CN110839580A - Pond planting and breeding system and breeding method for rice, fish and frog combined culture - Google Patents
Pond planting and breeding system and breeding method for rice, fish and frog combined culture Download PDFInfo
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- CN110839580A CN110839580A CN201911139958.8A CN201911139958A CN110839580A CN 110839580 A CN110839580 A CN 110839580A CN 201911139958 A CN201911139958 A CN 201911139958A CN 110839580 A CN110839580 A CN 110839580A
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- 238000003501 co-culture Methods 0.000 claims description 5
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K63/00—Receptacles for live fish, e.g. aquaria; Terraria
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
- A01D41/00—Combines, i.e. harvesters or mowers combined with threshing devices
- A01D41/12—Details of combines
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01F—PROCESSING OF HARVESTED PRODUCE; HAY OR STRAW PRESSES; DEVICES FOR STORING AGRICULTURAL OR HORTICULTURAL PRODUCE
- A01F12/00—Parts or details of threshing apparatus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01F—PROCESSING OF HARVESTED PRODUCE; HAY OR STRAW PRESSES; DEVICES FOR STORING AGRICULTURAL OR HORTICULTURAL PRODUCE
- A01F12/00—Parts or details of threshing apparatus
- A01F12/18—Threshing devices
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G9/00—Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
- A01G9/02—Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
- A01G9/029—Receptacles for seedlings
- A01G9/0293—Seed or shoot receptacles
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/50—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish
- A01K61/59—Culture of aquatic animals of shellfish of crustaceans, e.g. lobsters or shrimps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K67/00—Rearing or breeding animals, not otherwise provided for; New or modified breeds of animals
- A01K67/02—Breeding vertebrates
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Hydroponics (AREA)
- Farming Of Fish And Shellfish (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a pond planting and breeding system for rice, fish and frog combined culture and a culture method, wherein the system comprises a pond module, a harvesting module and a threshing module which are integrally arranged; the pond module comprises a floating bed integrated block which is arranged in the pond ridge and floats on the water surface; the harvesting module is arranged at the head of the pond and comprises a primary conveyor belt, a secondary conveyor belt and a harvesting belt, wherein one end of the primary conveyor belt extends into the pond; the threshing module comprises a thresher which is connected with a harvesting belt of the harvesting module. The pond planting and breeding system and the breeding method for rice, fish and frog combined culture change the traditional pure pond breeding and rice field planting modes, promote the reutilization of eutrophic bottom mud or pond water collected by pond breeding, and are favorable for the conversion of the eutrophic bottom mud or pond water as a rice field fertilizer; is beneficial to promoting ecological comprehensive efficient planting and breeding, saving cost and improving income; can save the land resources for aquaculture and rice planting, promote the integrated function construction of the aquaculture and the rice planting, and is convenient for adopting automatic mechanical production.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological agriculture, and relates to a pond ecological breeding system and method.
Background
China is a large population country and a large food import country, the cultivated land and the pond area are short, and the functions of ecological environmental protection and land resource saving are also realized by planting rice in the pond and culturing fish in the rice field. Pond culture is generally a intensive culture high-yield pond, a large amount of bait is required, and most of the bait ingested by fish is discharged in the form of excrement. After a period of cultivation, the eutrophication of pond water is serious, which affects the growth of fish and outbreak of diseases, and under the condition, the use of medicines is increased, and the pollution of medicines is caused. When the pond water is discharged outside, a large amount of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution causes organic pollution to natural water. At present, aquatic cash crops are planted by building a floating bed in a pond, certain effects are achieved, however, due to the fact that the yield of the cash crops is limited, marketing is difficult, the traditional high-yield cultivation mode exceeds the floating bed plant processing capacity, in addition, cost is needed for building the floating bed, general culturists are unwilling to place, and negative effects of eutrophic accumulation in cultivation ponds are increasingly large. In addition, the treatment of the culture tail water is an unavoidable problem, and because most of pond culture in China is traditional non-connected ponds, the tail water is difficult to be treated in a centralized manner, and the tail water treatment also needs to occupy larger area, investment and operation and maintenance cost. Under the mode of agricultural production, the environment is polluted, the quality of agricultural products is worried, and the problem is more and more prominent.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved is as follows: in order to overcome the defects of the prior art and overcome the defects of eutrophication of pond water, difficult treatment of tail water of a non-connected pond, low culture efficiency and low product quality in the current pond culture process, the invention provides a pond culture system and a culture method for rice, fish and frog co-culture.
The technical scheme is as follows: the system comprises a pond module, a harvesting module and a threshing module which are integrally arranged; the pond module comprises a floating bed integrated block which is arranged in the pond ridge and floats on the water surface; the harvesting module is arranged at the head of the pond and comprises a primary conveyor belt, a secondary conveyor belt and a harvesting belt, wherein one end of the primary conveyor belt extends into the pond; the threshing module comprises a thresher which is connected with a harvesting belt of the harvesting module.
Preferably, each floating bed integrated block is connected end to end by a chain to form a set of at least one floating bed integrated block and is fixed on the pool ridge; the total area of the floating bed integrated blocks accounts for 40-55% of the water surface.
Preferably, the floating bed integrated block is uniformly provided with at least one planting hole, the planting hole comprises a circular upper end of the planting hole and a long and narrow square lower end of the planting hole, and the ratio of the diameter of the circular upper end of the planting hole to the width and the length of the long and narrow square lower end of the planting hole is 25-40:1-2: 40-100.
Preferably, the primary conveyor belt and the secondary conveyor belt of the harvesting module are detachably connected, the secondary conveyor belt penetrates through the inner part of the harvesting belt and extends to the rear part of the harvesting module, and a root removing rotating wheel is connected behind the secondary conveyor belt; harvesting teeth are arranged in the harvesting belt; the harvesting module is externally connected with a motor and a transmission A.
Preferably, the root removing rotating wheel comprises a cutting steel wire, two ends of the cutting steel wire are fixed on the fixing surface, and the inner part of the cutting steel wire is fixed through a fixing ring.
Preferably, the thresher comprises an arc-shaped blade rotating wheel and a straw separator, the straw separator comprises a chain belt and a fixed stop lever arranged on the chain belt, the arc-shaped blade rotating wheel is fixed at one end of the chain belt through a power output shaft, and the power output shaft is connected with a transmission B; the other end of the chain belt is provided with a discharge hole, and a collecting hole is arranged below the chain belt.
Preferably, the fixed stop lever is provided with a curved ruler lever, the curved ruler lever consists of a ram and a deflector rod, and the ram is longer than the deflector rod.
The breeding method of the pond breeding system for rice, fish and frog co-culture comprises the following steps:
step 1, placing the floating bed integrated blocks in a greenhouse, placing the floating bed integrated blocks in layers, filling dried bottom mud in a pond into planting holes, then putting rice seeds, growing seedlings by a dry method, and regularly spraying water mist; after the seedlings grow out, connecting the floating bed integrated blocks end to end by using a chain, and fixing the floating bed integrated blocks in rows in the pond;
4, conveying the cut rice plants to a thresher through a harvesting belt, and conveying the floating bed integrated blocks to a root removing rotating wheel along with a secondary conveying belt;
and 5, separating rice grains and rice straws after rice plants are flapped by the arc-shaped blade rotating wheel in the threshing machine and dropping the rice grains and the rice straws to the herbivore separator, driving the deflector rod to intermittently impact the fixed baffle rod along with the rotation of the chain-shaped belt, repeatedly picking the rice straws on the chain-shaped belt by the cantilever rod, collecting the rice grains by the collecting port, and conveying the rice straws out of the discharging port.
Has the advantages that: (1) the pond planting and breeding system and the breeding method for rice, fish and frog combined culture change the traditional pure pond breeding and rice field planting modes, promote the reutilization of eutrophic bottom mud or pond water collected by pond breeding, and are favorable for the conversion of the eutrophic bottom mud or pond water as a rice field fertilizer; (2) the system and the method are beneficial to promoting ecological comprehensive efficient planting and breeding, saving cost and improving income; (3) the system and the method can save land resources for aquaculture and rice planting, promote the integration function construction of the aquaculture and the rice planting, and are convenient for automatic mechanical production.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of the floating bed integrated block of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the structure of the planting hole of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic structural view of the floating bed harvester of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of the configuration of the harvesting belt of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of the construction of the de-rooting rotor according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view of the thresher of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic view of the construction of the grass separator of the present invention;
the device comprises a floating bed manifold block 1, a water surface 2, a pool ridge 3, planting holes 4, planting hole round upper ends 5, planting hole long and narrow square lower ends 6, a primary conveyor belt 7, a secondary conveyor belt 8, a harvesting belt 9, a root removing rotating wheel 10, a motor 11, a transmission A12, a threshing machine 13, harvesting teeth 14, cutting steel wires 15, fixing rings 16, fixing surfaces 17, fixing stop levers 18, chain belts 19, discharge ports 20, arc-shaped blade rotating wheels 21, power output shafts 22, a transmission B23, collection ports 24, lifting levers 25 and shifting levers 26.
Detailed Description
The following examples further illustrate the present invention but are not to be construed as limiting the invention. Modifications and substitutions to methods, procedures, or conditions of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and substance of the invention. Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art.
Example 1
The system comprises a pond module, a harvesting module and a threshing module which are integrally arranged; the pond module comprises a floating bed integrated block 1 which is arranged in a pond ridge 3 and floats on the water surface 2; the harvesting module is arranged at the head of the pond and comprises a primary conveyor belt 7, a secondary conveyor belt 8 and a harvesting belt 9, wherein one end of the primary conveyor belt 7 extends into the pond; the threshing module comprises a thresher 13 connected to the harvesting belt 9 of the harvesting module.
Each floating bed integrated block 1 is connected end to end by a chain to form a set of at least one floating bed integrated block 1 and is fixed on the pool ridge 3; the total area of the floating bed integrated block 1 occupies 1/2 of the water surface 2.
The floating bed integrated block 1 is uniformly provided with at least one planting hole 4, each planting hole 4 comprises a planting hole circular upper end 5 and a planting hole long and narrow square lower end 6, and the ratio of the diameter of the planting hole circular upper end 5 to the width and the length of the planting hole long and narrow square lower end 6 is 40:1: 40. Wherein the distance between the centers of the planting holes 4 is 200mm, and the distance between the planting holes 4 arranged at the edge and the edge of the floating bed integrated block 1 is 100 mm; the length of each floating bed integrated block 1 is 1200mm, and the thickness is 80 mm.
The primary conveyor belt 7 and the secondary conveyor belt 8 of the harvesting module are detachably connected, the secondary conveyor belt 8 penetrates through the interior of the harvesting belt 9 and extends to the rear of the harvesting module, and a root removing rotating wheel 10 is connected behind the secondary conveyor belt; a harvesting tooth 14 is arranged in the harvesting belt 9; the harvesting module is externally connected with a motor 11 and a transmission A12.
The root removing wheel 10 comprises a cutting steel wire 15, two ends of which are fixed on a fixing surface 17, and the interior of the cutting steel wire 15 is fixed through a fixing ring 16.
The thresher 13 comprises an arc-shaped blade rotating wheel 21 and a herbivore separator, the herbivore separator comprises a chain belt 19 and a fixed stop lever 18 arranged on the chain belt 19, the arc-shaped blade rotating wheel 21 is fixed at one end of the chain belt 19 through a power output shaft 22, and the power output shaft 22 is connected with a transmission B23; the other end of the chain belt 19 is provided with a discharge port 20, and a collection port 24 is arranged below the chain belt.
The fixed stop lever 18 is provided with a curved ruler lever, the curved ruler lever consists of a ram 25 and a deflector rod 26, and the ram 25 is longer than the deflector rod 26.
Example 2
The system of example 1 is applied to pond culture of rice, fish and frog, and comprises the following specific steps:
the floating bed integrated block 1 is placed in a greenhouse and placed in layers, a small amount of pond sun-dried bottom mud is filled in planting holes 4, 5 rice seeds are put in each hole, seedling is grown by a dry method, water mist is regularly sprayed, the planting blocks are connected end to end after seedlings grow out, rows of the planting blocks are fixed in the pond, the distance between the two rows is the width of the floating bed integrated block, and the area of the floating bed is about one half of the pond water area.
1500 tails/mu of bream fries (first-instar fish seeds), 5000 tails/mu of freshwater shrimps and 100 frogs/mu are put in the pond after the floating bed is moved into the pond. During the culture period, the fishes and shrimps are normally managed and fed, and the frogs are not fed.
After 5 months of cultivation and growth, rice is harvested, the floating bed harvester harvests at the head of a pond, one end of the primary conveyor belt 7 is arranged in the pond, a harvester motor 11 is started, the floating bed integrated block 1 passes through the primary conveyor belt 7 to the secondary conveyor belt 8 to the harvesting belt 9, and the cutting effect of the harvesting teeth 14 is completed along with the rotation of the secondary conveyor belt 8. The harvested rice plants are transported to the thresher 13 through the harvesting belt 9. The harvested floating bed integrated block 1 is subjected to root removal by the root removal rotating wheel 10 to remove roots at the long, narrow and square lower end 6 of the planting hole, rice stubbles fall off through the round upper end 5 of the planting hole, and the floating bed integrated block 1 is recycled. Rice plants fall from the upper end of the harvester, and rice grains and rice straws are separated and then fall on the straw-seed separator through flapping of the two groups of arc-shaped blade rotating wheels 21, and along with the rotation of the chain-shaped belt 19, the shifting rod 26 is driven to intermittently impact the fixed stop lever 18, so that the picking rod repeatedly picks the rice straws on the chain-shaped belt, and the rice grains fall from the chain-shaped belt 19 and are collected from the collection port 24 on the inclined plane. The straw is then carried out through the discharge opening 20 at the other end.
After one year of cultivation and rice growth, no disease cutting occurs in the period, no medicine is used and no fertilizer is applied, and water passes through a detection pond and meets the discharge standard of cultivation water. The average yield of rice is 500 jin/mu, the yield of bream seedlings is 1600 jin/mu, the yield of freshwater shrimps is 50 jin/mu, and the yield of frogs is 15 jin/mu.
Claims (8)
1. The pond planting and breeding system for rice, fish and frog is characterized by comprising a pond module, a harvesting module and a threshing module which are integrally arranged; the pond module comprises a floating bed integrated block (1) which is arranged in a pond ridge (3) and floats on the water surface (2); the harvesting module is arranged at the head of the pond and comprises a primary conveyor belt (7), a secondary conveyor belt (8) and a harvesting belt (9), wherein one end of the primary conveyor belt (7) extends into the pond; the threshing module comprises a thresher (13) which is connected with a harvesting belt (9) of the harvesting module.
2. The pond planting and breeding system for rice, fish and frog co-culture according to claim 1, wherein each floating bed integrated block (1) is connected end to end by a chain to form a set of at least one floating bed integrated block (1) and is fixed on the pond ridge (3); the total area of the floating bed integrated block (1) accounts for 40-55% of the water surface (2).
3. The rice-fish-frog co-culture pond planting system is characterized in that at least one planting hole (4) is uniformly formed in the floating bed integrated block (1), the planting hole (4) comprises a planting hole circular upper end (5) and a planting hole long and narrow square lower end (6), and the ratio of the diameter of the planting hole circular upper end (5) to the width and the length of the planting hole long and narrow square lower end (6) is 25-40:1-2: 40-100.
4. The pond planting and breeding system for rice, fish and frog co-operation is characterized in that a primary conveyor belt (7) and a secondary conveyor belt (8) of the harvesting module are detachably connected, the secondary conveyor belt (8) penetrates through the interior of the harvesting belt (9) to extend to the rear of the harvesting module, and a root removing rotating wheel (10) is connected behind the secondary conveyor belt; harvesting teeth (14) are arranged in the harvesting belt (9); the harvesting module is externally connected with a motor (11) and a transmission A (12).
5. The pond planting system combining rice, fish and frog as claimed in claim 4, wherein the root removing wheel (10) comprises a cutting steel wire (15) fixed on a fixing surface (17) at two ends, and the inside of the cutting steel wire (15) is fixed by a fixing ring (16).
6. The pond planting and breeding system for rice, fish and frogs as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thresher (13) comprises an arc-shaped blade rotating wheel (21) and a herbivore separator, the herbivore separator comprises a chain belt (19) and a fixed stop lever (18) arranged on the chain belt (19), the arc-shaped blade rotating wheel (21) is fixed at one end of the chain belt (19) through a power output shaft (22), and the power output shaft (22) is connected with a transmission B (23); the other end of the chain belt (19) is provided with a discharge hole (20), and a collecting hole (24) is arranged below the chain belt.
7. The pond planting and breeding system for rice, fish and frog combination according to claim 6, characterized in that a curved ruler rod is arranged on the fixed stop lever (18), the curved ruler rod is composed of a cantilever (25) and a deflector rod (26), and the cantilever (25) is longer than the deflector rod (26).
8. The method for cultivating the rice-fish-frog co-culture pond culture system, which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, placing the floating bed integrated block (1) in a greenhouse, placing the floating bed integrated block in layers, filling dried bottom mud in a pond in a planting hole (4), then throwing rice seeds, growing seedlings by a dry method, and spraying water mist regularly; after the seedlings grow out, the floating bed integrated blocks (1) are connected end to end by adopting a chain and are fixed in the pond in rows;
step 2, putting the fish fries, the shrimp fries and the frogs into the pond, feeding fish and shrimp feeds, and arranging micropore oxygenation equipment in the pond;
step 3, after 5 months of culture and growth, starting the motor (11), enabling the floating bed integrated block (1) to sequentially pass through the primary conveyor belt (7) and the secondary conveyor belt (8) to reach the harvesting belt (9), and driving the cutting action of the harvesting teeth (14) along with the transmission of the secondary conveyor belt (8);
4, conveying the cut rice plants to a thresher (13) through a harvesting belt (9), and conveying the floating bed integrated blocks (1) to a root removing rotating wheel (10) along with a secondary conveying belt (8);
and 5, separating rice grains and rice straws after rice plants are flapped by an arc-shaped blade rotating wheel (21) in the thresher (13) and dropping the rice grains and the rice straws to a herbivore separator, driving a shifting lever (26) to intermittently impact a fixed stop lever (18) along with the rotation of a chain-shaped belt (19), repeatedly shifting the rice straws on the chain-shaped belt (19) by a lifting lever (25), collecting the rice grains by a collecting port (24), and conveying the rice straws out of a discharging port (20).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201911139958.8A CN110839580B (en) | 2019-11-20 | 2019-11-20 | Pond planting and breeding system and method for rice, fish and frog co-cropping |
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| CN201911139958.8A CN110839580B (en) | 2019-11-20 | 2019-11-20 | Pond planting and breeding system and method for rice, fish and frog co-cropping |
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| CN110839580B CN110839580B (en) | 2023-10-27 |
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Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111226844A (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-06-05 | 天津海太科技有限公司 | Bucket-wheel rotating-net horizontal floating type net cage and application and catching and lifting tool thereof |
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| CN115971060A (en) * | 2023-02-14 | 2023-04-18 | 中化地质矿山总局山东地质勘查院 | Heavy metal pollution bed mud multiple particle size divides screening equipment |
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| CN111226844A (en) * | 2020-03-31 | 2020-06-05 | 天津海太科技有限公司 | Bucket-wheel rotating-net horizontal floating type net cage and application and catching and lifting tool thereof |
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