CN110771620A - Application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura - Google Patents
Application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura Download PDFInfo
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- CN110771620A CN110771620A CN201911065812.3A CN201911065812A CN110771620A CN 110771620 A CN110771620 A CN 110771620A CN 201911065812 A CN201911065812 A CN 201911065812A CN 110771620 A CN110771620 A CN 110771620A
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- coronatine
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- prodenia litura
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- FMGBNISRFNDECK-CZSBRECXSA-N Coronatine Chemical compound CC[C@H]1C[C@]1(C(O)=O)NC(=O)C1=C[C@H](CC)C[C@@H]2C(=O)CC[C@H]12 FMGBNISRFNDECK-CZSBRECXSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- FMGBNISRFNDECK-UHFFFAOYSA-N coronatine Natural products CCC1CC1(C(O)=O)NC(=O)C1=CC(CC)CC2C(=O)CCC12 FMGBNISRFNDECK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 241000985245 Spodoptera litura Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 244000046738 asparagus lettuce Species 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000006705 asparagus lettuce Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 241000208822 Lactuca Species 0.000 claims description 15
- 235000003228 Lactuca sativa Nutrition 0.000 claims description 15
- 240000008067 Cucumis sativus Species 0.000 claims description 14
- 235000010799 Cucumis sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000411 inducer Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 244000299507 Gossypium hirsutum Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 244000061176 Nicotiana tabacum Species 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000002637 Nicotiana tabacum Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010149 Brassica rapa subsp chinensis Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 244000221633 Brassica rapa subsp chinensis Species 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003090 pesticide formulation Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 abstract description 5
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 abstract description 3
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 11
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000009036 growth inhibition Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 5
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 5
- FBUKMFOXMZRGRB-YFHOEESVSA-N 9(10)-EpOME Chemical compound CCCCC\C=C/CC1OC1CCCCCCCC(O)=O FBUKMFOXMZRGRB-YFHOEESVSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011081 inoculation Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 4
- FBUKMFOXMZRGRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Coronaric acid Natural products CCCCCC=CCC1OC1CCCCCCCC(O)=O FBUKMFOXMZRGRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
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- 235000005824 Zea mays ssp. parviglumis Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
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- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000017060 Arachis glabrata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000105624 Arachis hypogaea Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241000239290 Araneae Species 0.000 description 1
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- 241000255749 Coccinellidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000005906 Imidacloprid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000255777 Lepidoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000008790 Musa x paradisiaca Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229930012538 Paclitaxel Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 241000256248 Spodoptera Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001464837 Viridiplantae Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004665 defense response Effects 0.000 description 1
- OEBRKCOSUFCWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorvos Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC=C(Cl)Cl OEBRKCOSUFCWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950001327 dichlorvos Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005712 elicitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002615 epidermis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003935 flavonoid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002215 flavonoids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000017173 flavonoids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012631 food intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 244000038280 herbivores Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000015784 hyperosmotic salinity response Effects 0.000 description 1
- YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidacloprid Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)\N=C1/NCCN1CC1=CC=C(Cl)N=C1 YWTYJOPNNQFBPC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940056881 imidacloprid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960001592 paclitaxel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000020232 peanut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930000223 plant secondary metabolite Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007226 seed germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- RCINICONZNJXQF-MZXODVADSA-N taxol Chemical compound O([C@@H]1[C@@]2(C[C@@H](C(C)=C(C2(C)C)[C@H](C([C@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]3OC[C@]3([C@H]21)OC(C)=O)=O)OC(=O)C)OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)C=1C=CC=CC=1)C=1C=CC=CC=1)O)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 RCINICONZNJXQF-MZXODVADSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N53/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing cyclopropane carboxylic acids or derivatives thereof
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
- Plant Pathology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura, and belongs to the technical field of green prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests. The invention aims to provide a new application of coronatine, namely an application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura. The coronatine can induce crop seedling defense, so that the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae inhabiting on crops are inhibited or delayed, the dosage is small, the effect is good, the environmental pollution is small, and a new choice is provided for green prevention and control of spodoptera litura.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura, and belongs to the technical field of green prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests.
Background
The green prevention and control of crop diseases and insect pests is an effective way for promoting the safe production of crops, reducing the use amount of chemical pesticides, adopting environment-friendly measures such as ecological control, biological control, physical control and scientific medication to control the effective behavior of pests, implementing the green prevention and control is a major measure for implementing public plant protection and green plant protection, developing modern agriculture, constructing 'resource saving and environment-friendly' two types of agriculture, and promoting the safety of agricultural production, the quality safety of agricultural products, the agricultural ecological safety and the agricultural trade safety.
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is a species of Spodoptera of Lepidoptera, Spodoptera litura, is a crop pest, is brown, has many patches on the front wing, and is named because of the gray and wide twill. The prodenia litura is mainly harmed by larvae, the larvae are edible and are mixed, the food consumption is large, the larvae which are hatched just before are harmed by leaf backs, the leafy flesh is eaten, and only the epidermis is left; after 3-year larvae, the leaves are incised, incomplete and even completely eaten, and the silkworms eat buds to cause defects and easily burst into disasters. At present, the method for preventing and controlling prodenia litura comprises the steps of preventing and controlling by using medicaments, such as spraying imidacloprid, dichlorvos and the like before 3 instars of larvae; trapping and killing adults or utilizing natural enemies of adults such as ladybug and spider for catching and killing.
Coronatine (COR) is a novel plant growth regulating substance formed by coupling a coronaric acid (CMA) containing an amino acid and coronaric acid (CFA) having a polyketone structure by an amide bond. The compound can effectively promote the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites, improve the stress resistance of plants, such as drought resistance of corn, peanut, banana and winter wheat during overwintering, cold resistance of wheat and cucumber, salt tolerance of cotton and the like, increase the yield of taxol, soybean flavonoid and the like, improve tobacco quality, have a paddy field weed control effect, and can soak seeds to cultivate strong rice seedlings and promote corn seed germination and the like by using low-concentration coronatine.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a new application of coronatine, namely an application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura.
Preferably, the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
Preferably, the coronatine is sprayed on the foliage of crops.
Preferably, the spraying concentration of the coronatine is 0.001-1 ppm.
The second technical problem solved by the invention is to provide another new application of coronatine, namely the application of coronatine in preparing resistance inducer.
The coronatine can be applied to the preparation of resistance inducer, and the resistance inducer can induce the defense of crop seedlings, thereby inhibiting the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae inhabiting the crops.
Preferably, the resistance inducer also comprises a carrier acceptable in pesticide formulation processing.
Preferably, the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
The invention also provides a method for preventing and controlling the prodenia litura of crops.
According to the method for preventing and treating the spodoptera litura of the crops, the coronatine aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.001-1ppm is sprayed on the leaf surfaces of the crops when the seedlings of the crops are planted.
Preferably, the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the method utilizes coronatine to delay the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae, has the advantages of low consumption, good effect and low environmental pollution, and provides a new choice for green prevention and control of spodoptera litura.
Detailed Description
The invention relates to a new application of coronatine, in particular to an application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura.
Researches show that the coronatine can induce crop seedling defense, so that the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae inhabiting the crops are inhibited.
Plant-induced defenses can alter the behavior of herbivores and their natural enemies, and application of exogenous compounds (elicitors) can induce plants to produce this defense response. The inventor finds that the application of coronatine on crops can induce the crop seedlings to generate defense reaction, so that the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae on the crops are slow, and the aim of preventing and treating the spodoptera litura is fulfilled.
Preferably, the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
Preferably, the coronatine is sprayed on the leaf surfaces of crops, can induce crop defense and inhibit the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae.
Preferably, the spraying concentration of the coronatine is 0.001-1 ppm.
The method for applying coronatine of the present invention can adopt the conventional application method of pesticides in the field, for example, spraying coronatine solution to the leaf surface of crops, and the leaf surface is fully moistened without dripping water.
The invention provides another new application of coronatine, namely the application of coronatine in preparing an inducer.
The coronatine can be applied to the preparation of resistance inducer, and the resistance inducer can induce the defense of crop seedlings, thereby inhibiting the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae inhabiting the crops.
Preferably, the resistance inducer also comprises a carrier acceptable in pesticide formulation processing.
The resistance inducer can be prepared into various common dosage forms according to the conventional production method in the field of pesticide formulation processing. For example, coronatine is mixed with one or more carriers, and prepared into aqueous solution, powder, granules and other dosage forms as required.
The carriers acceptable in the processing of pesticide dosage forms refer to carriers acceptable in the field when the pesticide dosage forms are prepared, and the carriers can be configured with coronatine to be conveniently applied to sites to be treated, or can be added into the carriers to be conveniently stored, transported or operated. The carrier may be a pesticide carrier conventional in the field of pesticide formulation processing, for example, a dispersant, wetting agent, binder, emulsifier, and the like.
Preferably, the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
The invention also provides a method for preventing and controlling the prodenia litura of crops.
According to the method for preventing and treating the spodoptera litura of the crops, the coronatine aqueous solution with the concentration of 0.001-1ppm is sprayed on the leaf surfaces of the crops when the seedlings of the crops are planted.
Preferably, the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
The following examples are provided to further illustrate the embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
1. Material preparation
Test subjects: little cabbage (Shanghai green)
And (3) sowing the Shanghai green into a seedling raising pot after germination acceleration, uniformly managing water and fertilizer, transplanting the Shanghai green into the seedling raising pot when the Shanghai green grows to 7-8 leaves, and recovering the Shanghai green for testing.
2. Method of administering a drug
Selecting young seedlings with similar growth vigor, dividing into 5 groups (4 medicament groups and 1 control group), spraying coronatine (sprayed to the leaf surface and completely wet, the liquid medicine does not drip down to certain degree) on 20 young seedlings in each group, and spraying equivalent clear water on the control group. After 24h, 1 prodenia litura larva of 1 year is inoculated to each seedling, and the weight of the seedling is recorded.
3. Investigation method
After 10 days of inoculation, the larvae were picked out and investigated, and the growth of the larvae was recorded, and the results are shown in Table 1. The body weights in table 1 are mean body weights.
Growth of spodoptera litura after 110 days in Table
Note: the inhibition rate of the larva growth is [ (weight gain of the larva in the clear water control group-weight gain of the larva in the medicament group)/weight gain of the larva in the clear water control group ]. times.100%
As can be seen from the table 1, spraying coronatine with different concentrations can induce the defense of the Shanghai green seedlings, so that the normal growth of the spodoptera litura larvae is inhibited, the concentration of coronatine is from 0.001 to 1ppm, the growth inhibition effect on the spodoptera litura larvae is gradually enhanced, the effect that the concentration of coronatine is 1ppm is the best, and the growth inhibition rate on the larvae is increased by 1.8 times compared with 0.1 ppm.
Example 2
1. Material preparation
Test subjects: lettuce (glass lettuce)
And (3) sowing the lettuce seeds into a greenhouse field, transplanting the lettuce seeds into a seedling raising pot when 4-5 leaves grow, and performing a test after recovery.
2. Method of administering a drug
Selecting lettuce seedlings with similar growth vigor, dividing into 5 groups (4 medicament groups and 1 control group), spraying coronatine on 20 seedlings in each group, and spraying equivalent clear water on the control group. After 24h, 1 prodenia litura larva of 1 year is inoculated to each seedling, and the weight of the seedling is recorded.
3. Investigation method
After 10 days of inoculation, the larvae were picked out and investigated, and the growth of the larvae was recorded, and the results are shown in Table 2. The body weights in table 2 are mean body weights.
Table 210 days later Prodenia litura larva growth
As can be seen from Table 2, spraying coronatine with different concentrations can induce the defense of lettuce seedlings, so as to inhibit the normal growth of spodoptera litura larvae, the concentration of coronatine is from 0.001 to 1ppm, the growth inhibition effect on the spodoptera litura larvae is gradually enhanced, and the effect of 1ppm of coronatine is the best.
Example 3
1. Material preparation
Test subjects: asparagus lettuce (Baisheng No. 2)
Sowing the asparagus lettuce seeds into a greenhouse, transplanting the asparagus lettuce seeds into a seedling pot when 5-6 leaves grow, and performing test after recovery.
2. Method of administering a drug
The method comprises the steps of selecting asparagus lettuce seedlings with similar growth vigor, dividing the asparagus lettuce seedlings into 5 groups (4 agent groups and 1 control group), spraying coronatine to 20 seedlings in each group, and spraying equivalent clear water to the control groups. After 24h, 1 prodenia litura larva of 1 year is inoculated to each seedling, and the weight of the seedling is recorded.
3. Investigation method
After 10 days of inoculation, the larvae were picked out and investigated, and the growth of the larvae was recorded, and the results are shown in Table 3. The body weights in table 3 are mean body weights.
Growth of spodoptera litura after 310 days in Table
As can be seen from Table 3, spraying coronatine with different concentrations can induce defense of asparagus lettuce seedlings, so that normal growth of spodoptera litura larvae is inhibited, the concentration of coronatine is from 0.001 ppm to 1ppm, the growth inhibition effect on the spodoptera litura larvae is gradually enhanced, and the effect of the coronatine with the concentration of 1ppm on the growth inhibition rate of the larvae is 66.31% is the best.
Example 4
1. Material preparation
Test subjects: cucumber (Nanshui No. 2)
And sowing the asparagus lettuce seeds into a greenhouse, transplanting the asparagus lettuce seeds into a seedling pot when 4 true leaves grow out, and recovering for testing.
2. Method of administering a drug
Selecting cucumber seedlings with similar growth vigor, dividing the cucumber seedlings into 5 groups (4 medicament groups and 1 control group), spraying coronatine on 20 seedlings in each group, and spraying equivalent clear water on the control group. After 24h, 1 prodenia litura larva of 1 year is inoculated to each seedling, and the weight of the seedling is recorded.
3. Investigation method
After 10 days of inoculation, the larvae were picked out and investigated, and the growth of the larvae was recorded, and the results are shown in Table 4. The body weights in table 4 are mean body weights.
Table 410 after the growth of spodoptera litura larvae
As can be seen from Table 4, spraying coronatine with different concentrations can induce cucumber seedling defense, so that the normal growth of spodoptera litura larvae is inhibited, the concentration of coronatine is from 0.001 ppm to 1ppm, the growth inhibition effect on the spodoptera litura larvae is gradually enhanced, the effect that the concentration of coronatine is 1ppm is the best, and the growth inhibition rate of the larvae reaches 70.07%.
Claims (9)
1. Application of coronatine in inducing crop seedling to defend prodenia litura.
2. Use of coronatine according to claim 1 for inducing crop seedlings to defend against prodenia litura, characterized in that: the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
3. Use of coronatine according to claim 1 for inducing crop seedlings to defend against prodenia litura, characterized in that: spraying coronatine on the leaf surface of crops.
4. Use of coronatine according to claim 3 for inducing crop seedlings to defend against prodenia litura, characterized in that: the spraying concentration of coronatine is 0.001-1 ppm.
5. The application of coronatine in preparing an inducer is characterized in that: the resistance inducer can induce crop seedling defense, so as to inhibit the growth and development of spodoptera litura larvae inhabiting the crops.
6. Use of coronatine according to claim 5 for the preparation of a decoy agent characterized in that: the resistance inducer also comprises a carrier acceptable in pesticide formulation processing.
7. Use of coronatine according to claim 5 or 6 for the preparation of a decoy agent characterized in that: the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
8. A method for preventing and controlling crop prodenia litura is characterized by comprising the following steps: when the seedlings of the crops are planted, 0.001-1ppm coronatine aqueous solution is sprayed on the leaf surfaces of the crops.
9. The method for controlling crop prodenia litura according to claim 8, wherein: the crops are pakchoi, cucumber, lettuce, asparagus lettuce, cotton or tobacco.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201911065812.3A CN110771620A (en) | 2019-11-04 | 2019-11-04 | Application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201911065812.3A CN110771620A (en) | 2019-11-04 | 2019-11-04 | Application of coronatine in inducing crop seedlings to defend prodenia litura |
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2019
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|---|---|---|---|---|
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