CN110577863A - multipurpose cleaning powder - Google Patents
multipurpose cleaning powder Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110577863A CN110577863A CN201910810338.6A CN201910810338A CN110577863A CN 110577863 A CN110577863 A CN 110577863A CN 201910810338 A CN201910810338 A CN 201910810338A CN 110577863 A CN110577863 A CN 110577863A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cleaning
- powder
- cleaning powder
- percent
- percentage
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/88—Ampholytes; Electroneutral compounds
- C11D1/94—Mixtures with anionic, cationic or non-ionic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D17/00—Detergent materials or soaps characterised by their shape or physical properties
- C11D17/06—Powder; Flakes; Free-flowing mixtures; Sheets
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D3/044—Hydroxides or bases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/02—Inorganic compounds ; Elemental compounds
- C11D3/04—Water-soluble compounds
- C11D3/046—Salts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/20—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C11D3/2075—Carboxylic acids-salts thereof
- C11D3/2086—Hydroxy carboxylic acids-salts thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
- C11D3/16—Organic compounds
- C11D3/38—Products with no well-defined composition, e.g. natural products
- C11D3/382—Vegetable products, e.g. soya meal, wood flour, sawdust
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/02—Anionic compounds
- C11D1/12—Sulfonic acids or sulfuric acid esters; Salts thereof
- C11D1/29—Sulfates of polyoxyalkylene ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/66—Non-ionic compounds
- C11D1/662—Carbohydrates or derivatives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
- C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
- C11D1/00—Detergent compositions based essentially on surface-active compounds; Use of these compounds as a detergent
- C11D1/88—Ampholytes; Electroneutral compounds
- C11D1/90—Betaines
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides multipurpose cleaning powder which comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 15-25% of sodium carbonate, 15-25% of anhydrous sodium sulphate, 5-15% of citric acid, 0-5% of tea seed powder, 0-5% of saponin powder, 2-10% of glucoside, 8-16% of betaine, 5-18% of a non-ionic surfactant and 5-18% of AES. The cleaning powder can be used for cleaning daily hard surfaces (such as ceramic tiles, glass, bathrooms, stainless steel and kitchen ware), tableware, clothes and the like, and has high cleaning efficiency; the alkyl glycoside is a mild active agent, has the advantages of good biodegradability, no peculiar smell, high activity, no heavy metal, low corrosivity and strong dirt-removing power, and the washed water can be naturally decomposed to dredge a sewer and purify a water source, thereby being beneficial to environmental protection; the cleaning power to tableware is larger than that of the existing common cleaning agent, the detergency to kitchen oil stains is larger than 89%, and the detergency to clothes is larger than the decontamination ratio of a relative standard laundry detergent.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cleaning agents, in particular to multipurpose cleaning powder.
Background
the detergent or cleaning powder is mainly used for cleaning clothes, tableware or other living goods, and most people cleaning the tableware use the detergent in families. But the components of the liquid detergent are sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, a surfactant and chloride, industrial nasal spray, a thickener, a preservative, a pigment, a builder, an additive and the like. When the tableware which is not used for a long time is taken out again, the upper edge of the tableware is always seen to have a layer of yellow color, namely the residue of the detergent. This residue dissolves at temperatures above 30 c and is therefore easily eaten by us together with the food. Benzene contained in the detergent is one of ten generally recognized cancer substances all over the world. The detergent is synthesized by various chemical substances, is nontoxic in theory, but some harmful substances can enter human bodies through skin and human physiological systems. When the harmful substances are accumulated to a certain level in human body, the human health is harmed.
The existing cleaning clothes generally mainly use laundry detergent or laundry detergent, and the main active substances of the traditional cleaning liquid are linear dodecyl benzene sulfonate and other builders; the linear dodecyl benzene sulfonate is derived from petrochemical products, belongs to a non-renewable raw material, is not hard water resistant, has greatly reduced detergency in a tap water environment, and is not beneficial to washing; other auxiliary agents, 4A zeolite, such as sodium tripolyphosphate, contains phosphorus and is not beneficial to environmental protection; the alkalinity of aluminum, sodium carbonate and caustic soda is high, so that clothes are easy to fade and damage; mirabilite belongs to the filler, and useless cyclic utilization can bring unnecessary waste to the operation. In addition, the general liquid detergent has only a washing and cleaning effect using a conventional surfactant and an alkaline builder. It is prone to form scale or alkaline soil, and therefore, also results in the above-mentioned cleaning solution not being used for cleaning dishes. Accordingly, if other furniture or living goods are cleaned, a corresponding cleaning agent needs to be purchased, the cleaning agent in the existing market has limited decontamination capability, and generally only one type of decontamination cleaning can be realized, for example, if oil stains in a kitchen need to be removed, a cleaning agent with strong oil stain removal capability is needed, and the cleaning agent is not suitable for cleaning other products, so that the practicability of the cleaning agent is not strong. Although the existing cleaning agents on the market are various in types, the existing cleaning agents are poor in decontamination capability, contain substances which pollute the environment, are single in purpose and are extremely inconvenient to use.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a multipurpose cleaning powder.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the multipurpose cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes and kitchen greasy hard surface products and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
15 to 25 percent of sodium carbonate
15 to 25 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
5 to 15 percent of citric acid
0 to 5 percent of tea seed powder
0 to 5 percent of Chinese honeylocust fruit powder
2 to 10 percent of glucoside
8 to 16 percent of betaine
5-18% of nonionic surfactant
5-18% of AES series.
preferably, the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
18 to 25 percent of sodium carbonate
18 to 25 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
8 to 12 percent of citric acid
2 to 5 percent of tea seed powder
2 to 5 percent of Chinese honeylocust fruit powder
5 to 10 percent of glucoside
10 to 15 percent of betaine
10-15% of nonionic surfactant
5-15% of AES series.
Preferably, the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
20 to 25 percent of sodium carbonate
20 to 25 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
10 to 12 percent of citric acid
2 to 5 percent of tea seed powder
2 to 5 percent of Chinese honeylocust fruit powder
5 to 10 percent of glucoside
10 to 15 percent of betaine
10-15% of nonionic surfactant
10-15% of AES series.
Preferably, the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
20 percent of sodium carbonate
20 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
Citric acid 10%
2 to 5 percent of tea seed powder
2 to 5 percent of Chinese honeylocust fruit powder
5 to 10 percent of glucoside
10 to 15 percent of betaine
10-15% of nonionic surfactant
5-15% of AES series.
Preferably, the nonionic surfactant is a vegetable fatty alcohol.
More preferably, the nonionic surfactant is an alkyl glycoside.
Preferably, the AES series is sodium laureth sulfate.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. The cleaning powder provided by the invention can be suitable for cleaning various products, has wide application, and can be used for cleaning daily hard surfaces (such as ceramic tiles, glass, bathrooms, stainless steel and kitchen ware), tableware (such as tableware and tea sets), clothes and the like;
2. The cleaning powder disclosed by the invention is high in cleaning efficiency, the nonionic surfactant alkyl glycoside is a mild active agent, is prepared by dehydrating renewable resources fatty alcohol and glucose under an acid catalyst, has good biodegradability, is beneficial to environmental protection, and avoids secondary influence on the environment;
3. The sodium laureth sulfate is easy to dissolve in water, has excellent decontamination, emulsification and foaming properties and hard water resistance, and has good biodegradability;
4. the cleaning powder provided by the invention has the advantages of no peculiar smell, high activity, no heavy metal, low corrosivity and strong dirt-removing power;
5. The cleaning powder provided by the invention has a cleaning power for tableware larger than that of the existing common cleaning agent, has a detergency for kitchen oil stains of more than 89%, and has a detergency for clothes larger than that of a relative standard laundry detergent.
6. The water washed by the cleaning powder can be naturally decomposed, so that a sewer is dredged, a water source is purified, and the environment protection is facilitated.
Detailed Description
The following further illustrates embodiments of the invention:
Example 1
the multipurpose cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes and kitchen greasy hard surface products and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
Sodium carbonate 15%
20 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
Citric acid 5%
5 percent of tea seed powder
Chinese honey locust powder 5%
Glycoside 10%
Betaine 16%
12 percent of nonionic surfactant
12% of AES series.
Example 2
The multipurpose cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes and kitchen greasy hard surface products and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
20 percent of sodium carbonate
15 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
Citric acid 10%
3 percent of tea seed powder
3 percent of gleditsia sinensis lam powder
Glycoside 8%
Betaine 10%
18 percent of nonionic surfactant
AES series 13%.
Example 3
The multipurpose cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes and kitchen greasy hard surface products and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
23 percent of calcined soda
Sodium sulfate 25%
Citric acid 15%
4 percent of tea seed powder
Chinese honey locust powder 4%
glycoside 6%
8 percent of betaine
Nonionic surfactant 10%
AES series 5%.
Example 4
The multipurpose cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes and kitchen greasy hard surface products and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
Soda ash content is 25%
20 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
Citric acid 8%
2 percent of tea seed powder
3 percent of gleditsia sinensis lam powder
Glycoside 2%
betaine 15%
15 percent of nonionic surfactant
AES series 10%.
Example 5
The multipurpose cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes and kitchen greasy hard surface products and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
20 percent of sodium carbonate
20 percent of anhydrous sodium sulphate
Citric acid 10%
5 percent of tea seed powder
1 percent of gleditsia sinensis lam powder
Glycoside 2%
Betaine 12%
15 percent of nonionic surfactant
15% of AES series.
Example 6
Performance testing
The cleaning powder of example 5 was tested as follows:
The specific detection results are shown in Table 1
Table 1 test results of example 5 cleaning powder
As can be seen from table 1, the cleaning powder provided by the embodiment can not only effectively remove greasy dirt in tableware and kitchens, but also be used for cleaning clothes, further improving the application range of the cleaning powder, and in addition, the content of active substances of the cleaning powder provided by the embodiment reaches more than 16.6, so that the decontamination capability of the cleaning powder is ensured, the cleaning powder is environment-friendly, and the cleaning powder does not have the problem of secondary pollution to the environment.
The foregoing embodiments and description have been presented only to illustrate the principles and preferred embodiments of the invention, and various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.
Claims (9)
1. A multi-purpose cleaning powder is characterized in that: the cleaning powder is used for cleaning tableware, clothes, kitchen oil stain and hard surface products, and comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
2. a multi-purpose cleaning powder according to claim 1, wherein: the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
3. A multi-purpose cleaning powder according to claim 1, wherein: the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
4. The multipurpose cleaning powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
5. The multipurpose cleaning powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
6. The multipurpose cleaning powder as claimed in claim 1, wherein the cleaning powder comprises the following components in percentage by mass:
7. A multi-purpose cleaning powder according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein said non-ionic surfactant is a vegetable fatty alcohol.
8. A multi-purpose cleaning powder according to claim 7 wherein said nonionic surfactant is an alkyl glycoside.
9. A multi-purpose cleaning powder according to any one of claims 1 to 6 wherein said AES series is sodium laureth sulfate.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910810338.6A CN110577863B (en) | 2019-08-29 | 2019-08-29 | Multipurpose cleaning powder |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910810338.6A CN110577863B (en) | 2019-08-29 | 2019-08-29 | Multipurpose cleaning powder |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN110577863A true CN110577863A (en) | 2019-12-17 |
CN110577863B CN110577863B (en) | 2022-01-21 |
Family
ID=68812103
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910810338.6A Active CN110577863B (en) | 2019-08-29 | 2019-08-29 | Multipurpose cleaning powder |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN110577863B (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4071227A1 (en) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-12 | R&O Lab SPRL | Powdered dishwashing product |
EP4282943A1 (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2023-11-29 | Everdrop GmbH | Tablet, powder or granulate for preparing a liquid soap |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102864040A (en) * | 2012-09-13 | 2013-01-09 | 濮阳宏业汇龙化工有限公司 | High-effect cleaning agent, preparation method thereof and special equipment |
CN104312752A (en) * | 2014-10-10 | 2015-01-28 | 安徽唯宝印刷科技有限公司 | Aromatic cleaning powder |
CN105007884A (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2015-10-28 | 路博润先进材料公司 | Polymers and methods to mitigate the loss of silicone deposition from keratinous substrates |
CN107828563A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-03-23 | 重庆市盐业(集团)有限公司 | One kind cleaning salt and its preparation and application |
CN108085180A (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2018-05-29 | 湖南润农生态茶油有限公司 | A kind of withered natural cleaning powder of oil tea and preparation method |
WO2018141074A1 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-09 | Bonyf Ag | Method for removing milk residues, and composition of a cleaning tablet or of a cleaning powder |
CN108865532A (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2018-11-23 | 杨正清 | A kind of food-grade multifunctional cleaning powder and packing method |
-
2019
- 2019-08-29 CN CN201910810338.6A patent/CN110577863B/en active Active
Patent Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN102864040A (en) * | 2012-09-13 | 2013-01-09 | 濮阳宏业汇龙化工有限公司 | High-effect cleaning agent, preparation method thereof and special equipment |
CN105007884A (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2015-10-28 | 路博润先进材料公司 | Polymers and methods to mitigate the loss of silicone deposition from keratinous substrates |
CN104312752A (en) * | 2014-10-10 | 2015-01-28 | 安徽唯宝印刷科技有限公司 | Aromatic cleaning powder |
WO2018141074A1 (en) * | 2017-01-31 | 2018-08-09 | Bonyf Ag | Method for removing milk residues, and composition of a cleaning tablet or of a cleaning powder |
CN108865532A (en) * | 2017-05-08 | 2018-11-23 | 杨正清 | A kind of food-grade multifunctional cleaning powder and packing method |
CN107828563A (en) * | 2017-11-07 | 2018-03-23 | 重庆市盐业(集团)有限公司 | One kind cleaning salt and its preparation and application |
CN108085180A (en) * | 2017-12-20 | 2018-05-29 | 湖南润农生态茶油有限公司 | A kind of withered natural cleaning powder of oil tea and preparation method |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP4071227A1 (en) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-10-12 | R&O Lab SPRL | Powdered dishwashing product |
BE1029284B1 (en) * | 2021-04-08 | 2022-11-17 | R&O Lab Sprl | Powder dish soap |
EP4282943A1 (en) * | 2022-05-24 | 2023-11-29 | Everdrop GmbH | Tablet, powder or granulate for preparing a liquid soap |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN110577863B (en) | 2022-01-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN100575471C (en) | A kind of environmental protection multifunctional deoiling decontaminant | |
CN105296177B (en) | A kind of multifunctional meter surface cleaning agent and preparation method thereof | |
CN101463302B (en) | Aqueous degreasing agent for stainless steel tube | |
JP5186493B2 (en) | Cleaning composition | |
CN100497571C (en) | Solar energy silicon crystal chip cleaning agent | |
CN110577863B (en) | Multipurpose cleaning powder | |
CN106148028A (en) | A kind of compositions with high-efficiency cleaning function | |
CN101135056A (en) | Stainless steel cleaning agent | |
CN102154068A (en) | Multifunctional detergent and preparation method thereof | |
CN101134927A (en) | Kitchen cleaning agent and preparation method thereof | |
CN101993792A (en) | High efficient laundry detergent | |
CN101323819A (en) | Environment-friendly type hyperconcentration highly effective multifunctional liquid cleaning agent and preparing process thereof | |
CN101265439A (en) | Single-crystal silicon chip water-base cleaning agent | |
CN103320236A (en) | Soap powder composition containing sodium fatty acid methyl ester sulfonate and preparation method thereof | |
CN107815359A (en) | A kind of strong cleaning agent prescription of dirt-removing power | |
CN102051272B (en) | Multifunctional environmental-protection cleaning agent | |
CN106833946A (en) | Tableware biological enzyme cleaning fluid and its preparation method and application | |
CN103911232A (en) | Multi-functional cleaning agent for kitchen | |
CN107794561A (en) | A kind of steel electrolytic degreasing powder and its preparation and application | |
JP6862035B2 (en) | Neutral cleaning agent composition | |
CN104928058A (en) | All-powerful detergent | |
CN103242972A (en) | Cleaning emulsion for daily kitchen care and preparation method thereof | |
CN107541350A (en) | A kind of train seat detergent | |
CN108753487A (en) | Active house detergent | |
CN101165150A (en) | Cleaning agent for dinnerware |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant |