CN1105013A - 甲醇或其活性衍生物的羰基化方法 - Google Patents
甲醇或其活性衍生物的羰基化方法 Download PDFInfo
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- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- QCJQWJKKTGJDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N [P].[S] Chemical compound [P].[S] QCJQWJKKTGJDCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical group CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 8
- -1 replacement Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001351 alkyl iodides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002777 acetyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001721 carbon Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphine Chemical compound P XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910000073 phosphorus hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 4
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RMVRSNDYEFQCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiophenol Chemical compound SC1=CC=CC=C1 RMVRSNDYEFQCLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NGPLKXZXQSCKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N P.[S] Chemical group P.[S] NGPLKXZXQSCKSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N acetone d6 Chemical compound [2H]C([2H])([2H])C(=O)C([2H])([2H])[2H] CSCPPACGZOOCGX-WFGJKAKNSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 2
- ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentadiene Chemical compound C1C=CC=C1 ZSWFCLXCOIISFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 ZUOUZKKEUPVFJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GPAYUJZHTULNBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylphosphine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1PC1=CC=CC=C1 GPAYUJZHTULNBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphosphane Chemical compound PP VURFVHCLMJOLKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000655 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 2
- SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(iii) chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Cl-].[Rh+3] SONJTKJMTWTJCT-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- WSANLGASBHUYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfidophosphanium Chemical group S=[PH3] WSANLGASBHUYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VOVUARRWDCVURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiirane Chemical compound C1CS1 VOVUARRWDCVURC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GVNVAWHJIKLAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(cyclohexen-1-yl)cyclohexan-1-one Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1C1=CCCCC1 GVNVAWHJIKLAGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BIJHFBKGOBDVGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-diphenylphosphanylbenzenethiol Chemical compound SC1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 BIJHFBKGOBDVGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000040350 B family Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091072128 B family Proteins 0.000 description 1
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150065749 Churc1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000005033 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- HGPLKKVQTVJBHF-UHFFFAOYSA-K I(=O)(=O)[O-].[Rh+3].I(=O)(=O)[O-].I(=O)(=O)[O-] Chemical compound I(=O)(=O)[O-].[Rh+3].I(=O)(=O)[O-].I(=O)(=O)[O-] HGPLKKVQTVJBHF-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910004013 NO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102100038239 Protein Churchill Human genes 0.000 description 1
- YUWBVKYVJWNVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P] Chemical compound [N].[P] YUWBVKYVJWNVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PFRUBEOIWWEFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[S] Chemical compound [N].[S] PFRUBEOIWWEFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AHIBWURJLGCHAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [S].C1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound [S].C1=CC=CC=C1 AHIBWURJLGCHAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical group [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010290 biphenyl Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008570 general process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000856 hastalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000474 mercury oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UKWHYYKOEPRTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury(ii) oxide Chemical compound [Hg]=O UKWHYYKOEPRTIC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UJNZOIKQAUQOCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(diphenyl)phosphane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1P(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 UJNZOIKQAUQOCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001181 organosilyl group Chemical group [SiH3]* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000607 proton-decoupled 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- YNWSXIWHOSSPCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium(2+) Chemical compound [Rh+2] YNWSXIWHOSSPCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K rhodium(3+);triacetate Chemical compound [Rh+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O SVOOVMQUISJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014347 soups Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004454 trace mineral analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004684 trihydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/53—Organo-phosphine oxides; Organo-phosphine thioxides
- C07F9/5304—Acyclic saturated phosphine oxides or thioxides
- C07F9/5308—Acyclic saturated phosphine oxides or thioxides substituted by B, Si, P or a metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
- C07C51/12—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide on an oxygen-containing group in organic compounds, e.g. alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/36—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/5004—Acyclic saturated phosphines
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/5022—Aromatic phosphines (P-C aromatic linkage)
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
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- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
甲醇或其活性衍生物的液相羰基化方法,包括使
一氧化碳与包括甲醇或其活性衍生物、卤化物助剂和
铑催化剂体系的液体反应组合物接触,其中铑催化剂
体系由铑组分和磷-硫二齿配体组成;式[Rh(CO)
L]m和[Rh(CO)LY]的新型铑配体络合物,其中各代
号意义详见说明书。
Description
本发明涉及甲醇或其活性衍生物在卤化物助剂和由铑组分及磷-硫二齿配体组成的催化剂体系存在下羰基化的方法。本发明还涉及新的铑络合物。
关于铑(Ⅰ)和铑(Ⅱ)与混合的硫-氮、-磷和-砷配体形成的络合物的制备,在Dirasat:Nat.Sci.(Univ.Jordan),1983,10,47-55;CA.,1983 101 16218s中,由H.A.Hodali和I.M.Kittaneh做了描述。
US P 4,670,570描述了在主要含铑金属原子和含磷配体以及含卤素化合物助剂的催化剂体系的存在下,以醇为原料生产羧酸的方法。根据US P 4,670,570,在含磷配体中至少有一个氧含氧原子(=O)接到磷原子或碳原子上形成一个Z基团,所述Z基团中的P=O或C=O基团位置离下式代表的分子的磷原子相距至少1个碳原子,优选相距2~4个碳原子:
一个特别优选的配体据称是:
Ph2PCH2CH2P(=0)Phz。
WO92/04118描述了含有连到金属上的磷-氮螯合配体的新型催化剂前体,其中所述金属最优选为Rh、Ni或Co。螯合配体包括一个实际上非活性的连续骨架结构,该结构连接两个不同的配价中心或连接供体与阴离子位点。根据WO92/04118,该催化剂前体的通式如下:
其中,M是ⅧB族的过渡金属;
Y,Y′相同或不同地选自CO、Cl-、膦和烯烃;
R1-4,R6-12是相同的或不同的非活性取代基;
Q选自(CH2)n(其中n=1-5)、在邻位连接至P和X的苯环、通过双键连接P和X的烯烃和(CH3)CH;
X是P或As;
R=取代的芳环,
其中A、B、C和D选自F、H、NO2和烷基,且E为桥环氮或C-CN基团或它们的异构体,或R=SiMe3或TiCl2Cp,其中Me是甲基,Cp是环戊二烯;
R6是芳基或烷基;且
S*是S、Se、O或N-R,R如上定义。
在WO92/04118中所用的配体例子据称有如下述通式所示的配体:
在WO92/04118中描述的催化剂前体在甲醇羰基化形成乙酸及其衍生物(如乙酸甲酯)的反应中作为活性催化剂。根据WO92/04118,该过程据说可以在25-200℃和1-5000psig的条件下进行,优选条件据说是50-120℃和40-400psig,但仅仅给出了在80-90℃温度范围和40psig条件下的实施例。
在WO92/04118中给出的催化剂前体不是完全令人满意。
按本发明提供了一种甲醇或其活性衍生物液相羰基化的方法,该方法包括将一氧化碳与包括甲醇或其活性衍生物、卤化物助剂和由铑组分及磷-硫二齿配体组成的铑催化剂体系的液相反应组合物接触,其中配体包括一个磷配价中心,它通过实际上非活性的骨架结构连至硫配价中心或阴离子中心,骨架结构包括两个连接碳原子或一个连接碳原子和一个连接磷原子。
在一个优选的实施方案中,磷和硫配价中心或磷配价中心和硫阴离子中心是通过骨架结构中的两个连接碳原子连在一起的,其骨架结构可以包括直链的烃基-CH2、-CH2-、支链的烃基如(CH3)CHCH2或不饱和的烃基,如在邻位连接配体磷原子和硫原子的苯环(可任选为非配位取代基如-Si(CH3)3或-CH3取代)。另外,磷和硫配价中心或磷配价中心和硫阴离子中心也可以通过骨架结构中的一个连接碳原子和一个连结磷原子连在一起。
优选磷-硫二齿配体具有下式Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ或Ⅴ所示结构:
其中,R独立地选自C1~C20烷基、环烷基、芳基、取代的芳基和任选取代的芳烷基;R5选自H、C1-C20烷基、环烷基、芳基、取代的芳基、酰基和任选取代的芳烷基;R1~R4独立地选自H、C1~C20烷基和任选取代的芳烷基;X为非配位取代基,如C1-C20烷基、环烷基、芳基、取代的芳基、C1~C20烷氧基、C1~C20烷硫基、三烷基甲硅烷基或三芳基甲硅烷基,优选-Si(CH3)3或甲基;n为0~4,优选0或1。优选R独立地选自C1~C8烷基、环己基、苯基和任选取代的芳基;优选R5选自H、C1~C8烷基、环己基、苯基、乙酰基和苄基。优选R1~R4为各自独自地选自H或C1~C8烷基。优选(当n=1时)X为在6位上的-Si(CH3)3或X为在4位上的-CH3。
优选配体的例子有:
在本发明的方法中,甲醇的活性衍生物包括二甲醚、乙酸甲酯和甲基卤,如甲基碘。本方法的产物是乙酸甲酯和/或乙酸。优选本发明的方法为甲醇或其活性衍生物羰基化生产乙酸的方法。
本发明的方法适于在下述温度范围进行:25~250℃,优选50~250℃,更优选100~250℃,还更优选135~250℃,最优选145~200℃。
本发明的方法适于在下述压力(表压)范围进行:10~200巴,优选20~200巴,更优选30~200巴,最优选50~100巴。压力越高,促进效果越好,然而从经济方面考虑选定一个工业适用的压力。
在本发明的方法中,乙酸可作为溶剂存在于反应组合物中。
在本发明的方法中,水可以存在于液体反应组合物中,例如其浓度为液体反应组合物总重量的0.1%~20%,优选0.1%~14%,水可以加到液体反应组合物中,和/或通过存在于液体反应组合物中的乙酸溶剂和/或反应产物乙酸与甲醇酯化反应而原位产生。
催化剂体系的铑组分和磷-硫二齿配体可以以铑络合物的形式加到本发明的液体反应组合物中,在铑络合物中,磷-硫二齿配体与铑配位。优选在加到液体反应组合物中之前将含有可替代基团的铑组分与磷-硫二齿配体在一种合适的惰性溶剂(如甲醇)中预先混合,然后再加到液体反应组合物中。于此RhⅢ组分是不合适的。在此条件下铑组分可以以任何合适的形式添加,如[Rh(CO)2Cl]2、[Rh(CO)2l]2、[RH(Cod)Cl]2、氯化铑Ⅲ、氯化铑Ⅲ三水合物、溴化铑Ⅲ、碘化铑Ⅲ、乙酸铑Ⅲ、二羰基乙酰丙酮酸铑、RhCl(PPh3)3和RhCl(CO)(PPh3)2。
催化剂体系中的铑组分例如可以以25~5000ppm铑的浓度存在于液体反应组合物中,铑组分与磷-硫二齿配体合适的摩尔比范围为1∶0.5至1∶4,优选为1∶1。
卤化物助剂优选为含碘的有机化合物,最优选的卤化物助剂为烷基碘,优选甲基碘。烷基碘在液体反应组合物中的浓度范围优选1~30wt%,最优选5~20wt%。
根据本发明,还提供式[Rh(CO)L]m或[Rh(CO)LY]的铑络合物,其中,L为上述通式(Ⅱ)、(Ⅲ)、(Ⅳ)或(Ⅴ)的磷-硫二齿配体,优选(Ⅱa)、(Ⅲa)、(Ⅳa)、(Ⅴa)或(Ⅴb),Y是卤素,优选氧、溴或碘,m小于10,一般至少为2。
所有的制备都用标准Schlenk-Line技术在氮气气氛下进行。所用溶剂在使用之前都进行干燥。除非特别说明,则配体均用31P{1H}NMR(核磁共振)谱表征,络合物均用31P{1H}NMR谱、红外光谱及微量分析表征。NMR谱是在室温下、用JEOL EX 270谱仪测量的,对照
p=40480740Hz溶剂中(85%的H3PO4的理想值)的2H锁定信号(lock signal):正位移是低磁场。红外谱图是在Perkin-Elmer/600系列傅立叶变换红外谱仪上测量的。
配体的制备
配体双(二苯基膦基)甲烷单硫化物PH2PCH2P(S)Ph2{Va}根据D E Berry、J Browning、K R Dixon和R W Hilts在Can.J.Chem.,1988,66,1272中所述的方法制备。配体2-(二苯基膦基)苯硫本酚2-(Ph2P)C5H4(SH)用E Block、G Ofori-Okai和J Zubieta在J.Am.Chem.Soc.,1989,111,2327中所描述的方法制备,31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3);δp=-11.4ppm,二苯基[2-(甲硫基)苯基]膦:31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3)δp=-12.1ppm。配体Ph2PCH2P(=0)Ph2和Ph2PCH2P(=0)Ph2根据EP 0072560中描述的方法制备。三苯基膦和P(=S)Ph3是从Aldrich得到的商业产品。
双(二甲基膦基)甲烷单硫化物Me2PCH2P(S)Me2,{Vb}的制备在0℃,将元素硫(0.848g,26.5mmol)的甲苯(70ml)溶液在5分钟内加到双(二甲基膦基)甲烷(ex Strem;3.6g,26.5mmol)的甲苯(60ml)溶液中,所得混合物在0℃搅拌30分钟,然后在室温下搅拌1小时。减压除去溶剂和未反应的双(二甲基膦基)甲烷,得到2.76g白色的固体产品,其组成为Me2PCH2P(S)Me2(以硫计收率为60%)和Me2(S)PCH2P(S)Me2(收率为40%)的混合物。
2-(二苯基膦基)乙硫醇锂Ph2PCH2CH2(SLi)的制备
制备采用了J R Geigy在FR 1401930和J Chatt、J R Dilworth、J.A Schmutz和J A Zubieta在J.Chem.Soc.Dalton Trans.,1979 1595-99中描述的方法,在一个二苯基膦(ex Fluka;0.134ml,0.144mg,0.772mmol)的乙醚(15ml)溶液中加入丁基锂(0.31ml的2.5M的己烷溶液),且该溶液在室温下搅拌30分钟。然后加入环硫乙烷(ethylene sulfide)(0.46ml,0.109g,0.772mmol)并在室温下搅拌所得混合物2小时。得到的2-(二苯基膦基)乙硫醇锂的醚溶液无须进一步处理可直接用于制备2-(二苯基膦基)乙硫醇阴离子络合物。2-(二苯基膦基)乙硫醇:31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):δp=-13.1ppm。[2-(甲硫基)乙基]二苯基膦:31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):δp=-13.4ppm。
铑催化剂体系的制备
[Rh(CO)LCl]的制备;其中,L是Ph2PCH2P(S)Ph2,{Ⅴa}
将Ph2PCH2P(S)Ph2(0.099g,0.237mmol)在1.9ml甲醇中的浆状物加到[Ph(CO)2Cl]2(0.046g,0.118mmol)的甲醇(1.9ml)溶液中。得到的混合物在减压下除去溶剂得到一种橙色固体产物(0.110g,收率80%)。
[Rh(CO)2Cl]2与Me2PCH2P(S)Me2{Ⅴb}的反应
在0℃,将上述制备的Me2PCH2P(S)Me2和Me2(S)PCH2P(S)Me2的混合物(0.132g,含0.474mmol Me2PCH2P(S)Me2)与3.8ml甲醇形成的溶液加到[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.092g,0.237mmol)的甲醇(3.8ml)溶液中。得到的混合物(甲醇中的黄色沉淀)直接用作甲醇羰基化的催化剂。
羰基双[(P,μ-S)-2-(二苯基膦基)苯硫醇基]二铑(Ⅰ)低聚物{[Rh(CO)L]m,其中,L是2-(Ph2P)C6H4(S-)Ⅳa}制备
由[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.15g,0.385mmol)、2-(二苯基膦基)苯硫酚(0.22g,0.747mmol)、MeOLi(0.07g,1.6mmol)和25ml甲醇形成的混合物回流30分钟。得到的红橙色沉淀产物通过过滤收集(0.287g,88%收率)。现在,优选在室温下将该反应混合物搅拌30分钟代替回流。C19H14OPRhS Mr=424.26,计算值:C 53.79%,H 3.33%;实测值:C53.66%,H3.43%。31P{1H}-NMR(丙酮-d6):δp=+60.5ppm(d,1JPRh=158Hz)。V(C≡O)=1946cm-1(石蜡糊)。羰基双[(P,μ-S)-2-(二苯基膦基)乙基硫醇基]二铑(Ⅰ)低聚物{[Rh(CO)L]m,其中L是Ph2PCH2CH2(S-),Ⅱa}的制备
将[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.15g,0.386mmol)溶于10ml甲醇形成的溶液加到2-(二苯基膦基)乙硫醇锂(上述制备的)的溶液中,得到的混合物搅拌30分钟。产生的橙色沉淀产物通过过滤收集(0.264g,收率为91%)。C15H14OPRhS Mr=376.22,计算值:C47.89%,H3.75%,实测值:C48.01%,H 3.49%。31P{1H}-NMR(丙酮-d6):δp=+63.7ppm(d,1JPRh=158Hz),V(C≡O)=1947cm-1(石蜡糊)。
氯羰基[(P,S)-二苯基{2-(甲硫基)苯基}膦]铑(Ⅰ){[Rh(CO)LCl];其中L是2-(Ph2P)C6H4(SMe),Ⅲa}的制备
在-20℃下,将甲基碘(0.048ml,0.109g,0.772mmol)在15分钟内滴加到2-(二苯基膦基)苯硫酚(0.227g,0.772mmol)的甲醇(25ml)溶液中。得到的溶液温热到室温并加入[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.15g,0.386mmol)的甲醇(10ml)溶液。得到的混合物搅拌2小时,深棕色沉淀产物通过过滤收集(0.179g,收率49%)。C20H17ClOPRhS,Mr=474.75,计算值:C50.60%,H3.61%,实测值:C50.88%,H3.72%。31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):δp=+70.3ppm(d,1JPRh=158Hz),V(C≡O)=1998cm-1(石蜡糊)。氯羰基[(P,S)-{2-(甲硫基)乙基}二苯基膦]铑(Ⅰ){[Rh(CO)LCl];其中L是Ph2PCH2CH2(SMe),Ⅰa}的制备
将碘甲烷(0.048ml,0.109g,0.772mmol)滴加到2-(二苯基膦基)乙硫醇锂(上述方法制备的)溶液中,得到的混合物搅拌2小时。向该混合物中加入[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.15g,0.386mmol)的甲醇(15ml)溶液,得到的混合物再搅拌30分钟,过滤得到深棕色的沉淀产物(0.191g,收率58%)。C16H17ClOPRhS,Mr=426.71,计算值:C45.04%,H4.02%,实测值:C44.26%,H3.61%。31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):δp=+72.7ppm(d,1JPRh=162Hz)。V(C≡O)=1984cm-1(石蜡糊)。甲醇羰基化的一般过程
甲醇(22.69g),乙酸(59.79g)和甲基碘(6.84g)装在150ml的Hastelloy B2高压釜中,釜装有Magnedrive(TM)搅拌器。然后,该高压釜用氮气置换2次,用一氧化碳置换一次。反应混合物在一氧化碳的初始压力为1bar时用电加热线圈加热到所需的反应温度。通过仔细控制由电热线圈提供的热量使反应混合物的温度控制在所需温度±1℃的范围内。采用快而稳的搅拌(1000rpm)。在第一个实验系列中,配体(1.89×10-3摩尔)和[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.092g,2.37×10-4mol)部分或全部溶解在甲醇(5g)中(见表1和表2),形成的溶液或浆液注入到高压釜中,同时高压釜用一氧化碳充压到总压为70bar(表压)。在第二个实验系列中,铑络合物(见表3)以甲醇(5g)溶液或浆液的形式注入到高压釜中,同时高压釜用一氧化碳充压至总压为70bar(表压)。在两个实验系列中,高压釜通过从带压力贮罐中(ballast vessel)补充一氧化碳来维持压力,羰基化反应速度通过测量从带压力贮罐(ballast vessel)吸收一氧化碳的速度来确定。借助一氧化碳的消耗监测反应终点,反应完成后,冷却反应混合物,高压釜泄压后,反应混合物样品用气相色谱分析,以确定在反应期间形成的乙酸。用不同的配体得到的羰基化结果见表1~3。
(a)速度为从反应开始到一半甲醇转化成乙酸时的平均速度。
(b)Ph(=S)Ph3包含于高压釜的初始装料中,而不存在于注入高压釜的溶液中。
表1给出的结果表明,185℃时,在三苯基膦(叔膦配体,实验B)存在时甲醇的羰基化速度仅略高于膦配体不存在时的速度(实验A)。在单齿叔膦硫化物配体P(=S)PPh3存在时得到了提高的羰基化速度(实验C)。这一配体性能也优于实验D和E中所用的叔双膦单氧化物配体。然而,按本发明在Ph2PCH2P(=S)Ph2(叔双膦单硫化物配体,实施例1)存在时得到的羰基化反应速度是无膦配体存在时的反应速度(实验A)的6.2倍,是在单齿叔膦硫化物配体存在时的反应速度(实验C)的4.1倍。此外,实施例1得到的羰基化速度比在相应的单氧化物配体Ph2PCH2P(=0)Ph2存在时得到的反应速度(实验E)高4.7倍。
(a)反应速度是从反应开始直到一半甲醇转变成乙酸时的平均速度。
表2给出的实验结果表明,在150℃时,在Ph2PCH2P(=S)Ph2存在时的羰基化速度是用单氧化物配体Ph2PCH2CH2P(=0)PH2得到的速度的12.7倍。
表3给出的结果表明,在185℃时,当具有与铑配位的二齿膦-硫配体的铑络合物装到高压釜中时(实施例3~8),甲醇羰基化的速度比实验A的速度高得多。在实验A中装到高压釜中的是无膦-硫二齿配体的[Rh(CO)2Cl]2。
实验G
用表3中所列各实施例相同的步骤进行羰基化实验,所不同的是采用0.474mmol[Rh(CO)LCl](其中L是Ph2PN(Ph)P(S)Ph2)。故而,把Ph2PN(Ph)P(S)Ph2(0.233g,0.473mmol)与3.8ml甲醇形成的浆液加到[Rh(CO)2Cl]2(0.092g,0.237mmol)的甲醇(3.8ml)溶液中。配体Ph2PN(Ph)P(S)Ph2)用M S Balakrishna等人在Inorg.Chem.1993,Vol 32 5676-5681中描述的方法制备。
5分钟后在甲醇中形成的
的黄色浆液直接用作羰基化实验的催化剂加料。在该羰基化实验中,羰基化速度(从反应开始直到一半甲醇转化成乙酸时的平均速度)是3.4mol/1/小时,该速度小于表3中用于本发明的配体所得到的速度Ph2PN(Ph)P(S)Ph2用于羰基化反应是WO 92/04118中描述的。这不是本发明实施例。
实施例9~11
在不同的压力下重复实施例3,结果见表4。
(a)速度是指从反应开始直到一半甲醇转化成乙酸时的平均速度。
Claims (16)
1、甲醇或其活性衍生物液相羰基化的方法,所述方法包括使一氧化碳与包括甲醇或其活性衍生物、卤化物助剂和铑催化剂体系的液体反应组合物接触,铑催化剂体系由铑组分和磷-硫二齿配体构成,所述配体包括通过实际上非活性的骨架结构连至硫配价中心或阴离子中心的磷配价中心,所述非活性的骨架结构包含两个连接碳原子或一个连接碳原子和一个连接磷原子。
3、按权利要求2的方法,其中R基团独立地选自C1~C8烷基、环己基、苯基和任选取代的芳基。
4、按权利要求2或3的方法,其中R5基团选自氢、C1~C8烷基、环己基、苯基、乙酰基和苄基。
5、按权利要求2~4中的任意一项的方法,其中R1~R4基团各自独立地选自氢和C1~C8烷基。
6、按权利要求2-5中任意一项的方法,其中X是-Si(CH3)3或甲基。
8、按前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中铑组分与磷-硫二齿配体的摩尔比范围为1∶0.5~1∶4。
9、按前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中所述方法进行的温度范围为25~250℃,压力范围为10~200bar(表压)。
10、按前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中液体反应组合物包括水、烷基碘和铑组分,其中水浓度范围为0.1~20wt%,烷基碘浓度范围为1~30wt%,铑组分浓度范围为25~5000ppm。
11、按前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中羰基化产物为乙酸。
12、由铑组分和磷一硫二齿配体组成的催化剂体系,其中配体选自权利要求2-6中任意一项中所定义的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ。
13、按权利要求12的催化剂体系,其中磷-硫二齿配体选自权利要求7所定义的Ⅱa、Ⅲa、Ⅳa、Ⅴa和Ⅴb。
14、按权利要求12或13的催化剂体系,其中铑组分与磷-硫二齿配体的摩尔比范围为1∶0.5~1∶4。
15、式[Rh(CO)L]m或[Rh(CO)LY]的铑络合物,其中L选自权利要求2中所定义的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ的磷-硫二齿配体,Y是卤素,m是小于10的数。
16、按权利要求15的铑络合物,其中L是选自权利要求7所定义的Ⅱa、Ⅲa、Ⅳa、Ⅴa和Ⅴb的磷-硫二齿配体,且m至少为2。
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EP (1) | EP0632006B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JPH0753442A (zh) |
KR (1) | KR950000641A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1105013A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9402593A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2126961A1 (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69410169T2 (zh) |
FI (1) | FI943148A (zh) |
NO (1) | NO942248L (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2129539C1 (zh) |
TW (1) | TW311909B (zh) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN113004139A (zh) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-22 | 华东理工大学 | 一种低水含量下乙醇羰基合成丙酸的方法 |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6215015B1 (en) * | 2000-04-17 | 2001-04-10 | General Electric Company | Catalyst composition and method for producing diaryl carbonates, using bisphosphines |
US6878830B2 (en) * | 2001-07-13 | 2005-04-12 | Board Of Trustees Of Michigan State University | Catalytic boronate ester synthesis from boron reagents and hydrocarbons |
TW567183B (en) * | 2001-10-05 | 2003-12-21 | China Petrochemical Dev Corp | Process for producing carboxylic acids |
US7005541B2 (en) * | 2002-12-23 | 2006-02-28 | Celanese International Corporation | Low water methanol carbonylation process for high acetic acid production and for water balance control |
TWI473785B (zh) * | 2007-06-01 | 2015-02-21 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | 使用金屬螯配位體催化劑用於醋酸之生產的羰基化方法 |
CN102580754A (zh) * | 2011-12-14 | 2012-07-18 | 中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所 | 一种合成醋酸甲酯的催化剂及制法和应用 |
Family Cites Families (8)
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FR1401930A (fr) * | 1963-07-24 | 1965-06-04 | Geigy Ag J R | Mercaptans phosphorés et leur préparation |
US4687874A (en) * | 1980-02-12 | 1987-08-18 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Selective hydroformylation process using alkyl diaryl phosphine rhodium carbonyl hydride catalysts |
US4668809A (en) * | 1982-05-03 | 1987-05-26 | Exxon Research And Engineering | Transition metal complex catalysts |
CA1218999A (en) * | 1983-01-25 | 1987-03-10 | Eit Drent | Process for the preparation of carboxylic acids and/or esters |
CA1237728A (en) * | 1984-07-20 | 1988-06-07 | Anthony G. Abatjoglou | Production of carboxylic acids from alcohols using rhodium complex catalysts |
US4855399A (en) * | 1987-02-26 | 1989-08-08 | Shell Oil Company | Carbon monoxide/olefin co-polymerization process with phosphino substituted sulfonic acid catalyst |
EP0545997B1 (en) * | 1990-08-31 | 1995-11-02 | The Governors Of The University Of Alberta | Carbonylation of methanol using a novel transition metal catalyst precursor |
DE4121959A1 (de) * | 1991-06-28 | 1993-01-07 | Zentralinstitut Fuer Organisch | Traegerkatalysator zur herstellung von essigsaeure |
-
1994
- 1994-06-15 NO NO942248A patent/NO942248L/no unknown
- 1994-06-21 US US08/262,955 patent/US5488153A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-23 EP EP94304580A patent/EP0632006B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-06-23 DE DE69410169T patent/DE69410169T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-06-27 JP JP6143731A patent/JPH0753442A/ja active Pending
- 1994-06-28 RU RU94022239A patent/RU2129539C1/ru active
- 1994-06-28 CA CA002126961A patent/CA2126961A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1994-06-29 BR BR9402593A patent/BR9402593A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-06-29 TW TW083105894A patent/TW311909B/zh active
- 1994-06-30 KR KR1019940015605A patent/KR950000641A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-06-30 CN CN94106576A patent/CN1105013A/zh active Pending
- 1994-06-30 FI FI943148A patent/FI943148A/fi unknown
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN113004139A (zh) * | 2019-12-18 | 2021-06-22 | 华东理工大学 | 一种低水含量下乙醇羰基合成丙酸的方法 |
CN113004139B (zh) * | 2019-12-18 | 2022-09-02 | 华东理工大学 | 一种低水含量下乙醇羰基合成丙酸的方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BR9402593A (pt) | 1995-05-02 |
NO942248D0 (no) | 1994-06-15 |
NO942248L (no) | 1995-01-02 |
DE69410169T2 (de) | 1998-09-03 |
EP0632006B1 (en) | 1998-05-13 |
DE69410169D1 (de) | 1998-06-18 |
TW311909B (zh) | 1997-08-01 |
KR950000641A (ko) | 1995-01-03 |
RU2129539C1 (ru) | 1999-04-27 |
JPH0753442A (ja) | 1995-02-28 |
FI943148A (fi) | 1994-12-31 |
EP0632006A1 (en) | 1995-01-04 |
FI943148A0 (fi) | 1994-06-30 |
CA2126961A1 (en) | 1994-12-31 |
US5488153A (en) | 1996-01-30 |
RU94022239A (ru) | 1996-04-20 |
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