CN110973348A - 一种混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法。包括如下步骤:在发酵之前,在新鲜生豆渣中加入水,并灭菌,并在冷却灭菌豆渣中接种五种不同的菌种,分别是乳酸乳球菌KF‑20、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉。本发明方法条件简单、无需添加额外的碳氮源和矿物质、操作简易,是一种利用微生物提高豆渣营养价值的建议策略,且发酵过程中不加入其他有机物,降低了对环境的可能污染,节约经济成本。经测定,发酵后豆渣营养价值提高,同时总酚含量高达144.56mg/GAE 10g。本发明对混菌发酵豆渣来提高豆渣营养价值具有重要的意义,也为微生物直接发酵豆渣提供了一种理论依据。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于微生物发酵和生物工程技术领域,具体涉及一种混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法和应用。
背景技术
豆渣作为大豆食品加工制品的主要副产物,其营养成分与大豆类似。在豆渣干物质中膳食纤维约占50%、蛋白质约占25%、脂肪约占10%,豆渣中还具有含量人体必需的氨基酸、矿物质和维生素。
在我国每年有上千万吨的豆渣产生,由于新鲜豆渣水分含量高达80%左右,使其极易腐败变质且干燥处理成本高,不利于储存和运输,且豆渣中纤维素含量高导致其口感粗糙、又有强烈的豆腥味,将其直接加工成食品很难被消费者接受,豆渣中还含有抗胰蛋白酶、皂甙和血凝素等抗营养因子,直接饲喂禽畜影响它们的消化和吸收,容易引起腹泻、降低饲肉转化比,使其直接利用受到了很大的限制,大多数作为工业废弃物进行处理,造成了极大的资源浪费和环境污染。
利用微生物发酵豆渣,能够使豆渣粗纤维含量降低,增加了可食纤维的含量,改善了豆渣的口感,且微生物能够降解豆渣中的抗营养因子,提高粗蛋白质和生物活性肽含量,有利于促进食欲并增加消化液的分泌,同时,微生物分解了豆渣中脂肪和多糖,使得豆渣中小分子糖类和脂肪酸的含量增加,消除了豆渣的豆腥味,增加了豆渣的风味。
然而单一的微生物发酵豆渣,经常存在营养成分不足、风味及口感不好等问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足,提供一种总酚含量高、总蛋白质含量高、体外抗氧化能力强、豆渣风味和口感改善、营养价值提高、储藏时间延长的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明采用以下技术方案来实现:
一种混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,包括如下步骤:在发酵之前,在新鲜生豆渣中加入水,并灭菌,并在冷却灭菌豆渣中接种五种不同的菌种,分别是乳酸乳球菌KF-20(Lactococcus lactis GDMCC60116)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、白地霉(Geotrichum candidumGDMCC60675)、总状横梗霉(Lichtheimia ramosa)和伞枝横梗霉(Lichtheimia corymbifera),其中乳酸乳球菌KF-20于2016年11月21日保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏编号为GDMCC60116,并公开于中国发明专利,申请号为201710237284X中。白地霉于2019年5月24日保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏编号为GDMCC60675。地址为中国广东省广州市先烈中路100号。
白地霉细胞形态具有菌丝,橫隔较多;节孢子单个或成链状,呈长筒型,末端圆钝;菌落形态为中心有米白色突起,四周浅白色,粉状短绒样菌丝,果酒清香浓郁。其主要香气成份为乳酸乙酯、β-苯乙醇、乙酸乙酯等,发酵豆渣后是发酵产物具有特殊清香味,增加适口性。
作为优选的,在上述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法中:所述乳酸乳球菌KF-20(Lac. lactis GDMCC60116)、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉(G. candidum GDMCC60675)、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉的菌落总数比例为1:1:1:1:1。
作为优选的,在上述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法中:所述乳酸乳球菌KF-20(L. lactis GDMCC60116)、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉(G. candidum GDMCC60675)、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉的混合菌液接种量>105cfu/g;
作为优选的,在上述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法中:包括以下步骤: (1)发酵开始之前,调节豆渣水分含量至80%~90%,121℃灭菌20分钟;
(2)预先对乳酸乳球菌KF-20(Lac. lactis GDMCC60116)、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉(G. candidum GDMCC60675)、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉进行活化和扩大培养;
(3)发酵开始前,将上述五种不同菌的扩大培养液,分别转移菌株至无菌离心管中,离心后弃去上清,得到沉淀微生物菌体;
(4)加入无菌水到离心管中,重悬菌体沉淀,制成菌悬液,同时以1:1:1:1:1的量进行混合,取混合菌液,以发酵用豆渣干重>105cfu/g的量加入灭菌豆渣中,搅拌均匀;进行发酵培养,然后冷冻干燥至含水量为4~6%,冷冻干燥得到干燥发酵豆渣;
(5)将步骤(4)中得到的干燥发酵豆渣粉碎,保藏在干燥器中。
作为优选的,在上述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法中:步骤(3)所述离心的速率为3000~10000rpm,所述离心的时间为5~15min。
作为优选的,在上述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法中:步骤(4)所述发酵培养的温度是25~35℃,时间是3-6天。
作为优选的,在上述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法中:步骤(4)所述冷冻干燥的温度为-31℃~-28℃,冷冻干燥的时间为2-3天
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:本发明是以天然发酵食品和霉豆渣中分离的细菌和真菌作为发酵豆渣的发酵剂,未添加其他碳、氮源和无机盐,可作为饲料原料应用在禽畜饲料中,不仅能够节约饲料成本,还能增加豆渣的综合利用率,减少资源的浪费。豆渣发酵过程中微生物大量繁殖,微生物通过酶类代谢作用将豆渣中抗营养因子降解,大分子蛋白质分解成小分子氨基酸,粗纤维分解成小分子糖类、酚类物质,小分子物质容易消化吸收,使得豆渣的可食用增加,豆渣的利用率提高,同时改善了豆渣的风味。同时在发酵过程中,豆渣的营养物质开始变化,总酚含量、总蛋白质含量、体外抗氧化能力提高;总糖含量下降,同时产生酚类物质。
具体实施方式
以下通过实施例对本发明的上述内容做进一步详细说明,但不应该将此理解为本发明上述主题的范围仅限于以下的实施例,凡基于本发明上述内容实现的技术均属于本发明的范围。除非特别说明,本发明采用的试剂、方法和设备为本技术领域常规试剂、方法和设备。
实施例1:
一种混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,包括以下步骤:
制备原料:取新鲜豆渣加水至豆渣水分含量为82%,120-122℃灭菌15-25分钟,备用;
菌株接种:将总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉分别接种于PDA固体培养基上,在27-31℃条件下培养2-5d,得到霉菌孢子悬液,备用;将白地霉(G. candidum GDMCC60675)接种于PDA液体培养基上,在27-31℃条件下,100-180rmp/min培养2-5d,得到酵母菌浑浊液,备用;分别将乳酸乳球菌KF-20(Lac. lactis GDMCC60116)、枯草芽孢杆菌接种于MRS和LB液体培养基上,在35-39℃条件下,培养1-3d,分别得到乳酸乳球菌KF-20(Lac. lactis GDMCC60116)、枯草芽孢杆菌浑浊液,备用;
发酵豆渣的制作:以1:1:1:1:1的量对上述五种不同菌种悬液进行混合,取混合菌液的浓度>105cfu/g,加入到灭菌豆渣中,混合均匀,发酵温度为25~35℃,发酵时间为3~6天;
干发酵豆渣粉的制作:将发酵完成的豆渣,放入冷冻干燥机中,温度为-31℃~-28℃,冻干2~3天,粉碎、过100目筛子得到干发酵豆渣粉;
干发酵豆渣前后营养成分的变化:总酚和体外抗氧化能力的变化:取干发酵豆渣0.1g用80%甲醇定容至10mL, 50℃恒温水浴超声30min后,4000rmp离心20min。以福林酚法测定总酚,以ABTS和DPPH清除率测定抗氧化能力的变化,干未发酵豆渣总酚初始浓度为32.45mg/GAE 10g,干发酵豆渣总酚含量为144.56mg/GAE 10g,干未发酵豆渣ABTS和DPPH清除率分别为9.69%、29.87%,干发酵豆渣ABTS和DPPH清除率分别为45.75%、61.31%。总糖含量的变化:取干发酵豆渣0.1g,以DNS法测定总糖,干未发酵豆渣总糖含量为156.05mg/g,干发酵豆渣总糖含量为99.59mg/g。总蛋白质含量的变化:取干发酵豆渣0.1g,以凯氏定氮法测定总蛋白质含量,干未发酵豆渣总蛋白质含量为295.80mg/g,干发酵豆渣总蛋白质含量为305.60mg/g。
可见,本发明混合发酵豆渣提高了豆渣的营养价值,豆渣经微生物发酵后,不仅可以改善豆渣的风味、丰富豆渣的营养价值、延长豆渣的储藏时间,更为重要的是提高了豆渣的价值和利用率,为其成为新型功能食品提供良好的基础。
对比例1:
在实施例1的基础上,将五个菌种改为仅使用伞枝横梗霉进行发酵,其他与实施例相同。所得结果如下:
干发酵豆渣前后营养成分的变化:总酚和体外抗氧化能力的变化:取干发酵豆渣0.1g用80%甲醇定容至10mL, 50℃恒温水浴超声30min后,4000rmp离心20min。以福林酚法测定总酚,以ABTS和DPPH清除率测定抗氧化能力的变化,干未发酵豆渣总酚初始浓度为33.71mg/GAE 10g,干发酵豆渣总酚含量为45.50mg/GAE 10g,干未发酵豆渣ABTS和DPPH清除率分别为10.38%、30.64%,干发酵豆渣ABTS和DPPH清除率分别为32.63%、41.98%。总糖含量的变化:取干发酵豆渣0.1g,以DNS法测定总糖,干未发酵豆渣总糖含量为153.97mg/g,干发酵豆渣总糖含量为132.09mg/g。总蛋白质含量的变化:取干发酵豆渣0.1g,以凯氏定氮法测定总蛋白质含量,干未发酵豆渣总蛋白质含量为296.60mg/g,干发酵豆渣总蛋白质含量为 300.60mg/g。
对比单菌发酵案例1与混菌发酵实施例1发现:干未发酵豆渣总酚含量、ABTS清除率、DPPH清除率、总糖含量和蛋白质含量无显著差异,而干发酵豆渣中总酚含量、ABTS清除率、DPPH清除率、总糖含量存在极显著差异,且对比例1与实施例1蛋白质含量无显著差异。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制,故凡是未脱离本发明技术方案内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所作的任何简单修改、等同变化与修饰 , 均仍属于本发明技术方案的范围内。
Claims (7)
1.一种混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,其特征在于包括如下步骤:在发酵之前,在新鲜生豆渣中加入水,并灭菌,并在冷却灭菌豆渣中接种五种不同的菌种,分别是乳酸乳球菌KF-20、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,其特征在于:所述乳酸乳球菌KF-20、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉的菌落总数比例为1:1:1:1:1。
3.根据权利要求1所述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,其特征在于:乳酸乳球菌KF-20、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉的混合菌液接种量>105cfu/g。
4.根据权利要求1所述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,其特征在于:包括以下步骤: (1)发酵开始之前,调节豆渣水分含量至80%~90%,121℃灭菌20分钟;
(2)预先对乳酸乳球菌KF-20、枯草芽孢杆菌、白地霉、总状横梗霉和伞枝横梗霉进行活化和扩大培养;
(3)发酵开始前,将上述五种不同菌的扩大培养液,分别转移菌株至无菌离心管中,离心后弃去上清,得到沉淀微生物菌体;
(4)加入无菌水到离心管中,重悬菌体沉淀,制成菌悬液,同时以1:1:1:1:1的量进行混合,取混合菌液,以发酵用豆渣干重>105cfu/g的量加入灭菌豆渣中,搅拌均匀;进行发酵培养,然后冷冻干燥至含水量为4~6%,冷冻干燥得到干燥发酵豆渣。
5.根据权利要求4所述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)所述发酵培养的温度是25~35℃,时间是3-6天。
6.根据权利要求4所述的混合菌种发酵豆渣的方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)所述冷冻干燥的温度为-31℃~-28℃,冷冻干燥的时间为2-3天。
7.一种白地霉,保藏于广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,保藏编号为GDMCC60675。
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