R6和稳压电容C4组成；其中，加速三极管VQ2的发射极接功率开关电路中的三极管VQ1的基极，基极与稳压二极管VD4的阴极相连，集电极接地；电阻R5、R6串联后连接在稳压电容C4两端，稳压二极管VD4的阳极连接在电阻R5、R6之间；稳压电容C4的一端接隔离功率变化电路的辅助绕组4脚，另一端经稳压管VD6接辅助绕组3脚。
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