CN110591069B - 一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸及其制备方法属于高分子材料技术领域,其结构为:主链为线形大分子引发剂残基,侧链为聚乳酸,侧链末端为荧光功能化基团;线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的数均分子量为1×104‑50×104g/mol,单臂数均分子量为0.1×104‑2×104g/mol;线形大分子引发剂为线形羟基化聚合物,线形大分子引发剂的羟基数量为8‑60,数均分子量为0.1×104‑2×104g/mol;荧光功能化基团为含羧基的荧光小分子,荧光小分子的封端率为10%‑100%。首先利用活性阴离子反应合成线形羟基化聚合物引发剂,以有机碱为催化剂,催化丙交酯开环聚合,合成一类线形梳状聚乳酸与荧光功能化基团发生接枝反应,制备线形梳状高支化荧光聚乳酸。该功能化方法简单,合成反应条件温和,线形梳状高支化结构有效提高聚合物性能以及荧光显影效率。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于高分子材料技术领域,涉及一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸及其制备方法。
背景技术
脂肪族聚酯具有可再生性、可生物降解性、生物相容性和可吸收性,是一种环境友好型绿色高分子材料,在生物医学领域有着广泛的应用,尤其是作为药物可控释放的给药载体。由于高分子在结构上的复杂性和多样性,可以通过改变聚合物的结构和组成赋予高分子材料更优越的性能,拓展其应用范围。聚合物结构的发展趋势是从线形结构向支化结构发展。目前合成的生物可降解脂肪族聚酯多为线形、线形、树枝状和超支化结构,大多存在分子量不高、支化结构不可控、合成过程复杂等缺点。因此,开发一种简便高效的方法用于合成高支化高分子量且结构可控的脂肪族聚酯具有重要的理论研究意义和实际应用价值。
目前,最常用的聚乳酸(PLA)材料本身的反应性和生物活性较低限制了其进一步在生物响应、示踪及降解释放的调控等方面的应用,因此对其进行功能化改性和化学修饰已成为生物医学材料领域的最重要的研究方向之一。常用的功能化改性方法包括单体的改性和主链的后功能化,过程均比较复杂,反应条件苛刻,可控性差,因此对引发端的功能化改性和末端修饰就变得至关重要。
本专利公开一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸及其制备方法,首先利用活性阴离子反应和开环聚合反应,合成一类线形梳状聚乳酸;然后采用酯化脱水缩合反应,以线形梳状聚乳酸末端羟基与荧光小分子发生接枝反应,制备高支化荧光功能化聚乳酸。该功能化方法简单,合成反应条件温和,无金属残留,线形梳状高支化结构有效提高聚合物性能以及荧光显影效率。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的问题,本发明提供一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸及其制备方法。
本发明采用的技术方案为:
一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸,该线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的主链为线形大分子引发剂残基,侧链为聚乳酸,侧链末端为荧光功能化基团;线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的数均分子量为1×104-50×104g/mol,优选范围为1×104-20×104g/mol;线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的单臂数均分子量为0.1×104-2×104g/mol,优选范围为0.5×104-1×104g/mol;线形大分子引发剂为线形羟基化聚丁二烯、线形羟基化聚异戊二烯、线形羟基化聚月桂烯的一种,线形大分子引发剂的羟基数量为8-60,优选范围为10-40;线形大分子引发剂的数均分子量为0.1×104-2×104g/mol,优选范围为0.2×104-1×104g/mol;荧光小分子形成荧光功能化基团,荧光小分子为含羧基的香豆素、罗丹明、芘、有机二氟化硼荧光染料、近红外的聚集诱导发光小分子的一种或两种以上混合;荧光小分子的封端率为10%-100%,优选范围为30%-100%;相对荧光量子产率为5%-80%,优选范围为10%-60%。
一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的制备方法,具体为:在惰性气体保护下,向干燥的反应器中加入丙交酯、有机碱催化剂、线形大分子引发剂、有机溶剂,其中,单体摩尔浓度为0.5-2M的溶液,单体与羟基的摩尔比为10-150,有机碱催化剂与羟基的摩尔比为0.1-5;在-20℃至50℃聚合温度下反应0.1-10h,反应结束以苯甲酸终止反应,得到线形梳状聚乳酸;在惰性气体保护下,向干燥的反应器中加入线形梳状聚乳酸、N,N'-二环己基碳酰亚胺DCC、有机溶剂,并将荧光小分子溶液在0℃下缓慢滴入至溶液中反应1h,其中聚乳酸末端羟基与荧光小分子的羧基摩尔比为1-2,DCC与荧光小分子羧基摩尔比为1;在0℃至50℃下反应12-48h;反应结束后除去不溶物,在冰甲醇中沉淀得到线形梳状荧光聚乳酸。
所述的线形大分子引发剂为线形羟基化聚丁二烯、线形羟基化聚异戊二烯、线形羟基化聚月桂烯的一种;所述的丙交酯单体为左旋丙交酯、右旋丙交酯、外消旋丙交酯、内消旋丙交酯的一种或两种以上混合;所述的有机碱催化剂为1,5,7-三氮杂二环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯(TBD)、氮甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂二环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯(MTBD)、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯(DBU)的一种或两种以上的混合;所述的有机溶剂选自戊烷、己烷、庚烷、环己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、二氯苯、二氯甲烷的一种或几种的混合物。
所述的线形大分子引发剂的制备方法为:采用经典的离子聚合方法,以环己烷为溶剂、正丁基锂为引发剂、四氯化硅为偶联剂,制备线形液体聚丁二烯、线形液体聚异戊二烯或线形液体聚月桂烯。将其溶于甲苯中,打开搅拌和温度,当温度升至40℃时加入甲酸,在30min内滴加双氧水,反应2h后用去离子水洗至中性,旋蒸除去溶剂,得到透明胶液。将其溶于四氢呋喃得到反应溶液,再将溶于去离子水的三氟甲磺酸滴加到反应溶液中,反应3.5h,用去离子水将明胶洗至中性,旋蒸除去大部分溶剂,再用冷阱真空深冷与干燥THF共沸至恒重后,得到最终产物。
本发明的有益效果为:采用活性聚合方法实现线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的合成;通过对荧光小分子种类的调控,实现对荧光基团种类的调控;通过对荧光基团封端率的改变,实现对聚合物荧光效率的调控;通过对单体和催化剂的比例变化,实现对聚合物分子量的调控;开发了一种简便高效的方法用于合成具有荧光功能化的线形梳状高支化结构聚乳酸,且该功能化方法简单,合成反应条件温和高效,线形梳状高支化结构有效提高聚合物性能以及荧光显影效率。
具体实施方式
本发明提出以下实施例作为进一步的说明,但并非限制本发明权利要求保护的范围。以凝胶渗透色谱仪测定聚合物的数均分子量(Mn)和分子量分布指数(PDI),以核磁共振波谱(1H NMR)表征聚合物的功能化程度和高支化臂数,以荧光分度计表征荧光聚合物的发射和激发波长,及相对荧光量子产率(以硫酸奎宁为标准物)。
实施例1
羟基化线形液体聚丁二烯的制备:采用经典的离子聚合方法,以环己烷为溶剂、正丁基锂为引发剂、四氯化硅为偶联剂,制备线形液体聚丁二烯,偶联前聚丁二烯的数均分子量为1600g/mol,偶联后产物线形液体聚丁二烯数均分子量为6515g/mol(采用凝胶渗透色谱仪GPC测试),分子量分布指数(简称PDI,下同)为1.11。将上述线形液体聚丁二烯3.6g加入250mL反应器中,并溶于150mL甲苯中,打开搅拌和温度,当温度升至40℃时加入1.25g的98%甲酸,在30min内滴加3.02g的30%的双氧水,反应2h后用去离子水洗至中性,旋蒸除去溶剂,得到透明胶液,环氧度为18.8%(采用氢核磁共振法1H NMR测试)。取3.0g环氧化线形液体聚丁二烯溶于85mL四氢呋喃于反应器中搅拌,将2.35g三氟甲磺酸溶于去离子水滴加到反应溶液中,反应3.5h,加入250mL三氯甲烷;用去离子水将明胶洗至中性,旋蒸除去大部分溶剂,再用冷阱真空深冷与干燥THF共沸至恒重后,得到透明胶液;经1H NMR表征,产物羟基化度为18.8%,羟基数为45,Mn为6550g/mol,PDI为1.2。
羟基化线形液体聚异戊二烯的制备:采用经典的离子聚合方法,以环己烷为溶剂、正丁基锂为引发剂、四氯化硅为偶联剂,制备线形液体聚异戊二烯,偶联前聚异戊二烯的数均分子量为500g/mol,偶联后产物线形液体聚异戊二烯数均分子量为2100g/mol(采用凝胶渗透色谱仪GPC测试),分子量分布指数(简称PDI,下同)为1.10。将上述线形液体聚异戊二烯3.9g加入250mL反应器中,并溶于150mL甲苯中,打开搅拌和温度,当温度升至40℃时加入0.6g的98%甲酸,在30min内滴加1.4g的30%的双氧水,反应2h后用去离子水洗至中性,旋蒸除去溶剂,得到透明胶液,环氧度为10.8%(采用氢核磁共振法1H NMR测试)。取3.0g环氧化线形液体聚异戊二烯溶于85mL四氢呋喃于反应器中搅拌,将1.6g三氟甲磺酸溶于去离子水滴加到反应溶液中,反应3.5h,加入250mL三氯甲烷;用去离子水将明胶洗至中性,旋蒸除去大部分溶剂,再用冷阱真空深冷与干燥THF共沸至恒重后,得到透明胶液;经1H NMR表征,产物羟基化度为10.8%,羟基数为15,Mn为2201g/mol,PDI为1.2。
羟基化线形液体聚月桂烯的制备:采用经典的离子聚合方法,以环己烷为溶剂、正丁基锂为引发剂、四氯化硅为偶联剂,制备线形液体聚月桂烯,偶联前聚月桂烯的数均分子量为3100g/mol,偶联后产物线形液体聚月桂烯数均分子量为10120g/mol(采用凝胶渗透色谱仪GPC测试),分子量分布指数(简称PDI,下同)为1.2。将上述线形液体聚月桂烯3.6g加入250mL反应器中,并溶于150mL甲苯中,打开搅拌和温度,当温度升至40℃时加入1.31g的98%甲酸,在30min内滴加2.6g的30%的双氧水,反应2h后用去离子水洗至中性,旋蒸除去溶剂,得到透明胶液,环氧度为33.1%(采用氢核磁共振法1H NMR测试)。取3.0g环氧化线形液体聚月桂烯溶于85mL四氢呋喃于反应器中搅拌,将2.05g三氟甲磺酸溶于去离子水滴加到反应溶液中,反应3.5h,加入250mL三氯甲烷;用去离子水将明胶洗至中性,旋蒸除去大部分溶剂,再用冷阱真空深冷与干燥THF共沸至恒重后,得到透明胶液;经1H NMR表征,产物羟基化度为33.1%,羟基数为58,Mn为11270g/mol,PDI为1.2。
实施例2
线形梳状聚乳酸的制备:常温常压,惰性气体氩气保护下,将左旋丙交酯3g,1,5,7-三氮杂二环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯(TBD)0.016g(按照TBD与单体的摩尔比为1:200计算),实施例1中合成的羟基化线形液体聚丁二烯引发剂0.98g加入到10mL二氯甲烷中,在25℃下反应1h后加入苯甲酸终止反应,经处理得到线形梳状聚丙交酯。产物Mn为14×104g/mol,PDI为1.39;羟基引发效率为48.7%,臂数为22。
实施例3
线形梳状聚乳酸的制备:常温常压,惰性气体氩气保护下,将外消旋丙交酯5g,氮甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂二环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯0.025g(其中外消旋丙交酯单体摩尔浓度为1:200计算),实施例1中合成的羟基化线形液体聚异戊二烯引发剂1g加入到10mL甲苯中,在-20℃下反应10h后加入苯甲酸终止反应,经处理得到线形梳状聚丙交酯。产物Mn为2.1×104g/mol,PDI为1.28;羟基引发效率为91%,臂数为12。
实施例4
线形梳状聚乳酸的制备:常温常压,惰性气体氩气保护下,将内消旋丙交酯10g,1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯0.05g(其中内消旋丙交酯单体摩尔浓度为1:100计算),实施例1中合成的羟基化线形液体聚月桂烯引发剂3g加入到20mL氯苯中,在50℃下反应0.1h后加入苯甲酸终止反应,经处理得到线形梳状聚丙交酯。产物Mn为18.8×104g/mol,PDI为1.41;羟基引发效率为81%,臂数为47。
实施例5
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:在惰性气体氩气的保护下,将实施例2中的线形梳状聚乳酸5g、N,N'-二环己基碳酰亚胺(DCC)1.16g(按照DCC与羧基的摩尔比为1)、4-二甲氨基吡啶(DMAP)0.023g(按照质量分数为加入原料总质量的0.3%)溶于60mL二氯甲烷中;将含羧基的香豆素荧光小分子(4-((4-甲基-2-氧代-2H-色烯-7-基)氧基)丁酸,简写为COU-COOH)1.48g(按照羧基与羟基摩尔比为2)溶于5mL N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中,并在0℃下缓慢滴入至溶液中反应1h;之后升高温度至30℃并继续反应30h;反应结束后过滤除去不溶物,然后将其在甲醇中沉淀。产物经GPC表征,数均分子量Mn 36.7×104g/mol,PDI为1.41;封端率为100%,则接枝荧光分子数为22;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为378nm,相对荧光量子产率为12.5%;经荧光显微镜测试,产物发射蓝色荧光。
实施例6
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:在惰性气体氩气的保护下,将实施例3中的线形梳状聚乳酸5g、0.87g的DCC和0.021g的DMAP溶于60mL二氯甲烷中,将1.11g的COU-COOH(按照羧基与羟基摩尔比为1.5)溶于5mL的DMF中,并在0℃下缓慢滴入至溶液中反应1h;之后升高温度至0℃并继续反应48h;反应结束后过滤除去不溶物,然后将其在甲醇中沉淀。产物经GPC表征,数均分子量为24.2×104g/mol,PDI为1.37;经1H NMR表征,封端率为75%,则接枝荧光分子数为16;经荧光分度计测试,产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为380nm,相对荧光量子产率为36.1%。
实施例7
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:在惰性气体氩气的保护下,将实施例4中的线形梳状聚乳酸5g、0.58g的DCC和0.019g的DMAP溶于60mL二氯甲烷中,将1.74g的COU-COOH(按照羧基与羟基摩尔比为1)溶于3mL的DMF中,并在0℃下缓慢滴入至溶液中反应1h;之后升高温度至50℃并继续反应12h;反应结束后过滤除去不溶物,然后将其在甲醇中沉淀。产物Mn为4×104g/mol,PDI为1.4;封端率为50%,则接枝荧光分子数为11;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为382nm,相对荧光量子产率为57%。
实施例8
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:制备羟基化线形液体聚丁二烯,制备方法与实施例1相同,产物羟基化度为10.6%,羟基数为26。以本实施例制备的羟基化线形液体聚丁二烯为引发剂,制备线形梳状聚乳酸,试验配方和制备方法同实施例2,产物Mn为3.8×104,PDI为1.21;羟基引发效率为51.7%,臂数为13。以本实施例制备的聚乳酸进行功能化,制备线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸,试验配方与制备方法同实施例5(其中荧光小分子为罗丹明)。产物Mn为39.8×104g/mol,PDI为1.35;封端率为100%,则接枝荧光分子数为13;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为377nm,相对荧光量子产率为12.1%。
实施例9
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:以实施例8制备的线形梳状聚乳酸进行功能化,制备线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸,试验配方与制备方法同实施例6(其中荧光小分子为有机二氟化硼荧光染料)。产物Mn为13.9×104g/mol,PDI为1.31;封端率为75%,则接枝荧光分子数为10;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为377nm,相对荧光量子产率为17.2%。
实施例10
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:以实施例8制备的线形梳状聚乳酸进行功能化,制备线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸,试验配方与制备方法同实施例7,产物Mn为3.8×104g/mol,PDI为1.27;封端率为50%,则接枝荧光分子数为7;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为379nm,相对荧光量子产率为50.9%。
实施例11
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:制备羟基化线形液体聚丁二烯,制备方法与实施例1相同,产物分子量为1.3×104,PDI为1.15;羟基化度为11%,羟基数为53。以本实施例制备的羟基化线形液体聚丁二烯为引发剂,制备线形梳状聚乳酸,试验配方和制备方法同实施例2,产物Mn为4.9×104,PDI为1.3;羟基引发效率为45.7%,臂数为24。以本实施例制备的聚乳酸进行功能化,制备线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸,试验配方与制备方法同实施例5,产物Mn为41.7×104g/mol,PDI为1.29;封端率为100%,则接枝荧光分子数为24;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为380nm,相对荧光量子产率为20.1%。
实施例12
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:以实施例8制备的线形梳状聚乳酸进行功能化,制备线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸,试验配方与制备方法同实施例6,产物Mn为5.0×104g/mol,PDI为1.36;封端率为75%,则接枝荧光分子数为18;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为379nm,相对荧光量子产率为28.2%。
实施例13
线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸的制备:以实施例10制备的线形梳状聚乳酸进行功能化,制备线形梳状荧光功能化聚乳酸,试验配方与制备方法同实施例7,产物Mn为25.0×104g/mol,PDI为1.32;封端率为50%,则接枝荧光分子数为12;产物的激发波长为320nm,发射波长为383nm,相对荧光量子产率为36.3%。
以上所述实施例仅表达本发明的实施方式,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利的范围的限制,应当指出,对于本领域的技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些均属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (7)
1.一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸,其特征在于:所述的线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的主链为线形大分子引发剂残基,侧链为聚乳酸,侧链末端为荧光功能化基团;线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的数均分子量为1×104-50×104g/mol,单臂数均分子量为0.1×104-2×104g/mol;线形大分子引发剂为线形羟基化聚丁二烯、线形羟基化聚异戊二烯、线形羟基化聚月桂烯的一种,线形大分子引发剂的羟基数量为8-60,数均分子量为0.1×104-2×104g/mol;荧光小分子为含羧基的香豆素、罗丹明、芘、有机二氟化硼荧光染料、近红外的聚集诱导发光小分子的一种或两种以上混合,荧光小分子的封端率为10%-100%,相对荧光量子产率为5%-80%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸,其特征在于:所述的线形梳状荧光聚乳酸数均分子量为5×104-20×104g/mol,单臂数均分子量为0.5×104-1×104g/mol。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸,其特征在于:所述的线形大分子引发剂的羟基数量为10-40,数均分子量为0.2×104-1×104g/mol。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸,其特征在于:所述的荧光小分子的封端率为30%-100%,相对荧光量子产率为10%-60%。
5.权利要求1-4任一所述的一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的制备方法,其特征在于:在惰性气体保护下,向干燥的反应器中加入丙交酯、有机碱催化剂、线形大分子引发剂、有机溶剂,其中丙交酯单体摩尔浓度为0.5-2M的溶液,单体与羟基的摩尔比为10-150,有机碱催化剂与羟基的摩尔比为0.1-5;在-20℃至50℃聚合温度下反应0.1-10h,反应结束以苯甲酸终止反应,得到线形梳状聚乳酸;在惰性气体保护下,向干燥的反应器中加入线形梳状聚乳酸、N,N'-二环己基碳酰亚胺、有机溶剂,然后缓慢滴入荧光小分子溶液,0℃下反应1h,其中聚乳酸末端羟基与荧光小分子的羧基摩尔比为1-2,N,N'-二环己基碳酰亚胺与荧光小分子羧基摩尔比为1;再在0℃至50℃下反应12-48h;反应结束后除去不溶物,在冰甲醇中沉淀得到线形梳状荧光聚乳酸;
所述的有机碱催化剂选自1,5,7-三氮杂二环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯、氮甲基-1,5,7-三氮杂二环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯、1,8-二氮杂二环[5.4.0]十一碳-7-烯的一种或两种以上的混合。
6.根据权利要求5所述的一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的丙交酯单体为左旋丙交酯、右旋丙交酯、外消旋丙交酯、内消旋丙交酯的一种或两种以上混合。
7.根据权利要求5所述的一类线形梳状荧光聚乳酸的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的有机溶剂选自戊烷、己烷、庚烷、环己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、氯苯、二氯苯、二氯甲烷的一种或两种以上的混合。
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