CN110608079B - 内燃机的排气系统 - Google Patents

内燃机的排气系统 Download PDF

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CN110608079B
CN110608079B CN201910506299.0A CN201910506299A CN110608079B CN 110608079 B CN110608079 B CN 110608079B CN 201910506299 A CN201910506299 A CN 201910506299A CN 110608079 B CN110608079 B CN 110608079B
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ash
particle filter
exhaust system
exhaust
carrier element
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CN110608079A (zh
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M·韦塞尔斯
I·德维尔德
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Dr Ing HCF Porsche AG
Illinois Tool Works Inc
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Illinois Tool Works Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
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    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0232—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles removing incombustible material from a particle filter, e.g. ash
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/24—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by constructional aspects of converting apparatus
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    • F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
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    • B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种内燃机的排气系统(1)，在第一次加热该排气系统(1)之前的状态下，该排气系统具有颗粒过滤器(2)和在该颗粒过滤器(2)上游的排气管线(3)。在这样的排气系统中提出，在该颗粒过滤器(2)上在朝向该排气管线(3)的一侧施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件(11)，或者该排气系统(1)还具有布置在该颗粒过滤器(2)上游的催化器(4)，其中在该催化器(4)上施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件(11)。一种这样的排气系统可以实现在其简单的结构设计下将灰烬层施加到颗粒过滤器上，尤其作为滤饼施加到颗粒过滤器的通道壁表面上。

Description

内燃机的排气系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在第一次加热排气系统之前的状态下的、内燃机的排气系统，该排气系统具有颗粒过滤器和在该颗粒过滤器上游的排气管线。
背景技术
这样的排气系统对于在实践中所使用的车辆是众所周知的。排气系统一般附加地具有用于处理排气的催化器，该催化器布置在颗粒过滤器的上游或下游。
针对油耗降低及同时更为严格的颗粒限值(质量和数量)的现行法定要求越来越体现为对内燃机研制的挑战。在所要求的边界条件下遵守未来的颗粒限值将会构成未来对降低油耗的阻碍。这导致未来几乎所有内燃机都必须配备颗粒过滤器，这就像目前已在柴油发动机中所做的那样。
由燃烧产生的碳黑沉积在颗粒过滤器中，并通过针对性地使过滤器再生再次被转化为气态成分。此外，在过滤器中永久地保留了源自于发动机油和/或油添加剂的灰烬成分。目前，过滤器的碳黑负荷是借助背压测量并冗余地通过计算模型来获取的。依据碳黑填充程度来启动用于使碳黑再生的积极措施。但背压测量(Δp＝f(碳黑负荷))具有明显的滞后性，因此无法得到颗粒过滤器的碳黑加载量与背压之间的清晰的对应关系。基于计算模型的再生因为显著的燃料影响而大多情况下明显过早，尤其因为在这些燃料之间颗粒数量/颗粒质量可能变化了因数5。目标必然是减小背压的滞后性，以获得用于使颗粒过滤器再生的清晰的调节变量。同时，在没有滞后行为的情况下也可以确保更稳定的部件保护，因为借助背压测量可以更好地获取具备特定高的负荷的边界区。
当前的颗粒过滤器具有两种过滤功能：一方面是深层过滤；以及另一方面是表面过滤。因此，碳黑积存在第一阶段中引起压力升高较多的深层过滤、而在第二阶段中引起压力升高较少的表面过滤。
在深层过滤时，颗粒被沉积在颗粒过滤器壁内。在表面过滤时，过滤发生在过滤器的表面。随着运行时间推移，颗粒过滤器越来越多地从深层过滤器转为表面过滤器。深层过滤与大的压力升高相关联，因为在此情况下排气的渗透性受到特别不利的影响。如果壁中的孔在很大程度上被碳黑占据，则碳黑随后尤其沉积在该壁上。这种表面过滤引起低于深层过滤时的缓和的压力升高。如果使碳黑在过滤器内再生，则压力以具有滞后行为的方式减小，也就是说，在第一阶段中具有大的压力降低，随后是缓和的压力降低。
不同于碳黑，灰烬总是在颗粒过滤器中沉积在壁上而不是壁中。由此，原理上且不可逆地阻止对碳黑的深层过滤，从而使得碳黑不能穿过灰烬层。对于伴随碳黑积存增多的压力升高而言，这意味着在整个范围内出现无滞后性的线性关联。通过背压测量确定碳黑负荷的品质由此得以显著改善，由此可以更有针对性地以及更油耗优化地控制碳黑再生的策略。
为了解决上述问题，必须有针对性地在崭新状态下在颗粒过滤器的通道壁表面上施加灰烬层作为滤饼。
由WO 2014/183998 A1已知一种用于确定奥托发动机中的颗粒过滤器的碳黑负荷的方法。对所引入的碳黑负荷的确定包括考虑标准化行驶周期的与碳黑相关的事件的预定的碳黑比例。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，改进一种开篇所述类型的排气系统，使得在其简单的结构设计下可以将灰烬层施加到颗粒过滤器上，尤其作为滤饼施加到颗粒过滤器的通道壁表面上。
该目的通过一种具有权利要求1所述特征的排气系统实现。
因此，在该排气系统中提出：或者在该颗粒过滤器上在其朝向排气管线的一侧施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件，或者是排气系统还具有布置在该颗粒过滤器上游的催化器，其中在该催化器上施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件。
如果具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件被施加到颗粒过滤器或催化器上，则在第一次加热排气系统时进行载体元件的燃烧，伴随形成灰烬的组分或灰烬被释放并沉积到颗粒过滤器上。在此，该载体元件可以考虑采用在排气系统中存在的边界条件下能够烧掉的任何材料。唯一的边界条件是：该载体元件必须具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬，并且这些形成灰烬的组分或灰烬在加热排气系统时被释放且被排气流携带至颗粒过滤器。在这里，所述位置只需被选为在颗粒过滤器之前。
特别有利的是，载体元件直接在颗粒过滤器上安置到该颗粒过滤器的朝向排气管线的一侧。因而，形成灰烬的组分或灰烬可以在其释放时仅作用于颗粒过滤器并且对此不涉及其他的发动机构件。还有利的是，颗粒过滤器在排气系统初次完全烧热之后达到其完全过滤率。
尤其提供由纸、纸板或塑料构成的载体元件，该载体元件具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬。这些材特别好地适用于容纳形成灰烬的组分或灰烬。
形成灰烬的组分或者说在颗粒过滤器上所施加的灰烬层尤其由以下元素组成，这些元素在随后运行中无法通过氧化或者通常的分离再次被去除。此外要确保，该灰烬层只被置于壁上而未进入壁中。这些元素例如在涉及形成灰烬的组分的情况下是Ca、Mg、P和Zn，在涉及灰烬的情况下是MgO、Al2O3。
形成灰烬的组分或灰烬优选地是粉末状的。
如果排气系统具有过滤器，尤其提出的是：该载体元件在该催化器朝向该颗粒过滤器的一侧或在该催化器背离该颗粒过滤器的一侧被施加到该催化器上。在颗粒过滤器的上游进行的所述优选布置中的每一种布置中确保了，形成灰烬的组分或灰烬被释放并沉积到颗粒过滤器上。
如果将载体元件粘接到该颗粒过滤器或该催化器上，则可以实现特别简单地将该载体元件布置在颗粒过滤器或催化器上。
载体元件尤其被设计为呈晶片形式的圆盘。这样的载体盘可以特别简单地与颗粒过滤器的流入区域中的环形凸缘或催化器的流入区域或流出区域中的环形凸缘连接，尤其被粘接到那里。
该内燃机尤其是奥托发动机或柴油发动机。因此使用奥托颗粒过滤器或柴油颗粒过滤器。
根据本发明的排气系统及其改进方案包含以下各种优点：
-因此可能的是，正好将灰烬施加到颗粒过滤器的表面上。
-灰烬层可以在相对应地给载体元件配备形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的情况下就厚度和组成而言被准确调节。
-有针对地阻止深层过滤并且由此可以在背压/反压(Gegendruck)与积存的碳黑之间建立明确的对应关系。
-这些部件的背压在其运行时间上保持相对恒定，并且压力升高表现为线性的。
-目前的颗粒过滤器的过滤率在一定的运行时间后才呈现期望值。该排气系统可以实现，非常准确地调节过滤率，并且紧接在第一次加热排气系统之后已达到所要求的值。
-该颗粒过滤器可以被实施成是极其多孔的，并且因而具有极低的背压/反压，因为排气系统可以实现准确调节过滤率。
附图说明
将在从属权利要求、附图以及对附图中所展示的实施例的描述中得出本发明的进一步的特征，而本发明并不局限于此。
在附图中以示意性示图示出：
图1示出内燃机的排气系统的与本发明相关的区域中的第一实施例，
图2示出内燃机的排气系统的与本发明相关的区域中的第二实施例，
图3示出内燃机的排气系统的与本发明相关的区域中的第三实施例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了在第一次加热排气系统1之前的状态下的、内燃机的排气系统1，其中该内燃机是柴油发动机或奥托发动机。排气系统1具有颗粒过滤器2和在颗粒过滤器2上游的排气管线3。排气系统1紧挨在颗粒过滤器2上游具有催化器4(氧化催化器)。在此实施例中，颗粒过滤器2和催化器4布置在公共的壳体5中。在此，本领域技术人员当然可以设想的是，颗粒过滤器2和催化器4也可以布置在分开的壳体中。在壳体5上在上游连接有排气管线3而在下游连接有从颗粒过滤器2引导出的排气管线6。用箭头7示出了排气流入到催化器4中，而用箭头8示出了排气从颗粒过滤器2中流出。催化器4的通流长度用附图标记9示出，而颗粒过滤器2的通流长度用附图标记10示出。
在颗粒过滤器2上(在其朝向排气管线3的一侧)施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件11。这个载体元件11由纸、纸板或塑料构成，并且具有形成灰烬的组分或直接具有灰烬。形成灰烬的组分尤其是Ca、Mg、P或Zn。灰烬尤其是MgO。形成灰烬的组分或灰烬是粉末状的。载体元件11在颗粒过滤器2上被粘接到该颗粒过滤器的朝向催化器4的端侧区域中。载体元件11形成作为盘，并且由于材料成分在第一次加热排气系统时被排气流经，由此将灰烬层施加到颗粒过滤器2上，尤其作为滤饼施加到颗粒过滤器2的通道壁表面上。
根据图2的实施例与根据图1的实施例的不同之处在于：具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件11不是被施加到颗粒过滤器2上，而是在催化器的朝向颗粒过滤器2的一侧被施加到催化器4上。在第一次加热排气系统时，排气流经与催化器4连接的载体元件11，并且形成灰烬的组分或灰烬被释放并沉积到颗粒过滤器2上。
根据图3的实施例与根据图1的实施例的不同之处在于：具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件11不是被施加到颗粒过滤器2上，而是在催化器的背离颗粒过滤器2的一侧被施加到催化器4上。在第一次加热排气系统时，排气流经与催化器4连接的载体元件11，并且形成灰烬的组分或灰烬被释放并沉积到颗粒过滤器2上。
附图标记清单
1 排气系统
2 颗粒过滤器
3 排气管线
4 催化器
5 壳体
6 排气管线
7 箭头
8 箭头
9 通流长度
10 通流长度
11 载体元件

Claims (10)

1.一种在排气系统(1)第一次加热之前的状态下的、内燃机的排气系统(1)，该排气系统具有颗粒过滤器(2)和在该颗粒过滤器(2)上游的排气管线(3)，其特征在于，
在该颗粒过滤器(2)上在其朝向该排气管线(3)的一侧施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件(11)，或者
该排气系统(1)还具有布置在该颗粒过滤器(2)上游的催化器(4)并且在该催化器(4)上施加有具有形成灰烬的组分或灰烬的载体元件(11)，
其中，所述载体元件构造成在第一次加热排气系统时能够进行燃烧，使得形成灰烬的组分或灰烬被释放并沉积到颗粒过滤器上，并且
其中，该载体元件(11)由纸或塑料构成，其中，该载体元件(11)配设有形成灰烬的组分或该灰烬。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统，其特征在于，该载体元件(11)由纸板构成。
3.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统，其特征在于，形成灰烬的组分是Ca、Mg、P或Zn。
4.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统，其特征在于，该灰烬是MgO或Al2O3。
5.根据权利要求1所述的排气系统，其特征在于，形成灰烬的组分或该灰烬是粉末状的。
6.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的排气系统，其特征在于，载体元件(11)在催化器(4)朝向颗粒过滤器(2)的一侧或在催化器(4)背离颗粒过滤器(2)的一侧被施加到该催化器(4)上。
7.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的排气系统，其特征在于，载体元件(11)被粘接到颗粒过滤器(2)或催化器(4)上。
8.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的排气系统，其特征在于，催化器(4)和颗粒过滤器(2)彼此以最大20mm的间距布置。
9.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的排气系统，其特征在于，催化器(4)和颗粒过滤器(2)彼此以最大10mm的间距布置。
10.根据权利要求1至5之一所述的排气系统，其特征在于，该内燃机是奥托发动机或柴油发动机。
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