CN110944643A - 槐糖脂作为饲料添加剂的用途 - Google Patents
槐糖脂作为饲料添加剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN110944643A CN110944643A CN201880049322.1A CN201880049322A CN110944643A CN 110944643 A CN110944643 A CN 110944643A CN 201880049322 A CN201880049322 A CN 201880049322A CN 110944643 A CN110944643 A CN 110944643A
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Abstract
本发明涉及在动物中调节消化道菌群和/或支持免疫系统功能的方法,所述方法包括向有此需要的动物施用一种或多种槐糖脂。还提供了包含槐糖脂的动物饲料组合物。
Description
背景技术
本发明涉及含有一种或多种槐糖脂的饲料添加剂组合物,以及一种在动物中调节消化道(gut)菌群和/或支持免疫系统功能的方法,该方法包括向有此需要的动物施用一种或多种槐糖脂。更特别地,本发明涉及一种用一种或多种槐糖脂治疗或预防由梭状芽孢杆菌(clostridium sp.)引起的球虫病和疾病的方法。本发明还涉及包含至少一种槐糖脂的饲料添加剂或饲料预混物组合物。
术语饲料或饲料组合物是指适合或旨在用于被动物摄入的任何化合物、制剂、混合物或组合物。
术语动物包括所有动物。动物的示例是非反刍动物和反刍动物。反刍动物包括例如诸如绵羊、山羊和牛的动物,例如诸如肉牛和奶牛的牛。在一个特定实施方式中,所述动物是非反刍动物。非反刍动物包括宠物动物,例如马,猫和狗;单胃动物,例如猪(包括但不限于仔猪、生长猪和母猪);家禽,诸如火鸡、鸭和鸡(包括但不限于肉鸡、蛋鸡);鱼(包括但不限于鲑鱼、鳟鱼、罗非鱼、鲶鱼和鲤鱼);以及甲壳类动物(包括但不限于河虾和对虾)。
槐糖脂是可以由一些非致病性酵母物种合成的表面活性糖脂化合物。槐糖脂由具有16或18个碳原子的疏水性脂肪酸尾和亲水性碳水化合物头槐糖构成。槐糖是具有异常的β-1,2键的葡萄糖二糖,并且可以在6'位和/或6”位上被乙酰化。一种末端或亚末端羟基化的脂肪酸以β-糖苷键连接到槐糖分子上。该脂肪酸的羧基末端是游离的(酸性或开放形式),或在4”位处或者在一些情况下在6'位或6”位处内酯化(内酯形式)。羟基脂肪酸本身通常具有16或18个碳原子,并且可以具有一个或多个不饱和键。
由于槐糖脂的可生物降解性和低生态毒性,因此已经越来越多地开发槐糖脂作为工业应用中的生物表面活性剂的用途。
现在,本发明人惊奇地发现槐糖脂具有用于动物饲料中的巨大潜力。特别地,已经发现,包含至少一种下文指定的槐糖脂的组合物可以用于缓解、治愈或预防由梭状芽孢杆菌引起的球虫病和疾病。
该技术问题的解决方案由权利要求书中表征的实施方式提供。
发明内容
本发明涉及作为动物饲料或饲料添加剂的组分的槐糖脂,以及含有槐糖脂的组合物、饲料添加剂和饲料。在一个优选实施方式中,一种或多种槐糖脂是口服施用的。一种或多种槐糖脂可以是饲料添加剂组合物的形式。在另一个实施方式中,将一种或多种槐糖脂添加到饲料预混物产品中。
因此,本发明提供了所述化合物作为动物饲料或饲料添加剂的组分的用途。
本发明还提供了这些化合物用于制备改善动物性能的组合物,特别是具有作为胃肠道微生物菌群调节剂的活性并且可通过动物饲料施加的组合物的用途。
本发明还涉及如上文所定义的槐糖脂在制备动物饲料或动物饲料添加剂中的用途,所述动物饲料或动物饲料添加剂用于减轻、治愈或预防动物(诸如家禽)的由梭状芽孢杆菌-特别是产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌(clostridium perfringens)-引起的球虫病和疾病。
最后,本发明提供基于根据本发明的槐糖脂化合物的动物饲料添加剂。
如本文所用的术语“消化道”表示胃肠道或消化道(也称为消化管),是指多细胞动物体内摄取食物、消化食物以提取能量和营养并排出剩余废物的器官系统。
如本文所用的术语消化道“微生物菌群”是指驻留在消化道中并通过帮助适当消化和/或支持免疫系统功能来维持健康的天然微生物培养物。
如本文中与消化道微生物菌群结合使用的术语“调节”通常是指在健康且功能正常的动物中改变、操纵、变更或调节其功能或状态,即非治疗用途。
球虫(Coccidia)是作为感染脊椎动物和无脊椎动物两者的肠道寄生虫的单细胞原生动物生物的通用名称。所述生物引起球虫病,并且通常定居在小肠(诸如结肠)中。农场动物感染球虫不仅可严重降低生长,而且可危及生命。球虫感染导致的症状包括上皮细胞丢失、消化道粘膜剥露,以及腹泻(通常伴有失血)。对于一些农场动物,诸如家禽,球虫感染可为致命的,或者严重损害动物的健康。
家禽由于以下若干原因而尤其易患球虫病:(1)6至8天的寄生周期在通常表示最大生长的第2周与第4周之间的关键阶段打击家禽。由于这些寄生虫实际上破坏整个肠上皮,因此营养物的吸收显著减少,这导致明显的生长抑制。直到在第5周或第6周被宰杀,没有足够的时间恢复;(2)存在7种艾美球虫(Eimeria)物种可感染家禽,比其他任何动物类别中都多,并且至少有4种艾美球虫在商业经营中常见。因此,当一个传染周期已经结束时,另一个传染周期可能已经处于早期阶段,从而使球虫病成为慢性的;(3)在家禽中,观察到了最具致病性的物种(柔嫩艾美球虫(Eimeria tenella)、毒害艾美球虫(E.necatrix)),其引起严重出血,并且在某些情况下可导致高达50%的死亡率。如此严重的球虫病病例能够容易使家禽饲养者破产;以及(4)在厚垫料饲养舍中集中饲养家禽(在一间禽舍中有100,000或更多只鸡)通过食粪性促进了家禽进入粪便中球虫的感染阶段,并由此支持疾病在整个家禽群中的快速传播。如果卫生条件不严格,该疾病还将转移到同一饲养场的其他禽舍,并在现场停留数年。
为了对抗球虫病,动物饲料通常补充有抗球虫药。EEC已批准的用于家禽(鸡、火鸡、肉鸡和蛋鸡)的抗球虫药包括磺酰亚胺(sulphonimides)、安普罗铵、地考喹酯和离子载体。然而,这些抗球虫药中的一些是非天然的无机化合物,因此必须合成制备。这意味着它们相对昂贵。因此,需要天然存在的抗球虫药。
由梭状芽孢杆菌引起的疾病在家禽、猪、兔子和大鼠的动物种群中很常见。例如,在疾病坏死性肠炎与产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌的存在之间存在关联。坏死性肠炎的特征是严重的炎症和肠道脱皮,并且通常与球虫病一起发生。
许多文章已经公开了消化道中产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌的数量对肉鸡的健康和生长速率具有相当大的影响。被感染家禽的典型症状是;羽毛竖起、明显精神不振、食欲不振、溏便/流动便或腹泻以及明显不愿移动。此类文章的示例是B.S.Bains(1979)“A manualfor poultry diseases”(编著Roche,Basel Switzerland);BK Vogel和PStarost(1979)“Nekrotisierende und Ulzerative Enteritis bei Hühnern der Mast-und Legerichtung unter BedingungenGeflügelproduktion”(Mh.Vet.-Med.,32,704-711);BK Vogel、W Witte和H Kühn(1983)“Vergleichder Ursachen von Hospitalismus durch Cl.perfringens,Staphylococcus aureus undSalmonellen unter den Bedingungen derGeflügelproduktion undihrer(V.Intern.Tierhyg.Symposium,25und26.05.93,Leipzig,Sammelband derLeipzig);Th.Vissienon、U Johannsen和B Pathogenese der ClostridiumdesHuhnes.1.Versuche zur experimentellen Erzeugung der Krankheit,Versuchsansatz,klinisches Bild und”,(Mh.Vet.-Med.,49,23-28);Th.Vissienon、UJohannsen、M Solveig和B(1994)“Untersuchungen zur Pathologie undPathogenese der Clostridium-perfringens-Typ-A-desHuhnes.2.Pathomorphologische und bakteriologische Befunde nachexperimenteller intraduodenaler Cl.-perfringens-Typ-A-Infektion”(Sporen undvegetative Keime)und Toxinapplikation(Mh.Vet.-Med.,49,93-102)。
发明详述
在进一步描述本公开之前,应理解的是本公开不限于以下描述的本公开的特定实施方式,因为可以对特定实施方式进行变化并且仍然落入所附权利要求书的范围内。还应理解,采用的术语用于描述特定实施方式的目的,而非旨在为限制性的。相反,本公开的范围将由所附权利要求书确定。
在整个说明书和所附权利要求书中,词语“包括”、“包含”和“具有”以及变型被解释为包含性的。也就是说,在上下文允许的情况下,这些词语旨在传达可能包含未具体叙述的其他要素或整体。
在本说明书和所附权利要求书中,除非上下文另有清楚定义,否则不使用数量词修饰时包括复数。举例来说,“槐糖脂”可表示一种槐糖脂或多于一种槐糖脂。
除非另有定义,否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本公开所属领域的普通技术人员通常理解的含义相同的含义。
槐糖脂含有脂肪酸尾和碳水化合物部分槐糖,槐糖为具有13-1,2键的葡萄糖二糖。脂肪酸尾通过β-糖苷键连接到槐糖分子上。该脂肪酸的羧基末端可以是游离的(酸性或开放形式),或者在4"或6'或6"位处被内酯化(内酯形式)。脂肪酸尾可以具有2至24个碳原子。通常,脂肪酸尾具有16或18个碳原子并且可以具有一个或多个不饱和键。有关槐糖脂的一般概述和术语参见Van Bogaert等人,Appl Microbiol Biotechnol(2007)76:23-34;VanBogaert等人,Process Biochemistry(2011)46:821–833;和Lang等人,FatSci.Technol.1989(91),第9卷,363-366。WO2004/044216涉及槐糖脂的抗微生物特性及其用途。
槐糖脂可以由某些类型的酵母菌株天然产生,特别是球拟假丝酵母(Starmerellabombicola,也称为candida bombicola)和蜜生假丝酵母(Candida apicola)。此类槐糖脂被称为天然槐糖脂。WO2004/044216和WO2012/080116描述了球拟假丝酵母中天然槐糖脂的发酵。WO2012/080116也描述了槐糖脂的分离。此类槐糖脂可以用于本发明的方法中。基于这些出版物中的任一个,本领域的技术人员理解如何产生此类槐糖脂。
本文中的术语“槐糖脂”也涵盖经修饰的槐糖脂。Bisht等人(J.Org.Chem.1999,64:780-789)描述了槐糖脂的酶介导的酰化和酯化。WO2004/044216描述了几种经修饰的槐糖脂的化学合成。Asmer等人(Journal of the American Oil Chemists’Society(1988),第65卷,第9期,1460-1466)公开了槐糖脂的微生物生产。槐糖脂也可以经化学修饰。WO2006/069175公开了几种经修饰的槐糖脂。碳水化合物部分可以被烷基化,例如在6'位和/或6”位上。例如,6'位和6”位可以被酰化。除了6'位最靠近脂肪酸尾外,6'位与6”位相同。此类经修饰的槐糖脂可用于本发明的方法中。基于这些出版物中的任一个,本领域技术人员理解如何产生经修饰的槐糖脂。
在一些实施方式中,槐糖脂可以是游离酸或其酯的形式。槐糖脂可以是式(I)的槐糖脂,其中R1和R2独立地为H或乙酰基;R3为C1-C8烷基;并且R4为包含6至24个碳原子的直链或支链、饱和或不饱和的烷烃单元。
R1可以是H或乙酰基。
R2可以是H或乙酰基。
R3可以是甲基;乙基;丙基或异丙基;正丁基或异丁基;正戊基、异戊基、叔戊基、2,2-二甲基丙基;正己基、2-甲基戊基、3-甲基戊基、2,2-二甲基丁基、或2,3-二甲基丁基;正庚烷、2-甲基己烷、3-甲基己烷、2,2-二甲基戊烷、2,3-二甲基戊烷、2,4-二甲基戊烷、3,3-二甲基戊烷、3-乙基戊烷、或2,2,3-三甲基丁烷;正辛基、2-甲基庚烷、3-甲基庚烷、4-甲基庚烷、3-乙基己烷、2,2-二甲基己烷、2,3-二甲基己烷、2,4-二甲基己烷、2,5-二甲基己烷、3,3-二甲基己烷、3,4-二甲基己烷、3-乙基-2-甲基戊烷、3-乙基-3-甲基戊烷、2,2,3-三甲基戊烷、2,2,4-三甲基戊烷、2,3,3-三甲基戊烷、2,3,4-三甲基戊烷、或2,2,3,3-四甲基丁烷。
在一个优选实施方式中,R3是烷基酯。在一个优选实施方式中,所述烷基酯是乙基或丁基。
R4可以是直链或支链的。R4可以完全饱和或可以具有一个或多个碳-碳双键。R4形成槐糖脂的脂肪酸尾的一部分。一种优选的R4具有15个碳原子。具有18个碳原子的脂肪酸尾的示例是油酸酯。二十碳五烯酸(EPA)是另一种合适的脂肪酸尾。优选的脂肪酸尾是9-十八碳烯酸酯。
在一个优选实施方式中,槐糖脂是乙基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6"-乙酸酯、乙基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-乙酸酯、乙基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-6”-二乙酸酯、丁基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6”-乙酸酯、丁基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-乙酸酯,和/或丁基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-6”-二乙酸酯。
在一些实施方式中,槐糖脂可以是6”-单乙酰化乙基槐糖脂(ESL(6'OH,6”Ac)或6B-Ac-ESL)、脱乙酰化乙基槐糖脂(ESL(6'OH,6”OH)或ESL)、二乙酰化乙基槐糖脂(ESL(6'Ac,6”Ac)或二-Ac-ESL)、脱乙酰化丁基槐糖脂(BSL(6'OH,6”OH)或BuSL)、二乙酰化槐糖脂(LSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)或LSL),和/或二乙酰化丁基槐糖脂(BSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)或二乙酰BuSL)。
本发明的槐糖脂可以由天然产生槐糖脂的任何微生物生产。已证明诸如酵母的微生物产生高水平的槐糖脂。产槐糖脂的酵母包括但不限于球拟假丝酵母、花假丝酵母(Candida floricola)、Candida riodocensis、皱褶假丝酵母(Candida rugosa)、钜假丝酵母(Candida kuoi)、星状假丝酵母(Candida stellata)、热带假丝酵母(Candidatropicalis)、蜜生假丝酵母、Torulopsis petrophilum、Rhodotorula(Candia)borgoriensis、Rhodotorula muciliginosa、Candida batistae、葛罗氏球拟酵母(Torulopsis gropengiesseri)、隐球菌属(Cryptococcus sp.)、Cyberlindnerasamutprakarnensis、异常毕赤酵母(Pichia anomala)、拟威克酵母(Wickerhamielladomercqiae),以及解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)。
槐糖脂可以通过例如以下方式而容易地产生:将产槐糖脂的酵母接种在含有碳源(诸如植物油和脂肪)和糖(诸如葡萄糖)的液体培养基上,以及搅拌培养基并同时在温和的温度和在压力下使培养基透气。在一个优选实施方式中,在使用前从发酵培养基中分离和/或纯化槐糖脂以去除发酵副产物。分离和/或纯化方法是本领域中已知的。任何合适的分离和/或纯化方法均可用于获得基本上纯化的槐糖脂。
“基本上不含”是指优选地相对于对应的干提取物或式I化合物或式I化合物的混合物的完整重量,对应的杂质仅以痕量存在,例如以小于5重量%、小于4重量%、小于3重量%、小于2重量%、小于1重量%、小于0.5重量%、小于0.2重量%、小于0.1重量%、小于0.01重量%、小于0.001重量%或小于0.0001重量%存在。
在一些实施方式中,天然产生槐糖脂的微生物可以经修饰以增加本发明的槐糖脂的产量。
在另一些实施方式中,本发明的槐糖脂也可以重组产生或可以化学合成。
本发明还提供了一种包含槐糖脂和至少一种附加化合物的组合物,所述附加化合物包括但不限于水、溶剂(诸如乙醇或DMSO)、酸度调节剂(诸如柠檬酸)、防结块剂(诸如异麦芽酮糖醇)、消泡剂(诸如甲基乙基纤维素,或脂肪酸单甘油酯或脂肪酸双甘油酯)、抗氧化剂(诸如维生素C或亚硫酸盐)、粘合剂(诸如环糊精、交联的羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素、甲基纤维素、羟丙基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素或甲基乙基纤维素)、填充剂(诸如纤维素、甲基纤维素或巴西棕榈蜡)、载体(例如藻酸盐)、色素、表面活性剂、保色剂、抗微生物剂(诸如那他霉素、片球菌素、尼生素、乙酰丙酸、丙酸、乙酸、酒花酸、和/或月桂酸精氨酸酯)、乳化剂(诸如聚乙二醇、三醋精、柠檬酸三乙酯、蓖麻油、胆碱盐(诸如酒石酸胆碱或乳酸胆碱)、木糖醇、乳糖醇、麦芽糖醇、聚二甲基硅氧烷、月桂基硫酸钠,以及卵磷脂)、防腐剂(诸如那他霉素)、分散剂(诸如聚氧乙烯化合物,诸如聚氧乙烯山梨聚糖单月桂酸酯/单油酸酯/单棕榈酸酯/单硬脂酸酯/三硬脂酸酯、纤维素、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、或丙二醇),以及增稠剂(诸如藻酸盐或角叉菜胶)。
根据本发明,包含槐糖脂和至少一种附加化合物的组合物也被称为“槐糖脂组合物”或“饲料添加剂组合物”。槐糖脂或饲料添加剂组合物的示例是槐糖脂水性溶液、槐糖脂水性悬浮液和槐糖脂水性乳液。
在一些实施方式中,槐糖脂组合物是液体组合物。液体组合物的优点是可以方便地将其添加到饲料产品中,特别是添加到液体饲料产品中。可以例如使用量瓶或量筒代替称重来测量所需量。使用液体槐糖脂组合物允许槐糖脂更快或更有效地溶解,并使槐糖脂更均匀地分布在产品中。液体槐糖脂组合物可较不倾向于结块。一种优选的液体槐糖脂组合物可包含乳化剂或消泡剂。
或者,槐糖脂或饲料添加剂组合物是固体组合物。固体组合物的优点是此类组合物比液体组合物重量更轻并且可为更稳定的。固体槐糖脂组合物可以分散在饲料产品之中或之上。一种优选的固体槐糖脂组合物包含载体和/或分散剂,这些组分可以改善混合特性或可以便于配制。
本发明的饲料添加剂组合物的剂量将根据个体的需要而变化,并将考虑诸如动物物种、年龄、体重以及增重损失的原因或FCR的因素。
实际上,将根据本发明的饲料添加剂组合物直接或作为共混物或饲料预混物组合物的一部分添加到动物饲料中。预混物表示一种或多种微量成分与稀释剂和/或载体的优选均匀的混合物。预混物用于促进微量成分在较大混合物中的均匀分散。
术语“动物饲料”是指适合或旨在被动物摄入的任何化合物、制剂或混合物。用于单胃动物的动物饲料通常包含浓缩物以及维生素、矿物质、酶、直接饲喂的微生物、氨基酸和/或其他饲料成分(诸如在预混物中),而用于反刍动物的动物饲料通常包含草料(包括粗饲料和青贮料)并且还可以包含浓缩物以及维生素、矿物质、酶、直接饲喂的微生物、氨基酸和/或其他饲料成分(诸如在预混物中)。
浓缩物:术语“浓缩物”是指具有高蛋白质和能量浓度的饲料,诸如鱼粉、糖蜜、寡糖、高粱、种子和谷物(完整的或通过压碎、碾磨等从例如玉米、燕麦、黑麦、大麦、小麦制成)、油籽压榨饼(例如,来自棉籽、红花、向日葵、大豆(诸如豆粕)、油菜籽/芸苔、花生或落花生)、棕榈仁饼、酵母衍生材料和酒糟(诸如湿酒糟(wet distillers grains,WDS)和具有可溶物的干酒糟(dried distillers grains with solubles,DDGS))。
在一个优选实施方式中,共混物或预混物组合物包含上述槐糖脂或饲料添加剂组合物,以及至少一种其他饲料成分。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种酶,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种益生菌,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种维生素,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种矿物质,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种氨基酸,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他种饲料成分包括一种或多种益生元,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种有机酸,优选地如下文所述。
在一个实施方式中,所述一种其他饲料成分包括一种或多种植物性物质(phytogenics),优选地如下文所述。
附加的酶
在另一个实施方式中,本文所述的组合物任选地包含一种或多种酶。可以基于来自NC-IUBMB,1992的酶命名法手册对酶进行分类,另请参见互联网上http://www.expasy.ch/enzyme/的ENZYME网站。ENZYME是与酶命名法有关的信息库。其主要基于国际生物化学与分子生物学联合会命名委员会(IUB-MB),Academic Press,Inc.,1992的建议,并且其描述已经提供了EC(酶委员会)编号的每种类型的表征酶(Bairoch A.,ENZYME数据库,2000,Nucleic Acids Res 28:304-305)。这种IUB-MB酶命名法是基于其底物特异性,有时是基于其分子机理;此分类未反映这些酶的结构特征。
Henrissat等人,“The carbohydrate-active enzymes database(CAZy)in2013”,Nucl.Acids Res.(2014年1月1日)42(D1):D490-D495中描述了某些糖苷水解酶(诸如内切葡聚糖酶、半乳聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、溶菌酶和半乳糖苷酶)的另一种分类;另请参见www.cazy.org。
因此,本发明的饲料组合物还可包含至少一种选自下组的其他酶,所述组包括:半乳聚糖酶(EC 3.2.1.89);α-半乳糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.22);蛋白酶(EC 3.4);磷脂酶A1(EC3.1.1.32);磷脂酶A2(EC 3.1.1.4);溶血磷脂酶(EC 3.1.1.5);磷脂酶C(3.1.4.3);磷脂酶D(EC 3.1.4.4);淀粉酶,诸如α-淀粉酶(EC 3.2.1.1);阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.55);β-木糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.37);乙酰木聚糖酯酶(EC 3.1.1.72);阿魏酰酯酶(EC 3.1.1.73);纤维素酶(EC 3.2.1.4);纤维二糖水解酶(EC 3.2.1.91);β-葡萄糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.21);支链淀粉酶(EC 3.2.1.41)、α-甘露糖苷酶(EC 3.2.1.24)、甘露聚糖酶(EC 3.2.1.25)和β-葡聚糖酶(EC 3.2.1.4或EC 3.2.1.6),或它们的任意组合。
在一个特定实施方式中,本发明的饲料组合物包含植酸酶(EC 3.1.3.8或3.1.3.26)。可商购的植酸酶的示例包括Bio-FeedTM植酸酶(Novozymes)、P、NP和HiPhos(DSM Nutritional Products)、NatuphosTM(BASF)、和Blue(AB Enzymes)、(Huvepharma)XP(Verenium/DuPont)和PHY(DuPont)。另一些优选的植酸酶包括在例如WO 98/28408、WO 00/43503和WO 03/066847中描述的那些。
微生物
在一个实施方式中,动物饲料组合物还包含一种或多种附加微生物。在一个特定实施方式中,动物饲料组合物还包含来自以下属中的一种或多种的细菌:乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、乳球菌属(Lactococcus)、链球菌属(Streptococcus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、片球菌属(Pediococcus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、明串珠菌属(Leuconostoc)、肉食杆菌属(Carnobacterium)、丙酸杆菌属(Propionibacterium)、双歧杆菌属(Bifidobacterium)、梭状芽苞杆菌属(Clostridium)和巨球型菌属(Megasphaera),或它们的任意组合。
在一个优选实施方式中,动物饲料组合物还包含来自以下菌种中的一种或多种的细菌:枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣形芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)、蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)、短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、多粘芽孢杆菌(Bacillus polymyxa)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、凝结芽孢杆菌(Bacillus coagulans)、环状芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscirculans)、屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus spp)、和片球菌属、乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、Pediococsusacidilactici、乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lacti)、两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacteriumbifidum)、特恩丙酸杆菌(Propionibacterium thoenii)、香肠乳杆菌(Lactobacillusfarciminus)、鼠李糖乳杆菌(lactobacillus rhamnosus)、酪酸梭状芽胞杆菌(Clostridium butyricum)、动物双歧杆菌动物亚种(Bifidobacterium animalisssp.animalis)、罗伊乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)、唾液乳杆菌唾液亚种(Lactobacillus salivarius ssp.salivarius)、埃氏巨球型菌(Megasphaera elsdenii)、丙酸杆菌。
在一个更优选的实施方式中,饲料预混物或动物饲料还包含来自以下枯草芽孢杆菌菌株中的一种或多种的细菌:3A-P4(PTA-6506)、15A-P4(PTA-6507)、22C-P1(PTA-6508)、2084(NRRL B-500130)、LSSA01(NRRL-B-50104)、BS27(NRRL B-501 05)、BS 18(NRRL B-50633)、BS 278(NRRL B-50634)、DSM 29870、DSM 29871、NRRL B-50136、NRRL B-50605、NRRL B-50606、NRRL B-50622和PTA-7547。
在一个更优选的实施方式中,饲料预混物或动物饲料还包含来自以下短小芽孢杆菌菌株中的一种或多种的细菌:NRRL B-50016、ATCC 700385、NRRL B-50885或NRRL B-50886。
在一个更优选的实施方式中,饲料预混物或动物饲料还包含来自以下地衣形芽孢杆菌菌株中的一种或多种的细菌:NRRL B 50015、NRRL B-50621或NRRL B-50623。
在一个更优选的实施方式中,饲料预混物或动物饲料包含来自以下解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌株中的一种或多种的细菌:DSM 29869、DSM 29872、NRRL B 50607、PTA-7543、PTA-7549、NRRL B-50349、NRRL B-50606、NRRL B-50013、NRRL B-50151、NRRL B-50141、NRRL B-50147或NRRL B-50888。
动物饲料组合物中每种细菌菌株的细菌计数在1×104与1×1014CFU/kg干物质之间,优选地在1×106与1×1012CFU/kg干物质之间,更优选地在1×107和1×1011CFU/kg干物质之间。在一个更优选的实施方式中,动物饲料组合物中每种细菌菌株的细菌计数在1×108与1×1010CFU/kg干物质之间。
动物饲料组合物中每种细菌菌株的细菌计数在1×105与1×1015CFU/动物/天之间,优选地在1×107与1×1013CFU/动物/天之间,更优选地在1×108与1×1012CFU/动物/天之间。在一个更优选的实施方式中,动物饲料组合物中每种细菌菌株的细菌计数在1×109与1×1011CFU/动物/天之间。
在另一个实施方式中,一种或多种细菌菌株以稳定孢子的形式存在。
氨基酸
本发明的饲料组合物还可包含一种或多种氨基酸。用于动物饲料的氨基酸的示例是赖氨酸、丙氨酸、β-丙氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸和色氨酸。
维生素和矿物质
在另一个实施方式中,动物饲料可包含一种或多种维生素,诸如一种或多种脂溶性维生素和/或一种或多种水溶性维生素。在另一个实施方式中,动物饲料可任选地包含一种或多种矿物质,诸如一种或多种微量矿物质和/或一种或多种巨量矿物质。
通常脂溶性维生素和水溶性维生素以及微量矿物质形成旨在添加到饲料中的所谓预混物的一部分,而巨量矿物质通常单独添加到饲料中。
脂溶性维生素的非限制性示例包括维生素A、维生素D3、维生素E和维生素K,例如维生素K3。
水溶性维生素的非限制性示例包括维生素B12、生物素和胆碱、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、烟酸、叶酸和泛酸盐,例如Ca-D-泛酸盐。
微量矿物质的非限制性示例包括硼、钴、氯化物、铬、铜、氟化物、碘、铁、锰、钼、硒和锌。
巨量矿物质的非限制性示例包括钙、镁、钾和钠。
这些组分(以家禽和仔猪/猪例示)的营养需求列于WO 2001/058275的表A中。营养需求意味着应在膳食中以指定的浓度提供这些组分。
或者,本发明的动物饲料添加剂包含WO 01/58275的表A中指定的单独组分中的至少一种。至少一种是指任一种,一种或多种:一种或两种、或三种、或四种等等直至全部十三种,或直至全部十五种单独组分。更特别地,该至少一种单独组分以这样的量包含在本发明的添加剂中:所述量提供在表A的第四栏、或第五栏或第六栏所示范围内的饲料内浓度。
在又一个实施方式中,本发明的动物饲料添加剂包含以下维生素中的至少一种,优选地以提供在下表1中规定的范围内的饲料内浓度(分别用于肉鸡膳食)。
表1:典型的维生素建议
其他饲料成分
本发明的饲料组合物还可包含着色剂、稳定剂、促生长添加剂和芳香化合物/调味剂、多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA);产活性氧的物质、抗微生物肽和抗真菌多肽。
着色剂的示例是类胡萝卜素,诸如β-胡萝卜素、虾青素和叶黄素。
芳香化合物/调味剂的示例是甲氧甲酚、茴香醚、十内酯、十一内酯和/或十二内酯、紫罗酮、鸢尾酮、姜醇、哌啶、亚丙基苯并呋喃酮(propylidene phatalide)、亚丁基苯并呋喃酮(butylidene phatalide)、辣椒素和单宁。
抗微生物肽(AMP’s)的示例是CAP18、林可霉素A、Tritrpticin、Protegrin-1、死亡肽(Thanatin)、防御素、乳铁蛋白(Lactoferrin)、乳铁素(Lactoferricin)和Ovispirin诸如Novispirin(Robert Lehrer,2000)、菌丝霉素和他汀类,包括WO 03/044049和WO 03/048148中所公开的化合物和多肽,以及保留抗微生物活性的上述的变体或片段。
抗真菌多肽(AFP’s)的示例是巨曲霉(Aspergillus giganteus)肽和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)肽,以及它们的保留抗真菌活性的变体和片段,如在WO 94/01459和WO 02/090384中所公开的。
多不饱和脂肪酸的示例是C18、C20和C22多不饱和脂肪酸,诸如花生四烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸,二十碳五烯酸和γ-亚油酸。
产生活性氧的物质的示例是诸如过硼酸盐、过硫酸盐或过碳酸盐的化学物质;以及诸如氧化酶、加氧酶或合成酶的酶。
本发明的组合物还可以包含至少一种氨基酸。用于动物饲料的氨基酸的示例是赖氨酸、丙氨酸、β-丙氨酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸和色氨酸。
本发明的共混物或预混物组合物的特定示例包含(a)至少一种以上指定的槐糖脂;(b)至少一种脂溶性维生素;(c)至少一种水溶性维生素;(d)至少一种微量矿物质;和/或(e)至少一种巨量矿物质。
本发明还涉及包含一种或多种本发明的槐糖脂的动物饲料组合物。在一个实施方式中,本发明涉及一种动物饲料,所述动物饲料包含如本文所述的颗粒体和基于植物的材料。在一个实施方式中,本发明涉及一种动物饲料,所述动物饲料包含如本文所述的动物饲料添加剂和基于植物的材料。
动物饲料组合物或膳食具有相对较高的蛋白质含量。可以如WO01/58275的表B的第2-3栏中所示表征家禽和猪的膳食。鱼膳食的表征可参见该表B的第4栏。此外,此类鱼膳食的粗脂肪含量通常为200-310g/kg。
根据本发明的优选的动物饲料组合物具有50-800g/kg的粗蛋白含量,并且还包含至少一种本文所要求保护的槐糖脂。
此外,或者作为(上述粗蛋白含量的)替代方案,本发明的动物饲料组合物具有10-30MJ/kg的可代谢能量含量;和/或0.1-200g/kg的钙含量;和/或0.1-200g/kg的有效磷含量;和/或0.1-100g/kg的蛋氨酸含量;和/或0.1-150g/kg的蛋氨酸加半胱氨酸含量;和/或0.5-50g/kg的赖氨酸含量。
在一些特定的实施方式中,可代谢能量、粗蛋白、钙、磷、蛋氨酸、蛋氨酸加半胱氨酸和/或赖氨酸的含量在WO 01/58275的表B中的范围2、3、4或5中的任何一个内(R.2-5)。
粗蛋白被计算为氮(N)乘以系数6.25,即粗蛋白(g/kg)=N(g/kg)×6.25。通过Kjeldahl法(A.O.A.C.,1984,Official Methods of Analysis,第14版,Association ofOfficial Analytical Chemists,Washington DC)测定氮含量。
可以根据NRC出版物Nutrient requirements in swine,1988年第9次修订版,农业研究会农业组动物营养委员会猪营养分委会.National Academy Press,Washington,D.C.,第2-6页,和禽类研究和延伸Spelderholt中心禽类饲料能量价值欧洲议程,7361DABeekbergen,The Netherlands.Grafisch bedrijf Ponsen&looijen bv,Wageningen.ISBN90-71463-12-5来计算可代谢能量。
全动物膳食中钙、有效磷和氨基酸的膳食含量是根据饲料表计算的,诸如Veevoedertabel 1997,gegevens over chemische samenstelling,verteerbaarheid envoederwaarde van voedermiddelen,Central Veevoederbureau,Runderweg 6,8219pkLelystad.ISBN 90-72839-13-7。
在一个特定实施方式中,本发明的动物饲料组合物包含至少一种如上定义的植物蛋白。
本发明的动物饲料组合物还可包含动物蛋白,诸如肉粉和骨粉、羽毛粉和/或鱼粉,通常量为0-25%。本发明的动物饲料组合物还可以包含通常量为0-30%的具有可溶物的干酒糟(DDGS)。
在另外的特定实施方式中,本发明的动物饲料组合物包含0-80%的玉米;和/或0-80%的高粱;和/或0-70%的小麦;和/或0-70%大麦;和/或0-30%的燕麦;和/或0-40%的豆粕;和/或0-25%的鱼粉;和/或0-25%的肉粉和骨粉;和/或0-20%的乳清。
动物饲料可包含植物蛋白。在一些特定的实施方式中,植物蛋白的蛋白质含量为至少10%(w/w)、20%(w/w)、30%(w/w)、40%(w/w)、50%(w/w)、60%(w/w)、70%(w/w)、80%(w/w)或90%(w/w)。植物蛋白可以源自植物蛋白源,诸如豆类和谷类,例如来自豆科(豆科植物类)、十字花科、藜科和禾本科的植物的材料,诸如大豆粉、羽扇豆粉、油菜籽粉,以及它们的组合。
在一个特定的实施方式中,植物蛋白源是来自豆科的一种或多种植物(例如大豆、羽扇豆、豌豆或菜豆)的材料。在另一个特定的实施方式中,植物蛋白源是来自藜科的一种或多种植物(例如甜菜、糖用甜菜、菠菜或藜麦)的材料。植物蛋白来源的另一示例是油菜籽和卷心菜。在另一个特定的实施方式中,大豆是优选的植物蛋白源。植物蛋白源的另一些示例是谷类,诸如大麦、小麦、黑麦、燕麦、玉蜀黍(玉米)、稻米和高粱。
动物饲料(或动物膳食)可以例如制成粉状饲料(非粒状)或粒状饲料。通常,将研磨的饲料原料混合,并根据所讨论的物种的说明书添加足够量的必要维生素和矿物质。槐糖脂可以作为固体或液体制剂添加。例如,对于粉状饲料,可以在成分混合步骤之前或期间添加固体或液体槐糖脂制剂。对于粒状饲料,也可以在饲料成分步骤之前或期间添加槐糖脂制剂(液体或固体)。
实施例
可以通过例如HPLC、LC-MS或NMR光谱法来分析槐糖脂。合适的NMR光谱法如下:可以在4ml小瓶中称量约5mg槐糖脂和内标品(二甲氧基苯)(精确至0.001mg,使用微量天平)。可将样品溶于2ml的MeOD中。可以在配备有冷冻探针的700MHz NMR上记录1H NMR光谱,使用为300K的探针温度进行测量,其中脉冲间延迟为30秒并且进行16次扫描。合适的LC-MS方法如下:柱:反相(C18)UPLC柱(1.7μm,100×2.1mm(L×ID),并梯度洗脱。将柱保持在50℃。通过以下方式将0.1%的甲酸水溶液(A)和0.1%的甲酸的乙腈溶液混合以执行梯度洗脱:0-14min,40%B至100%B;14-17min,100%B;17-17.1min,100%B至40%B和17.1-20min,40%B。流速为400ul/min。选择正离子APCI模式作为这些化合物的电离模式,通过高分辨率质谱法执行鉴定。通过外部校准曲线与内标校正的组合执行定量。
实施例1:评估槐糖脂对人外周血白细胞(PBL)的毒性。
通过Alamar Blue测量在多种浓度(1.25μm、2.5μm、5μm、10μm和20μm)的六种槐糖脂下的细胞活力:LSL(6'Ac,6”Ac);ESL(6'OH,6”Ac);ESL(6'OH,6”OH);ESL(6'Ac,6”Ac);BSL(6'OH,6”OH);以及BSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)。
结果:在任何测试浓度下,槐糖脂均未引起毒性。
实施例2:评估槐糖脂对人PBL中的炎性介质的效应。
从人血中分离出PBL。在存在不同浓度(1μm、5μm和10μm)的以下六种槐糖脂的情况下,用LPS处理PBL以诱导炎症反应:LSL(6'Ac,6”Ac);ESL(6'OH,6”Ac);ESL(6'OH,6”OH);ESL(6'Ac,6”Ac);BSL(6'OH,6”OH);以及BSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)。
结果:ESL(6'OH,6”OH)减少IL-1β分泌、IL-6分泌、IL-8分泌、TNF-α分泌和MIP-1β分泌。ESL(6'Ac,6”Ac)减少IL-1β分泌、IL-6分泌、IL-8分泌、TNF-α分泌和MIP-1β分泌。BSL(6'OH,6”OH)减少IL-1β分泌、IL-6分泌、IL-8分泌、TNF-α分泌和MIP-1β分泌。LSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)减少IL-8分泌、TNF-α分泌和MIP-1β分泌。ESL(6'OH,6”Ac)减少TNF-α分泌和MIP-1β分泌。BSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)减少TNF-α分泌。所有六种槐糖脂均增加RANTES分泌。
这些结果表明槐糖脂在PBL中具有抗炎和抗细胞因子效应。
实施例3:评估槐糖脂对小胶质细胞中的炎性介质的效应。
从E22大鼠的原代小胶质细胞培养物中获得小胶质细胞。在第1天,将小胶质细胞接种在96孔板中,并使其贴壁24小时。在第3天,用槐糖脂预处理小胶质细胞24小时(n=11)。在第4天,用脂多糖(LPS)刺激小胶质细胞。在第5天,收集上清液并分析感兴趣的细胞因子。
槐糖脂预处理有效减少PGE2(IC50=29.8μM)和TNF-α(IC50=21.2μM)两者的分泌。
实施例4:评估槐糖脂对结肠上皮细胞的毒性。
使用HT-29细胞(结肠腺癌细胞系)是因为这些细胞在体外类似于成熟的肠细胞。通过Alamar Blue测量在多种浓度(1.25μm、2.5μm、5μm、10μm和20μm)的以下六种槐糖脂下的细胞活力:LSL(6'Ac,6”Ac);ESL(6'OH,6”Ac);ESL(6'OH,6”OH);ESL(6'Ac,6”Ac);BSL(6'OH,6”OH);以及BSL(6'Ac,6”Ac)。
结果:在任何测试浓度下,槐糖脂均未引起毒性。
实施例5:动物饲料预混物组合物
通过将20g的至少一种槐糖脂组合物添加到以下预混物中(每千克预混物)来制备动物饲料预混物组合物:
1100000IE | 维生素A |
300000IE | 维生素D3 |
4000IE | 维生素E |
250mg | 维生素B1 |
800mg | 维生素B2 |
1200mg | Ca-D-泛酸盐 |
500mg | 维生素B6 |
2.5mg | 维生素B12 |
5000mg | 烟酸 |
10000mg | 维生素C |
300mg | 维生素K3 |
15mg | 生物素 |
150mg | 叶酸 |
50004mg | 氯化胆碱 |
6000mg | Fe |
3000mg | Cu |
5400mg | Zn |
8000mg | Mn |
124mg | I |
60mg | Co |
29.7mg | Se |
9000mg | 拉沙洛西钠(Avatec) |
17.3% | Ca |
0.8% | Mg |
11.7% | Na |
实施例6:动物饲料
通过混合以下成分来制备具有以下组成(%,w/w)的肉鸡生长膳食。小麦、黑麦和SBM 48可从Moulin Moderne Hirsinque,Hirsingue,France获得。混合后,将饲料在期望温度,例如约70℃下制粒(3×25mm)。
小麦 | 46.00 |
黑麦 | 15.00 |
大豆粉(SBM 48) | 30.73 |
大豆油 | 4.90 |
DL-蛋氨酸 | 0.04 |
DCP(磷酸二钙) | 1.65 |
石灰石 | 0.43 |
盐 | 0.15 |
TiO2 | 0.10 |
动物饲料添加剂(上述) | 1.00 |
所得的动物饲料包含200mg/kg(200ppm)的至少一种槐糖脂组合物。
实施例7:膳食补充槐糖脂对未攻击的肉鸡的表现和消化力的效应。
概述:基于多种免疫学分析,在我们在该试验中使用的剂量范围内,膳食SL处理对生长中的商业肉鸡家禽显示出明显的免疫调节和有益效应。SL4清楚地显示了体内抗寄生虫效应,并且我们的初步体外数据支持该结论。此外,SL处理对肠道免疫反应和消化道完整性具有明显的免疫调节效应。
实验设计
使用商业肉鸡,使用ARS球虫病和坏死性肠炎(NE)疾病模型评估来自DSM的四种不同的槐糖脂(SL)样品。对于每项试验,均包括关于球虫病和NE的阴性对照(未感染且未处理)和未处理的感染对照。
总共使用了672只家禽。从第0天到试验结束,向一日龄的商业肉鸡提供ARS配制的标准膳食(表2)和如表1所示补充有200ppm剂量的槐糖脂的膳食。
表1.实验概况-处理组
球虫病:以24%CP膳食开始
坏死性肠炎:以18%CP膳食开始,在产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染后改为24%
材料与方法:
鸡:
从Elizabethtown,PA的Longenecker孵化场购买了总计672只日龄的Ross 708雄性肉鸡(新孵化)。当它们到达Beltsville ARS设施时,将它们以完全随机化设计分为12组,并按照Beltsville动物护理指南放置在Petersime雏鸡笼(starter cage)中,并提供自由采食的饲料和水。将家禽保持在育雏箱中直到14日龄,每天检查动物情况,然后将它们转移到Petersime育成鸡笼(finisher cage)中,在那里将它们饲养到实验期结束。有关运输和感染的所有实验程序均已获得BARC小动物护理委员会的批准。
饲料:
从第1天到第7天,为所有鸡提供不含抗生素的低蛋白膳食(18%粗蛋白,基于干物质),并从第7天至实验结束提供高蛋白膳食(24%粗蛋白,基于干物质)(在ARS设施处制备)。给予自由采食的水和饲料。经补料的处理膳食的饲喂从0日龄开始,并且贯穿整个实验阶段。根据处理方案,饲料中补充有如表1所示的抗微生物产品。
用于将SL与标准鸡饲料混合的方法:
向溶解在100g二甲基亚砜中的60g的每种槐糖脂样品中加入大豆油,以得到2000g的总液体体积/样品。为此,将1g SL缓慢添加到5kg饲料中,以达到200ppm(0.02%)的最终浓度。每周使用200g大豆油溶解6g SL,以制成30kg饲料混合物。
Beltsville球虫病攻击模型:
在15日龄时,将家禽以1×104个巨型艾美球虫(E.maxima)(Beltsville品种41)卵囊/只家禽进行经口感染。通过用10,000个形成孢子的巨型艾美球虫卵囊经口感染2周龄的肉鸡来每月维持巨型艾美球虫卵囊,并执行DNA测试以获得它们的纯度。为了诱发肠道病变并获得最佳的卵囊脱落,我们通常使用10,000个形成孢子的卵囊进行感染,并通过收集5dpi至7dpi的每日卵囊来检查粪便卵囊脱落。
Beltsville坏死性肠炎疾病模型:
实验性NE模型已在ARS开发,并由Park等人(2008)进行了描述。在15日龄时,将家禽以1×104个巨型艾美球虫卵囊(Beltsville品种41)/只家禽进行经口感染,然后在4天后(19日龄)进行产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌经口感染(1×109CFU/只家禽,netB+del1品种)以诱发临床NE感染。从19日龄开始将家禽改为高蛋白膳食,以促进NE发展。
粪卵囊的收集和计数:
在巨型艾美球虫感染后5至7天收集每组的粪便样品,以评定槐糖脂对寄生虫存活的效应。使用McMaster计数室计算每个处理组的卵囊减少率。
消化道病变评分:
球虫病:在巨型艾美球虫感染后5天执行病变评分。对每组8只家禽实施安乐死,并获得约20cm的从支囊前后延伸10cm的空肠段。由六名独立的观察者以盲法以0(无)至4(高)的尺度对肠段的NE病变进行评分。
NE:在产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染后2天(巨型艾美球虫感染后6天)执行病变评分。对每组8只家禽实施安乐死,并获得约20cm的从支囊前后延伸10cm的肠段。由六名独立的观察者以盲法以0(无)至4(高)的尺度对肠段的NE病变进行评分。
血样和鸡α-1-酸糖蛋白:
在每个采样日期(8只家禽/处理)安乐死后立即通过心脏穿刺采集血样。通过在4℃以1000rpm离心20min来分离血清,并将血清级分储存在-20℃直至进一步使用。通过以下测量血清中的鸡α-1-酸糖蛋白(α-1-AGP):
根据制造商的说明书,使用ELISA(Life Diagnostics Inc.,West Chester,PA)。用自动酶标仪(Bio-Rad,Richmond,CA)测定OD450值。
肠道样品的收集:
在每个采样日随机选择八只家禽/处理组,并用于收集肠样品(回肠)以进行RNA提取,来测量细胞因子/趋化因子和连接蛋白的表达。通过颈脱位法对家禽进行安乐死,并立即取出肠。将每只家禽的回肠的一小部分在无菌条件下收集,并在-20℃下储存在(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)中以供进一步使用。
通过定量实时PCR(qRT-PCR)进行基因表达分析:
表3显示了用于qRT-PCR的寡核苷酸引物序列。在回肠中评估其差异表达的多种细胞因子和肠紧实连接蛋白(intestinal tight junction protein)包括白细胞介素(IL)1β、IL2、IL4、IL6、IL8、IL10、IL13、IL17F、干扰素(IFN)γ、肿瘤坏死因子超家族(TNFSF)15、连接粘附分子(JAM)2、紧密连接蛋白(occludin)、带状闭合蛋白(ZO)1和粘蛋白2(MUC2)。TJ蛋白和MUC2的引物序列改编自Chen等人,2015,并示出于表3A中。鸡细胞因子/趋化因子和紧实连接蛋白的功能简述在表3B中显示。使用甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶(GAPDH)作为参考基因。使用Stratagene Mx3000P qPCR系统(Agilent Technologies Inc.,Santa Clara,CA)和RT2 SYBR Green qPCR反应混合物(Qiagen)进行扩增和检测。一式三份地分析每个样品,并通过包含无模板对照来检查引物的非特异性扩增。使用log10稀释的RNA生成标准曲线,并使用Q基因程序将单独转录物的水平归一化至GAPDH的水平(Muller等人,2002)。
抗球虫测定:
使用Lillehoj博士的实验室开发的方法,从形成孢子的卵囊中新鲜纯化家禽堆形艾美球虫(Eimeria acervulina)的孢子体,以评定SL对活孢子体的细胞毒性效应。简而言之,使用迷你珠搅拌器(Biospec Products,USA)用0.5mm玻璃珠破碎新鲜形成孢子的卵囊。将释放的孢囊通过Percoll梯度等密度离心进行纯化,在冰冷的Hank平衡盐溶液(HBSS)中洗涤,并在41℃下用0.25%胰蛋白酶和0.014M牛磺胆酸(Sigma,USA)处理以释放活孢子体。通过过滤收集新鲜制备的孢子体,在4℃下用HBSS以3,000×g洗涤3次持续10min,然后在HBSS中重悬至1.0×106个/ml。将收集的孢子体与多种浓度的SL样品或作为阳性对照的NK肽(NK溶素肽在Lillehoj博士的实验室制造并杀死孢子体)一起在CO2培养箱中于41℃下孵育3h。为了获得孢子体的活力,使用经FITC染色的活孢子体进行CyQuant直接细胞增殖测定(Thermo Fisher Scientific,USA),并使用Synergy HTX(Biotek,USA)测量在485/528nm处的荧光。
表2.USDA-ARS基础膳食的成分组成
1维生素混合物提供以下营养物/kg膳食:2,000IU的维生素A;22IU的维生素D3;16mg的维生素E;0.1mg的维生素K;3.4mg的维生素B1;1.8mg的维生素B2;6.4mg的维生素B6;0.013mg的维生素B12;0.17mg的生物素;8.7mg的泛酸;0.8mg的叶酸;23.8mg的烟酸。
2矿物质混合物提供以下营养物/kg膳食:400mg的Fe;220mg的Zn;180mg的Mn;1.3mg的Co;21mg的Cu;0.2mg的Se。
表3.用于qRT-PCR的寡核苷酸引物序列
结果
1.巨型艾美球虫诱发的球虫病
表4.巨型艾美球虫攻击组+的病变评分
总结:巨型艾美球虫感染诱发的病变位于肠中部区域中,并且这些病变通常在第5天至第6天表现为壁增厚,具有染有粘液样血的渗出物,在外膜上有不规则的细胞碎片。由6位独立人员对病变进行1至4分的评分。
表5.巨型艾美球虫攻击组的粪便卵囊(巨型艾美球虫)产量(5至7dpi)
感染巨型艾美球虫的鸡从感染后第5天到第8天脱落最多的卵囊。与未处理的感染对照相比,所有SL处理组均显示出数量减少的卵囊脱落(SL1-21%减少;SL2-48%减少、SL3-47%减少,SL4-70%减少)。然而,只有SL4处理在卵囊脱落方面显示出统计学上显著的减少。该结果表明SL4具有强抗球虫特性。
图1示出了球虫病感染后5天回肠中的促炎细胞因子表达。
巨型艾美球虫感染后,局部细胞因子反应波动很大。因为在球虫病感染后5天时将所有家禽都处死,所以该试验被设计为观察终点处的宿主反应。球虫病感染后5天时,感染鸡体内的TNF样促炎细胞因子增加。SL处理对TNF水平没有影响。与未经处理且感染的组相比,在一些经SL处理的组中(尤其是在SL4组中强调节,以及在SL2组中程度相对弱的调节),其他促炎性细胞因子(诸如IL-6、IL-17和IL-8)的水平受到调节。这些结果表明SL4和SL2是免疫调节性脂质。
图2示出了球虫病感染后5天时回肠中的Th1和Th2细胞因子表达
这些SL中的一些是免疫调节性的。SL4刺激IL-4,并且SL2减少球虫病诱导的IL-2,SL 2和SL3减少球虫病诱导的IL-13。
图3示出了球虫病感染后5天时回肠中的紧实连接蛋白表达。
在球虫病后,紧实连接蛋白的基因表达通常下降。然而,我们在该研究中使用的艾美球虫的剂量并没有严重损害连接蛋白的表达,因此效应可能看起来比如果进行严重感染要小。在产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染后2天时,SL4增强了两种主要的连接蛋白紧密连接蛋白和ZO1的表达。SL4明显通过在球虫病感染后控制重要蛋白的表达来调节有益的宿主反应。
表6.球虫病感染后5天时血清中的α-1-酸糖蛋白(α-1-AGP)水平
图4显示了球虫病后5天时的血清α-1-酸糖蛋白(α-1-AGP)水平。
总结:使用商品化ELISA试剂盒来测量用巨型艾美球虫感染的鸡在感染后5天时血清中的急性期蛋白水平。在肝脏中合成的这种急性期血浆α-球蛋白糖蛋白的水平反映感染后的炎症状态。尽管在统计学上没有差异,但用SL1和SL2以及SL4(程度相对低)处理的家禽显示出数值上降低的反应。
2.坏死性肠炎
图5示出了坏死性肠炎后2天时回肠中的促炎性细胞因子表达。
坏死性肠炎感染后,局部细胞因子反应波动很大。因此,应检查动力学反应以获得对NE感染后宿主细胞因子/趋化因子反应的更广泛了解。因为在坏死性肠炎感染后2天时将所有家禽都处死,所以该试验被设计为观察终点处的宿主反应。在坏死性肠炎感染后2天时,感染鸡体内的TNF样促炎性细胞因子增加。SL处理对TNF水平没有影响。在NE感染后2天时,IL-6、IL-17和IL-8促炎性细胞因子减少。SL对NE感染后IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17F和IL-8的水平进行调节,其中SL4显示出更奇异的调节效应。
图6示出了产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染后2天时回肠中的Th1和Th2细胞因子表达。
总结:在坏死性肠炎感染后2天时,通过SL处理调节IL-2、IL-10、IL-13、IL-4。SL处理增强了促进细胞介导的免疫的IFN-γ。所有SL组均调节细胞因子反应水平,其中SL4显示出更奇异的效应。
图7示出了产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染后2天时回肠中的紧实连接蛋白表达
总结:在NE感染后,感染NE的未处理组中紧密连接蛋白和ZO1的水平由于消化道损伤而降低。SL治疗,尤其是SL4增强了消化道中这些连接蛋白的表达,表明它们对消化道完整性和消化道健康具有有益效应。
表7.产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染(坏死性肠炎)后2天时血清中的α-1-酸糖蛋白(α-1-AGP)的水平
并且图8示出了血清中的α-1-酸糖蛋白(α-1-AGP)
使用商品化ELISA试剂盒测量在产气荚膜梭状芽胞杆菌感染后2天时患有坏死性肠炎的鸡的血清中的急性期蛋白水平。在肝脏中合成的这种急性期血浆α-球蛋白糖蛋白水平反映了活体感染后的炎症状态。SL2组显示出数值上降低的反应。该结果表明SL2具有调节炎症的能力。
应当理解的是,上述要素中的每一个或者两个或更多个一起也可以在不同于上述类型的其他类型的方法中具有可用的应用。在没有进一步分析的情况下,前述内容将如此充分地揭示本公开的要旨,以至于其他人可以通过应用当前的知识而容易地使其适用于各种应用,而不遗漏从现有技术的观点来看相当地构成所附权利要求中阐述的本公开的一般或特定方面的基本特性的特征。前述实施方式仅以举例方式给出;并且本公开的范围仅由所附权利要求书限制。
Claims (10)
1.一种在动物中调节消化道菌群和/或支持免疫系统功能的方法,所述方法包括向有此需要的动物施用一种或多种槐糖脂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述动物是选自鸡、肉鸡、蛋鸡、小母鸡和小鸡的家禽动物。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,所述方法用于缓解、治愈或预防由梭状芽孢杆菌(clostridium sp.)引起的球虫病和疾病,所述方法包括向所述动物施用包含一种或多种槐糖脂的饲料添加剂或预混物组合物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述一种或多种槐糖脂选自:乙基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6”-乙酸酯;乙基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-乙酸酯;乙基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-6”-二乙酸酯;丁基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6”-乙酸酯;丁基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-乙酸酯;以及丁基-17-L-[(2'-O-β-D-吡喃葡糖基-β-D-吡喃葡糖基)-氧]-顺式-9-十八碳烯酸酯-6'-6”-二乙酸酯。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法,其中将所述一种或多种槐糖脂以饲料添加剂或饲料预混物组合物的形式施用于所述动物。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述饲料预混物组合物还包含一种或多种选自以下的组分:
a)一种或多种载体;
b)一种或多种附加酶;
c)一种或多种微生物;
d)一种或多种维生素;
e)一种或多种矿物质;
f)一种或多种氨基酸;
g)一种或多种有机酸;以及
h)一种或多种其他饲料成分。
8.一种动物预混物组合物,所述动物预混物组合物包含至少一种权利要求6或7所述的槐糖脂和至少一种选自以下的附加组分:
a)至少一种脂溶性维生素,和/或
b)至少一种水溶性维生素、微量矿物质,和/或
c)至少一种矿物质。
9.根据权利要求8所述的动物预混物组合物,所述动物预混物组合物还包含一种或多种选自以下的组分:
a)一种或多种氨基酸;
b)一种或多种益生元;
c)一种或多种有机酸;
d)一种或多种附加酶;
e)一种或多种益生菌。
10.一种动物饲料组合物,所述动物饲料组合物的粗蛋白含量为50至800g/kg饲料,并且所述动物饲料组合物包含至少一种权利要求8或9中任一项所述的槐糖脂或含有根据权利要求7至9中任一项所述的槐糖脂的预混物。
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CN114807271A (zh) * | 2022-05-06 | 2022-07-29 | 河南省科学院高新技术研究中心 | 一种发酵法制备槐糖脂的方法及槐糖脂在反渗透膜用药剂中的应用 |
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