CN110537008A - 排气系统 - Google Patents

排气系统 Download PDF

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CN110537008A
CN110537008A CN201880020697.5A CN201880020697A CN110537008A CN 110537008 A CN110537008 A CN 110537008A CN 201880020697 A CN201880020697 A CN 201880020697A CN 110537008 A CN110537008 A CN 110537008A
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scr catalyst
flow direction
particulate filter
catalyst
exhaust system
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R·布鲁克
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Vitesco Technologies GmbH
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CPT Group GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
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    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
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    • F01N3/103—Oxidation catalysts for HC and CO only
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    • F01N3/105—General auxiliary catalysts, e.g. upstream or downstream of the main catalyst
    • F01N3/106—Auxiliary oxidation catalysts
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
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    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/2026—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means directly electrifying the catalyst substrate, i.e. heating the electrically conductive catalyst substrate by joule effect
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    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
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    • F01N2240/40—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a hydrolysis catalyst
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于内燃发动机排气后处理的排气系统(1)，如在该排气的流动方向(2)上观察，该排气系统串联地具有用于该排气氧化的催化剂(3)和/或用于储存氮氧化物的催化剂，具有用于还原剂进料的引入点(4)，具有用于氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的SCR催化剂(6)，并且具有颗粒过滤器，其中，该颗粒过滤器(7)在该流动方向(2)上布置在该SCR催化剂(6)的下游，并且第二SCR催化剂(8)和/或氨滑移催化剂在该流动方向(2)上布置在该颗粒过滤器(7)的下游。

Description

排气系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于内燃发动机排气后处理的排气系统，如在排气的流动方向上观察，该排气系统串联地具有用于排气氧化的催化剂和/或用于储存氮氧化物的催化剂，具有用于还原剂进料的引入点，具有用于氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的SCR催化剂，并且具有颗粒过滤器。
背景技术
在排气后处理系统中，使用不同类型的催化剂以确保排气中包含的污染物的最有效和全面合理的转化和过滤。尤其是，使用例如吸收并结合氮氧化物(NOx)的催化剂。此外，还已知催化剂促进氮氧化物的转化，以形成危害较小的反应产物。此外，已知过滤器从排气中过滤出一定尺寸的颗粒。
从现有技术中已知的用于净化内燃发动机排气的装置的缺点在于，各种催化剂在排气道中的布置不是最佳的，并且因此各种催化剂不能实现它们各自的最佳作用。具体地讲，在现有技术中在已知的装置中，用于氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的所谓SCR催化剂通常布置在颗粒过滤器的下游。这导致SCR催化剂不能在其最佳操作点操作。
发明内容
因此，本发明的目的是提供一种用于内燃发动机的排气后处理的排气系统，该排气系统具有优化的布置，并且还具有各种催化剂的优化配置。
关于排气系统，该目的是借助于具有权利要求1的特征的排气系统来实现的。
本发明的示例性实施例涉及一种用于内燃发动机的排气后处理的排气系统，如在排气的流动方向上观察，该排气系统串联地具有用于排气的氧化的催化剂和/或用于储存氮氧化物的催化剂，具有用于还原剂进料的引入点，具有用于氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的SCR催化剂，并且具有颗粒过滤器，其中，该颗粒过滤器在该流动方向上布置在该SCR催化剂的下游，并且第二SCR催化剂和/或氨滑移催化剂在该流动方向上布置在该颗粒过滤器的下游。
借助于将SCR催化剂布置在颗粒过滤器的上游和将SCR催化剂布置在颗粒过滤器的下游，可以产生更有效起作用的单元。尤其是由于颗粒过滤器通常具有的大体积并且由于允许充分过滤排气所需的单元几何形状和单元密度，SCR催化剂的操作条件在颗粒过滤器的下游受到损害。
这例如是由于以下事实：排气在流过颗粒过滤器后的温度大大降低，因此SCR催化剂的效果受到不利影响。此外，颗粒过滤器可以产生大的压力损失，结果是，在下游SCR催化剂处，排气不再具有足够高以确保最佳转化的流速。SCR催化剂集成到颗粒过滤器中(例如借助于颗粒过滤器在某些部分的涂层)不是最佳的，因为颗粒过滤器的蜂窝体的常用单元密度和单元几何形状对于排气在SCR催化剂中的选择性催化还原不是最佳的。
借助于上游SCR催化剂，可以进行排气的最初的后处理，尤其是借助于通常由已经引入并蒸发的尿素水溶液形成的还原剂，可以进行氮氧化物的转化、以形成水和氮气。
借助于下游颗粒过滤器实现排气流的净化。被定位在颗粒过滤器下游的SCR催化剂然后可以转化仍存在于排气中的氮氧化物。为此目的，第二SCR催化剂可以特别有利地具有不同于第一SCR催化剂的单元几何形状和/或单元密度，并且还可以具有不同化学活性涂层。因此，例如即使在存在相对较低的温度和流速时也可以实现氮氧化物的转化。
特别有利的是，在流动方向上布置在颗粒过滤器上游的第一SCR催化剂是可电加热的。SCR催化剂的电加热是有利的，以便尽可能快地将排气加热到所需的操作温度，以便能够进行选择性催化还原。
如果该流动方向上的该第一SCR催化剂沿该流动方向具有至多80mm的长度范围也是有利的，其中，所述SCR催化剂优选地具有小于50mm的长度范围，其中，所述SCR催化剂特别优选地具有小于40mm的长度范围。第一SCR催化剂相对于颗粒过滤器或第二SCR催化剂的短长度范围是有利的，以便使得流入到下游颗粒过滤器仅受到很小程度的影响，并且因此保持颗粒过滤器中的良好过滤结果。
优选的示例性实施例的特征在于：该流动方向上的该第一SCR催化剂被布置为沿该流动方向与该颗粒过滤器间隔开至多20mm，优选地小于10mm，并且特别优选地小于5mm。尽可能小的间隔是有利的，以便能够组合由于第一SCR催化剂和颗粒过滤器产生的压力损失。这有助于排气系统的设计。
还优选的是，该流动方向上的该第一SCR催化剂和该流动方向上的该第二SCR催化剂与该颗粒过滤器形成为模块化单元。这是有利的，以便有助于组装过程。
此外，有利的是SCR催化剂和颗粒过滤器由共同的蜂窝体形成。这是有利的，以便最小化安装元件的数量，从而简化组装过程。
此外有利的是，该颗粒过滤器的蜂窝体具有的单元几何形状和/或单元密度不同于该第一SCR催化剂的蜂窝体在该流动方向上的单元几何形状和/或单元密度、并且不同于该第二SCR催化剂的蜂窝体在该流动方向上的单元几何形状和/或单元密度。这是特别有利的，以便使各个部件最佳地适配它们各自的预期用途，并且总体上实现各个部件之间的尽可能小的压力损失。此外，借助于单元几何形状，例如可以影响过滤器特性和速度分布。
还有利的是，在该流动方向上该第一SCR催化剂的蜂窝体的单元几何形状和/或单元密度和/或化学活性涂层和/或蜂窝体的涂层量不同于在该流动方向上该第二SCR催化剂的蜂窝体的单元几何形状和/或单元密度和/或化学活性涂层。
这是特别有利的，以便例如在第二SCR催化剂的区域中能够使蜂窝体与改变的流速相适配。改变的排气组成也有待在第二SCR催化剂的区域中预期，因为第二SCR催化剂被定位在颗粒过滤器的下游。因此，例如，在没有堵塞蜂窝体中形成的流动通道的风险的情况下，可以使用更高的单元密度和/或减小的单元截面。涂层也可以有利地适配总体上较低浓度的氨和氮氧化物，以便仍然尽可能全面地实现氮氧化物的转化。
第一SCR催化剂在流动方向上的涂层量优选大于第二SCR催化剂在流动方向上的涂层量。
在从属权利要求中并且在以下附图说明中描述了本发明的有利发展。
附图说明
以下将在示例性实施例的基础上并且参照附图来详细地讨论本发明。在附图中：
图1示出了具有多种催化剂的示例性排气道的截面图。
具体实施方式
图1示出了排气系统1的排气道的截面图。排气系统1具有多种催化剂，这些催化剂布置在壳体中并且通过管道彼此连接，使得排气可以流过催化剂。
在图1的示例性实施例中，用于排气的氧化的催化剂3首先布置在排气的流动方向2上。在其下游设置有引入点4，通过该引入点可以将还原剂(比如尿素水溶液)引入排气道中。蒸发元件5是紧邻此引入点4布置，还原剂可以在蒸发元件上蒸发，以便随后作为氨与排气中的氮氧化物反应。
蒸发元件下游跟随的是第一SCR催化剂6，其中排气中的氮氧化物与氨和SCR催化剂6的化学活性涂层反应，并且因而形成氮气和水。
颗粒过滤器7被定位在第一SCR催化剂6的下游，颗粒过滤器用于过滤排气并且尤其是从排气中过滤出碳烟颗粒。
颗粒过滤器7之后跟随的是第二SCR催化剂8。在化学方面，在所述第二SCR催化剂中发生与第一SCR催化剂6中相同的反应。
这种结构的优点在于以下事实，在排气流入颗粒过滤器中之前已经发生排气中氮氧化物的还原。因此，流入第一SCR催化剂中的排气仍处于特别高的温度，并且流动路径的截面上的排气分布尚未受到颗粒过滤器的不利影响。以这种方式，可以进行排气中氮氧化物的特别有效的转化。由于通常具有大体积的颗粒过滤器，排气的温度明显降低，其结果是，下游SCR催化剂中的化学反应通常不会最佳地发生。第二SCR催化剂基本上用于还原在第一SCR催化剂中尚未还原的氮氧化物部分。
代替第二SCR催化剂或除其之外，还可以安装氨滑移催化剂，该氨滑移催化剂可以与在排气中的氮氧化物还原期间未被转化的过量氨(NH3)相结合。以这种方式，例如可以防止氨进入排气尾管，氨进入排气尾管可能导致氨逃逸到周围环境中并导致令人不快的气味或导致对环境的污染。
图1的示例性实施例尤其不具有限制性质、并且用于展示本发明的概念。

Claims (8)

1.一种用于内燃发动机排气后处理的排气系统(1)，如在该排气的流动方向(2)上观察，该排气系统串联地具有用于该排气氧化的催化剂(3)和/或用于储存氮氧化物的催化剂，具有用于还原剂进料的引入点(4)，具有用于氮氧化物的选择性催化还原的SCR催化剂(6)，并且具有颗粒过滤器，其特征在于，该颗粒过滤器(7)在该流动方向(2)上布置在该SCR催化剂(6)的下游，并且第二SCR催化剂(8)和/或氨滑移催化剂在该流动方向(2)上布置在该颗粒过滤器(7)的下游。
2.如权利要求1所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，在该流动方向(2)上布置在该颗粒过滤器(7)上游的该第一SCR催化剂(6)是可电加热的。
3.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，该流动方向(2)上的该第一SCR催化剂(6)沿该流动方向(2)具有至多80mm的长度范围，其中，所述SCR催化剂优选地具有小于50mm的长度范围，其中，所述SCR催化剂特别优选地具有小于40mm的长度范围。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，该流动方向(2)上的该第一SCR催化剂(6)被布置为沿该流动方向(2)与该颗粒过滤器(7)间隔开至多20mm，优选地小于10mm，并且特别优选地小于5mm。
5.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，该流动方向(2)上的该第一SCR催化剂(6)和该流动方向(2)上的该第二SCR催化剂(8)与该颗粒过滤器(7)形成为模块化单元。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，这些SCR催化剂(6，8)和该颗粒过滤器(7)由共同的蜂窝体形成。
7.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，该颗粒过滤器(7)的蜂窝体具有的单元几何形状和/或单元密度不同于该第一SCR催化剂(6)的蜂窝体在该流动方向(2)上的单元几何形状和/或单元密度，并且不同于该第二SCR催化剂(8)的蜂窝体在该流动方向(2)上的单元几何形状和/或单元密度。
8.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气系统(1)，其特征在于，在该流动方向(2)上该第一SCR催化剂(6)的蜂窝体的单元几何形状和/或单元密度和/或化学活性涂层和/或蜂窝体的涂层量不同于在该流动方向(2)上该第二SCR催化剂(8)的蜂窝体的单元几何形状和/或单元密度和/或化学活性涂层。
CN201880020697.5A 2017-04-13 2018-03-29 排气系统 Pending CN110537008A (zh)

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