CN110891820B - 用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路和方法 - Google Patents

用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路和方法 Download PDF

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CN110891820B
CN110891820B CN201880048700.4A CN201880048700A CN110891820B CN 110891820 B CN110891820 B CN 110891820B CN 201880048700 A CN201880048700 A CN 201880048700A CN 110891820 B CN110891820 B CN 110891820B
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E.埃伯莱因
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
    • B60L53/20—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles characterised by converters located in the vehicle
    • B60L53/22—Constructional details or arrangements of charging converters specially adapted for charging electric vehicles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/007—Physical arrangements or structures of drive train converters specially adapted for the propulsion motors of electric vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0063—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with circuits adapted for supplying loads from the battery
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/007—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage
    • H02J7/00712—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters
    • H02J7/007182—Regulation of charging or discharging current or voltage the cycle being controlled or terminated in response to electric parameters in response to battery voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
    • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H02M7/53875—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current with analogue control of three-phase output
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/48—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/322—Means for rapidly discharging a capacitor of the converter for protecting electrical components or for preventing electrical shock
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/80—Technologies aiming to reduce greenhouse gasses emissions common to all road transportation technologies
    • Y02T10/92—Energy efficient charging or discharging systems for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors specially adapted for vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Inverter Devices (AREA)

Abstract

用于使车辆的高压中间电路（20）放电的放电电路（10）。高压中间电路（20）包括中间电路电容器（30），高压电压（U_H）施加在该中间电路电容器上。放电电路（10）被设立为：根据高压电压（U_H）来调整经过放电电路（10）的放电电流（I_D）的数值。

Description

用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路和方法。本发明还涉及一种具有放电电路的驱动支路以及一种具有驱动支路的车辆。本发明还涉及一种计算机程序和一种机器可读存储介质。
背景技术
从WO 2009/106187 A1公知一种用于使高压电网放电的方法和设备。在传统车辆中，车载电网中的电压约为14伏特。在混合动力车辆或者具有电动驱动装置的车辆中，在牵引电网中使用可能为几百伏特的电压。大于60伏特的电压被称作高压。出于安全性原因，高压电网、尤其是车载电网或牵引电网必须能够切断而且能够被放电。为了该目的，已知的高压电网包括主动和/或被动放电设备。该设备通常由用于将电池组与其余电网分开的双极主开关以及适当的电路、例如可切换的电阻组成，在需要时，通过这些适当的电路来消除电荷。被动放电通常由至少一个电阻组成，该至少一个电阻与蓄能器并且与高压电网并联。这种被动放电电路被设立为：与最初出现的电压无关，使处在高压电网中的中间电路电容、尤其是所谓的中间电路电容器在预先给定的时间、大多120秒之内放电到小于60伏特的电压（触摸安全性）。存在对提供用于车辆的高压电网的替选的放电方法和设备的需求。
发明内容
提供了一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路。高压中间电路包括中间电路电容器。高压电压施加在中间电路电容器上。该放电电路被设立为：根据高压电压来调整、尤其是可变地调整经过该放电电路的放电电流的数值。
提供了一种用于使高压中间电路放电的放电电路。该高压中间电路包括中间电路电容器，该中间电路电容器例如为了运行电机而在高压侧连接在脉冲逆变器与高压电池组之间，用于对在脉冲逆变器运行时形成的电流和电压峰值进行平滑。高压电压施加在中间电路电容器上。该放电电路与中间电路电容器并联，使得高压电压也施加在该放电电路的输入连接端上。该放电电路被设立为：根据高压电压的数值来调整、尤其是可变地调整经过该放电电路的放电电流的数值。根据高压电压的数值，该放电电路调整、尤其是分级地或无级地调整经过该放电电路的更高的或更低的放电电流。该放电电路尤其可以包括DC/DC转换器、反激式转换器或反激转换器。根据高压电压对放电电流的调整例如可以借助于硬件电路来实现或者借助于逻辑单元根据电压测量通过软件来控制。硬件电路例如包括分压器或分电位器，利用该分压器或分电位器，视对串联的电阻的参数化而定，在高压电压预先给定的情况下进行相对应的放电。对放电电流的进一步调节例如借助于差分放大器来实现。有利地，提供了一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路。
在本发明的另一设计方案中，如果高压电压小于下工作电压值，则经过该放电电路的放电电流随着该高压电压降低而变得越来越高。
例如，借助于高压中间电路来给电驱动支路供应电能。对于电驱动支路的运行来说，高压电压处于可预先给定的范围内。如果不需要电驱动支路或者识别出完整性损伤，则高压电压会在预先给定的时间之内降低到低于接触电压，以便降低威胁风险。尤其是如果高压电压变得太低，则驱动支路不再可能正常运行。因而，为了降低威胁风险，一旦在高压中间电路中的电压降低到低于正常运行范围的值，就尽可能快地降低该电压。因而，如果高压电压小于下工作电压值、尤其是可预先给定的下工作电压值，则经过该放电电路的放电电流随着高压电压的降低，尤其是持续地变得越来越高。该工作电压值例如对应于如下极限，在低于该极限时，不再能够确保驱动支路的正常运行（例如避免高压电池组的损坏；避免效率差；保证对所指定的输出功率的提供）。有利地，提供了一种放电电路，该放电电路确保了高压中间电路的安全运行以及对于不再能确保安全运行的情况来说确保了加快的放电。
在本发明的另一设计方案中，放电电流借助于放电电路来调节。
通过放电电路对放电电流的调节可以借助于硬件或软件来实现。硬件电路可以设计为使得根据高压电压来改变放电电流的数值。为此，硬件电路例如可以包括由电阻串联电路构成的分电位器，尤其是用于对放电电流进行切换的晶体管的栅极连接到该分电位器的中间抽头上。原则上，替选地，放电电流的数值可以借助于逻辑单元、例如微控制器根据所测量的高压电压来调整。除了高压电压的相关性之外，也可以使用其它参数、例如放电电流本身的数值，作为调节参数。例如，放电电流可以被限制到最大放大电流。有利地，提供了一种经改善的用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路。
在本发明的另一设计方案中，如果高压电压小于接触电压值，则经过该放电电路的放电电流变得最小。
该放电电路用于高压中间电路的运行安全性。如果高压中间电路的高压电压降低到了接触电压值、例如60伏特之下，则在高压中间电路中的电能不再有危险。因而，不需要高压中间电路的进一步放电。因而，如果高压电压小于接触电压值，则经过放电电路的放电电流变得最小。有利地，提供了一种经改善的用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路。
在本发明的另一设计方案中，放电电路包括负载电阻，作为耗电器。
为了迅速消耗高压中间电路的电能，该放电电路包括耗电器。该耗电器例如可以是负载电阻而且为了迅速放电而尤其是低欧姆负载电阻。有利地，提供了放电电路的耗电器的一种可能性。
本发明还涉及一种驱动支路，该驱动支路具有放电电路而且尤其是具有功率电子装置和/或高压电池组和/或电驱动装置。
这种驱动支路例如用于驱动电动车辆。借助于该方法和该设备，能够实现驱动支路的安全的运行，尤其是能够实现驱动支路的高压中间电路的安全的放电。
本发明还涉及一种具有所描述的设备的车辆。因此，有利地提供了一种包括如下设备的车辆，借助于该设备来实现高压中间电路的高效的放电。
本发明还包括一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的方法。高压中间电路包括在其上施加有高压电压的中间电路电容器。还规定了一种放电电路。该方法包括如下步骤：确定高压电压；根据所确定的高压电压来调整经过放电电路的放电电流、尤其是可变的放电电流。
提供了一种用于使高压中间电路放电的方法。该高压中间电路包括中间电路电容器，该中间电路电容器例如为了运行电机而在高压侧连接在脉冲逆变器与高压电池组之间，用于对在脉冲逆变器运行时形成的电流和电压峰值进行平滑。高压电压施加在中间电路电容器上。该放电电路与中间电路电容器并联，使得高压电压也施加在该放电电路的输入连接端上。该方法包括确定高压电压。这例如借助于已知的测量方法或借助于硬件电路来实现。紧接着，根据所确定的高压电压来调整经过该放电电路的放电电流、尤其是可变地调整经过该放电电路的放电电流。有利地，提供了一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的方法。
本发明还涉及一种计算机程序，该计算机程序被设立为实施到目前为止所描述的方法。
本发明还涉及一种机器可读存储介质，在其上存储有所描述的计算机程序。
易于理解的是，按照本发明的设备的特征、特性和优点都相对应地能被应用于或适用于该方法或该驱动支路和该车辆，并且反之亦然。
本发明的实施方式的其它特征和优点从随后参考附图的描述中得到。
附图说明
在下文，本发明应该依据几个附图进一步予以阐述，为此：
图1示出了用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的放电电路的示意图；
图2示出了示意性示出的驱动支路；
图3示出了具有驱动支路的示意性示出的车辆；
图4示出了用于使车辆的高压中间电路放电的方法的示意性示出的流程图；
图5示出了示意性示出的电压、电流、时间图表；
图6示出了用于使高压中间电路放电的放电电路的示意性示出的电路拓扑。
具体实施方式
图1示例性地示出了高压中间电路，该高压中间电路包括中间电路电容器30。高压电压U_H施加在中间电路电容器30上。与中间电路电容器30并联有用于使高压中间电路20放电的放电电路10。为了使高压中间电路20放电，放电电流I_D流经放电电路10。放电电路10被设立为：根据高压电压U_H来调整经过放电电路10的放电电流I_D的数值。
图2示出了电驱动支路100，该电驱动支路具有用于使高压中间电路20放电的放电电路10，该高压中间电路包括中间电路电容器30。放电电路10与中间电路电容器30并联地电连接到高压中间电路20上。电驱动支路100尤其包括电池组80或类似的能量源和/或脉冲逆变器90（该脉冲逆变器在图2中作为B6桥来示出）或者用于电驱动装置和/或电机95的类似的控制单元。尤其是为了给电机95馈电，高压中间电路20尤其是借助于脉冲逆变器90来耦合，该脉冲逆变器将电能从电池组80转移到电机95或者相反地转移。
图3示出了示意性示出的具有驱动支路100的车辆200，为了运行车辆200，该驱动支路被设立为驱动该车辆的至少一个车轮210。该图示示例性地示出了具有四个车轮210的车辆200，其中本发明同样能用在陆地、水上和空中的具有任意数目个车轮的任意的车辆中。
图4示出了用于使车辆的高压中间电路20放电的方法300的示意性流程。该方法开始于步骤310。在步骤320中确定在中间电路电容器30上的高压电压U_H。根据所确定的高压电压U_H，在步骤330中调整经过放电电路10的放电电流I_D。尤其是，一直周期性地重复这些步骤310…330，直至高压电压已经低于预先给定的极限值。尤其是随着高压电压升高，该方法自给自足地开始。该方法以步骤350结束。
图5示出了图表，其中关于时间t（s）绘制了在高压中间电路上的高压电压U_H（V）和经过放电电路10的放电电流I_D（A）。在时间点t_0，高压电压U_H高于下工作电压值U_BU。只要高压电压U_H不低于该下工作电压值U_BU，放电电流I_D就最低，优选地没有放电电流I_D流经放电电路10，因为高压中间电路正常运行。尤其是，由于最低放电，最低的放电电流I_D可流经脉冲逆变器的总归存在的电路部分。尤其是由此，在与高压电池组80的连接断开时，高压电压U_H降低。一旦高压电压U_H低于下工作电压值U_BU，就不存在高压中间电路的正常运行状态。因此，经过放电电路10的放电电流I_D提高而且随着高压电压U_H降低而进一步升高。为此，放电电流I_D流经耗电器，例如流经负载电阻。优选地，放电电路10将放电电流I_D调节为使得高压中间电路20以耗电器的最大功率来放电。例如，该放电过程一直持续，直至高压电压U_H降低到了低于接触电压U_T（例如60伏特）的值。如果高压电压U_H低于接触电压值U_T，则高压中间电路对于生物来说不危险。因而，不强制需要继续放电。相对应地，经过放电电路10的放电电流I_D在时间点t_2之后继续降低而且因此在稍后的时间点t_3重新达到最小值。
图6示出了具有中间电路电容器30的高压中间电路20的放电电路10的简化的电路拓扑。高压电压U_H施加在中间电路电容器30上。由串联的电阻R1和R2构成的分压器形成放电电路10的输入端，所述电阻与中间电路电容器30并联。借助于对电阻R1和R2的参数确定，调整在电阻R1和R2之间的中间抽头上的电压与高压电压U_H的电压比。在电阻R1和R2之间的中间抽头上的电压例如用作例如开关T1的栅极电压，该开关在闭合状态下能够实现从中间电路电容器30的高电位经由作为耗电器的负载电阻R6到中间电路电容器30的低电位的放电电流。在电阻R1和R2之间的中间抽头还用作差分放大器的比较基础，该差分放大器包括电阻R9和两个晶体管T2A和T2B。晶体管T2B的基极与负载电阻和在电阻R1和R2之间的中间抽头连接，使得在对在这些连接线上的电阻（未示出）的适当的参数确定的情况下，使高压电压的百分比与在放电电阻或负载电阻R6上的电压相加。该总和利用差分放大器借助于晶体管T2A和T2B与借助于电阻R2来确定参数的额定值进行比较，并且操控另一晶体管T3，该另一晶体管T3因此对放电电流I_D进行调整。得到高压电压U_H的如下范围：在下工作电压值U_BU之上，在电阻R2上的电压高得使得经过负载电阻R6的电流被调整到0A。在低于下工作电压值U_BU并且高于接触电压U_T的范围内，在负载电阻R6上以及在电阻R2上的电压的总和恒定，也就是说放电电流I_D随着高压电压U_H降低而升高。低于接触电压U_T，经过负载电阻R6的电流由于参数确定而被限制到最大值，而且在高压电压U_H低时由于电路的供电电压降低而重新降低到0A。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路(20)放电的放电电路(10)，
其中所述高压中间电路(20)包括中间电路电容器(30)，高压电压(U_H)施加在该中间电路电容器上；
其中所述放电电路(10)被设立为：根据所述高压电压(U_H)来调整经过所述放电电路(10)的放电电流(I_D)的数值，
其特征在于，
经过所述放电电路(10)的放电电流(I_D)随着所述高压电压(U_H)降低而持续地变得越来越高。
2.根据权利要求1所述的放电电路(10)，
其中如果所述高压电压(U_H)小于下工作电压值(U_BU)，则经过所述放电电路(10)的放电电流(I_D)随着所述高压电压(U_H)降低而变得越来越高。
3.根据权利要求2所述的放电电路(10)，
其中所述放电电流(I_D)借助于所述放电电路(10)来调节。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的放电电路(10)，
其中如果所述高压电压(U_H)小于接触电压值(U_T)，则经过所述放电电路(10)的放电电流(I_D)变得最小。
5.根据上述权利要求中任一项所述的放电电路(10)，
其中所述放电电路(10)包括负载电阻(R6)作为耗电器。
6.一种驱动支路(100)，其具有根据权利要求1至5之一所述的放电电路(10)。
7.一种车辆(200)，所述车辆具有根据权利要求6所述的驱动支路(100)。
8.一种用于使车辆的高压中间电路(20)放电的方法(300)，
其中所述高压中间电路(20)包括中间电路电容器(30)，高压电压(U_H)施加在该中间电路电容器上；
而且设有放电电路(10)，
所述方法具有如下步骤：
确定(320)所述高压电压(U_H)；
根据所确定的高压电压(U_H)来调整(330)经过所述放电电路(10)的放电电流(I_D)，
其特征在于，
经过所述放电电路(10)的放电电流(I_D)随着所述高压电压(U_H)降低而持续地变得越来越高。
9.一种机器可读存储介质，在其上存储有计算机程序，所述计算机程序被设立为实施根据权利要求8所述的方法(300)。
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