CN110463859A - 改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料 - Google Patents
改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种改善蛋鸡蛋壳质量的预混合复合饲料，包括以下按重量份计的组分：磷酸氢钙、碳酸钙、食盐、小苏打、胆碱、甜菜碱、复合微量元素、复合有机微量元素、复合维生素、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、鱼粉、艾草、玉米蛋白粉、破壁酵母粉、混合酶制剂。通过使用自配多种维生素、微量元素、无机微量元素结合破壁酵母粉、小苏打等的比例和量可有效改善蛋壳颜色、增强蛋壳强度，减少鸡蛋破损率3‑5％，从而解决了蛋鸡养殖中，蛋鸡随着日龄的增长，在400日龄以后出现的蛋壳颜色差，沙壳蛋，暗斑蛋，茶斑蛋等的异常鸡蛋比例增加等问题，本发明饲料能够满足产蛋鸡后期的微量元素需求，提高产蛋率和蛋壳厚度,改善蛋壳质量，为养殖户带来巨大经济效益。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种鸡饲料，尤其是一种能够提高蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋率和饲料转化效率、提高骨髓造血功能、提高蛋壳厚度、改善蛋壳质量并减少破蛋率的蛋鸡饲料。
背景技术
当今养禽业中，笼养蛋鸡骨质疏松症(cage layer osteoporosis，CLO)，又名笼养蛋鸡疲劳症(cagelayer fatigue，CLF)是集约化生产中最为重要的一种骨骼疾病。该病一年四季均可发生，发于高产鸡群的产蛋各期，以骨量减少和骨的微观结构的退化特征。临床常无特征性表现，骨骼处于亚健康状态，不易被发现和重视，严重时会出现腿软无力、瘫痪、软壳蛋这蛋壳质量停止产蛋表现。
关于本病防治早有报道，此病大多集中在蛋鸡成年以后。但却与青年期骨的发育有着密切的联系。因为骨发育的关键时期是青年期。该病多表现在产蛋高峰期，当进入产蛋期时茶斑蛋、薄壳蛋、沙皮蛋、暗斑蛋、裂纹蛋等异常鸡蛋的比例增加，到产蛋中后期破蛋的比例尤为严重。另一方面形成蛋壳的钙离子60-70％直接来源于饲料中的钙，30-40％来自骨髓。蛋鸡进入产蛋后期，不断动用骨骼中的钙，同时骨髓的造血功能也不断下降，蛋鸡出现贫血状态，鸡冠发白、鸡的精神状态下降、同时伴随蛋壳的质量下降，常常会给养禽业造成很大的经济损失。
随着鸡群日龄的增加面临着两个严重的问题：一方面是由于体内分泌的生殖激素的腺体功能日渐衰退(垂体分泌各种激素浓度逐渐降低)，另一方面肠道对营养物质(微量元素、维生素等)的吸收利用下降，输卵管壳腺体的分泌下降，随着蛋重逐渐增加，蛋壳重略有增加，但跟不上蛋重的增加，因此蛋壳厚度越来越薄，蛋壳质量越来越差，具体表现为破蛋率增加，而仅仅通过增加钙含量来改善蛋壳质量的效果不够明显。
日前大多数日粮配方对产蛋后期蛋鸡产蛋性能的提高和蛋壳质量的改善作用不够明显，关键在于未能改善蛋鸡体内的激素分泌与产蛋有关的微量元素的作用。鉴于此，本发明主要是提高蛋鸡骨髓的造血功能来减少笼养蛋鸡疲劳症的发生从而降低异常鸡蛋的发生比例，延长产蛋周期。
发明内容
本发明的目的是采用下述技术方案实现的：一种改善蛋鸡(400日龄以后)产蛋后期蛋壳质量的预混合复合饲料，包括以下按重量计的组份：碳酸钙160～200份、艾草粉58.2～134份、破壁酵母粉60～80份、鱼粉200～250份、磷酸氢钙140～175份、食盐20～60份、玉米蛋白粉20～30份、赖氨酸30～60份、蛋氨酸20～36份、复合维生素42～50份、胆碱6～20份、甜菜碱6～30份、复合有机微量元素15～50份、复合微量元素15.8～30份、碳酸氢钠10～20份、酶制剂12～20份。
甜菜碱(Betaine)是从甜菜及其糖蜜中提取的一种生物碱，邹晓庭等人(甜菜碱提高蛋鸡产蛋性能的机理研究,中国畜牧杂志,2002,第38卷第2期)公开了甜菜碱可以通过增强腺垂体FSH和促黄体生成激素(luteinizing hormone，LH)的分泌，促进卵泡的生长发育和排卵，有效地抑制了卵泡闭锁的发生，提高有效卵细胞的数量，增加产蛋率，同时促进卵蛋白和卵脂肪沉积，从而提高蛋鸡产蛋率和饲料利用率。此外，甜菜碱具有转甲基的功能，可以为蛋壳腺中脑磷脂转化为卵磷脂过程中提供甲基，激活膜上的Ca2+-ATPase，促进血液中钙穿过蛋壳腺，加快血液中钙离子的循环速度，促进蛋壳的形成。因此甜菜碱能提高蛋壳厚度，改善蛋壳质量。[许梓荣等人(甜菜碱对蛋鸡蛋品质影响及机理研究,畜牧兽医学报,2001,第32第5期)]公开了蛋鸡饲粮中添加600mg/kg的甜菜碱使50周龄和70周龄的蛋壳厚度分别增加2.5％(P<0.08)和10.81％(P<0.05)，蛋壳相对重量提高6.69(P<0.05)和6.94(P<0.05)。
艾叶中蛋白质和氨基酸含量根据测定，每1kg艾叶含粗蛋白质161g，氨基酸组成也较全面，其中谷氨酸、组氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、缬氨酸等与香鲜味相关的氨基酸占氨基酸总含量75％～90％。[李决等人(艾叶作为纯中药及绿色植物饲料添加剂在养殖业中的开发与利用)]，艾草中多种其他物质艾叶含有一种目前尚未弄清其结构的能促进畜禽发育的“生长因子”；含有生物碱、酚类、绿缘酸、植物杀菌素等化学物质，具有提高动物免疫水平、抑杀病菌、消炎等保健作用；含有的苫艾素、苫艾醇，有兴奋大脑皮层及皮层中枢的作用。另外，研究表明，在大白鼠日粮中添加艾叶粉，小肠总蛋白酶、胰淀粉酶、胰脂肪酶的活性均高于基础日粮组。说明艾叶能提高小肠蛋白酶等消化酶活性，从而提高蛋白质等营养物质的消化率.[高宏伟等(日粮中添加艾叶粉饲养肉仔鸡的试验研究《中国兽医学报》1991年01期)]艾草在蛋鸡日粮中添加2.5％的艾叶粉，试验组比对照组产蛋量提高12.1％，白痢等疾病的发病率降低38.73％。[李荣等人(艾叶桐叶黄芪粉分别作蛋鸡饲料添加剂的试验，《当代畜牧》1997年03期]。
有机微量元素
由于微量元素产业的快速发展和相对滞后的生产水平之间的矛盾，导致有机微量元素在生产应用及价格高问题。本发明是以有机微量元素与无机微量元素相混合，同时结合酶制剂在鸡生产上的应用，减少因微量元素缺乏造成蛋鸡贫血从而对鸡蛋品质的影响。
美国饲料管理协会(AAFCO，2001)将有机微量元素分为金属氨基酸络合物、金属(特定氨基酸)络合物、金属氨基酸螯合物、金属多糖络合物、金属蛋白盐5类。有机微量元素化学结构稳定、生物效价高，可提高鸡的抗病、抗应激能力。常见的5种有机微量元素铜、铁、锰、锌、硒的生物学功能及有机微量元素在鸡生产上的应用情况。有机微量元素在吸收利用率、对鸡的生产性能和蛋品质改善等方面明显优于无机微量元素。[黄金昌等报道(有机微量元素在动物生产的应用于研究)《饲料研究》-2014年第1期]。微量元素作为酶的组成成分或者辅助因子而参与动物体三大营养物质(蛋白质、糖类和脂质)的代谢，影响动物的繁殖机能和生产机能。微量元素的添加形态不同，直接关系到动物对微量元素的吸收和利用，影响动物的生产性能。为了满足蛋鸡对各种必需微量元素的要求，在微量元素添加剂和添加形态方面进行了大量研究，氨基酸同一种金属离子(微量元素)形成的一种环状结构的络合物。常见的螯合环有五元环和六元环，其中α-氨基酸螯合铁为五元环，β-氨基酸螯合铁为六元环。微量元素被氨基酸螯合后，生成稳定常数适中的螯合物，这些螯合物在小肠中利用氨基酸吸收通道，避免了与通过矿物元素离子吸收通道运转的其他矿物元素的竞争与拮抗。另外螯合物的生化性质更加稳定，有效抵御日粮中其他养分与之发生不利反应。螯合物在机体内溶解性能好、易吸收、利用率高。本发明选用蛋氨酸螯合物因其螯和的化学结构及性能都比较稳定。
蛋氨酸铁中的氨基酸来源于蛋白源的酶解。蛋氨酸铁不易被氧化，通过饲料进入到体内以后，在胃液的作用下直接分解为二价铁，从而直接被利用，预防缺铁引起的贫血发生。蛋氨酸铁可以显著提供鸡血红蛋白(P＜0.05)，肝铁是铁源生物利用，蛋氨酸铁提高了铁源生物利用率[郭荣富陈克嶙等报道(肉鸡蛋氨酸铁生物利用率试验研究)《中国家禽》2004年第z1期]，因此添加蛋氨酸铁可以有效提高了骨髓的造血功能。此外，氨基酸螯合铁还具有一定的杀菌和免疫功能。有人认为，螯合态微量元素在特定组织、靶器官或功能位点发挥特定功能。
锰在体内参与很多化学反应，是蛋壳形成必需的一种微量元素，它与蛋壳的抗裂强度有关，低锰使裂缝蛋比例上升，蛋的破损率提高，产蛋量和孵化率均降低，蛋壳变薄，并且这种影响可能是持续性的(有研究发现，长达一年之久)，甚至是不可逆的。当饲料中锰添加量降低到7mg/kg时，不论饲料中钙、磷含量是多少，蛋壳品质都会下降；相反，如果锰含量过高，也会影响到钙的吸收和代谢而不利于蛋壳的形成。[俞路等报道(鸡蛋壳内部组成、构造及其质量的基因调控技术)动物营养学报,2008(3):366-370]。锰和锌都是碳酸酐酶(Carbonic-anhydrase，CA)的重要组成部分，而CA的作用是催化血液中以及壳腺中细胞代谢产生的CO2转化为HCO3 -及其逆反应，HCO3 -进一步解离为CO3 2-，进而与Ca2+结合后沉积在蛋壳膜表面，[袁旭红等(蛋壳质量综合控制措施)中国禽业导刊,2008(19):38.]。在蛋禽的产蛋期内，一般认为日粮中含锌量必须在50mg/kg才可以保证蛋壳质量[俞路，王雅倩，章世元等报道(鸡蛋壳内部组成、构造及其质量的基因调控技术)动物营养学报,2008(3):366-370.]。锰能通过激活黏多糖形成中的糖基转移酶，促进蛋白质黏多糖(蛋壳的有机成分)的合成，从而影响蛋壳钙化作用的启动，并调控晶体层的延伸，促进其正确生长来调控蛋壳晶体结构[闫奕源等报道(浅议矿物元素对鸡蛋壳品质的影响)家禽科学，2011(3)]。
有机锌能够迅速提高机体内多种酶的活性，锌不足会通过影响碳酸酐酶的活性而导致壳腺对CO3 2-的分泌减少，进而影响蛋壳钙化，使蛋壳变薄、脆、粗糙[许甲平，邓志刚，冯一凡.等报道(甘氨酸亚铁与甘氨酸锌协同作用对蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响)饲料工业,2013(8):54-56.]。蛋氨酸锌可以缓解或减少与饲料中的钙拮抗，更能满足高钙饲粮条件下蛋鸡对锌的营养需求，保证蛋鸡夜间消化道持续释放钙，改善蛋壳质量，提高蛋鸡产蛋量。[刘兵等报道，(蛋氨酸锌的生物学功能及其在家禽生产中的应用)中国畜牧杂志，2015，51(1).]。
铜作为赖氨酰氧化酶的辅助因子，参与基质蛋白薄膜的形成中赖氨酸的代谢，因此，缺乏铜会影响蛋壳基质蛋白薄膜纤维的分布，从而导致畸形蛋或者其它不正常的机械特性[李秀霞，许丽，孙协军.等报道(微量元素铜对动物免疫功能的影响)黑龙江畜牧兽医,2002(11)]。蛋氨酸铜催化铁参与血红蛋白的合成，促进早起血红细胞的成熟，骨骼的形成色素的沉着[张洪丽.等报道(矿物质元素饲料添加剂-蛋氨酸铜络合物)中国饲料添加剂，2014(4)]。
硒的缺乏能够损害淋巴细胞的增殖能力，尤其是能抑制在嗜中性粒细胞趋化作用中必不可少的促细胞分裂原、巨噬细胞、白细胞三烯B4的合成。充有机硒不仅能够增强细胞免疫的水平，对动物的体液免疫力也有很好的增强作用[ArthurJR，McKenzieRC，BeckettGJ.Selenium in the Immunesystem.JNutr，2003，133(5)：1457-1459.]。不同硒的添加剂量对蛋品质的影响有很大的差异，在一定范围内，随着硒水平的升高，蛋壳的强度以及蛋白高度均有一定的增加趋势[杨德智等报道(硒不同添加水平对高峰期罗曼蛋鸡蛋品质及其在体内代谢的影响)广东饲料，2013，22(12)]。
锰可以使红细胞，成熟红细胞及循环血量增加，锰还可以改善机体对铜的利用，而铜可以调节机体对铁的吸收利用以及红细胞的成熟与释放，所以微量元素之间是相辅相成的关系。
酶制剂
随着养殖业的迅速发展，各类新型饲料添加剂得以广泛应用。“无抗”添加剂成为了现代养殖业的一大重要课题。酶制剂是目前被认为使用最安全的一种饲料添加剂。它是微生物发酵的天然产物，被称为“绿色”添加剂。
葡萄糖氧化酶(Glucose Oxidase，简称GOD)是一种新型的酶制剂，能够改善动物肠道环境，提高饲料转化利用率，促进动物生长等。1999年，葡萄糖氧化酶制剂被我国农业部批准为“允许使用的饲料添加剂”。[王友生解庆柱刘晓辉《中国饲料添加剂》2017年第6期]GOD是一种需氧脱氢酶，能够专一性地氧化B—D一葡萄糖为葡萄糖酸和过氧化氢酶制剂，可以改善鸡肠道健康，进而改善肉鸡生产性能和蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质，提高鸡抗病能力，[胡亚奇等报道(葡萄糖氧化酶在鸡生产上的应用)《中兽医学杂志》2018,(1)]。海兰褐蛋鸡日粮中添加0.4％葡萄糖氧化酶可显著提高血清总蛋白含量，0.2％～0.4％葡萄糖氧化酶可显著或极显著提高白蛋白的含量。0.1％～0.4％葡萄糖氧化酶有提高球蛋白、钙磷和碱性磷酸酶的含量，降低总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平以及提高谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的活性的趋势，0.4％添加组显著降低了肌酸激酶的活性(P0.05)。[赵国先等报道(葡萄糖氧化酶对蛋鸡产蛋性能及血液生化指标的调控作用)《河北农业大学学报》；2007年01期]日粮中添加葡萄糖氧化酶均可提高饲料中各养分的代谢率。钙的表观代谢率分别提高；总磷的表观代谢率分别提高。葡萄糖氧化酶添加显著降低了软破畸形蛋率，显著提高了蛋壳厚度，可以提高盲肠内容物中乳酸杆菌的数量，降低大肠杆菌的数量，能促进盲肠内容物中乳酸杆菌的增殖，抑制盲肠内容物中大肠杆菌繁殖(P0.01)，能提高球蛋白、钙磷和碱性磷酸酶的含量，降低总胆固醇和甘油三酯水平以及提高谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶的活性。[张晓云等报道(葡萄糖氧化酶对蛋鸡生产性能、肠道微生物及血液指标的影响)2006年]。
过氧化氢酶(CAT)是一种新型酶制剂，是最主要的H2O2清除酶，它能消除生物体在新陈代谢过程中产生的有害物质，在活性氧清除系统中具有重要作用。是一种源于生命体的活性物质。它能对机体不断地补充过氧化氢酶，可以有效的清除应激，氧化，内外毒素和感染造成的损伤，清除各种有机毒素，保护和修复细胞终止炎症，是机体内的垃圾清道夫。
植酸有很强的络合力，能与Ca、Zn等金属离子及蛋白质鳌合成稳定的复合物，从而降低这些营养成分的利用植酸酶水解植酸，从而破坏了它对矿物元素和蛋白质的络合能力，使被络合的矿物元素因此而大量地被释放出来，同时由于植酸-蛋白质络合之间的键断裂，也可使蛋白质从络合物中释放出来。同时改善磷、铜、铁、锌、锰、硒等微量元素的吸收利用。Mohanna等(1990)等报道。
复合酶由抗氧化酶，溶菌酶等多种酶组成，复合酶具有摧毁和降解细胞壁的作用，从而使营养物质更多地被释放和被所消化吸收利用，改善胃肠机能，有效抑制畜禽肠道中病原菌的繁殖，提高机体免疫力，可减轻畜禽粪便臭味和畜舍氨气，改善养殖环境。
混合维生素
合理利用维生素饲料资源，特别是在集约化生产条件下，蛋鸡易发生营养缺乏症与营养代谢障碍，影响蛋鸡的生长发育，虽然维生素在蛋鸡配合饲料中比重很小，但它对保证机体的健康，尤其对机体的免疫力却起到非常重要的不可替代的作用。
维生素D：产蛋鸡产蛋性能及蛋壳质量受多种因素影响，但受钙和维生素D的影响最大。饲料中维生素D严重缺乏时，产蛋鸡一周内即开始发病(如：佝偻病、薄壳蛋，种鸡孵化率降低)。已进入产蛋高峰期的鸡群对维生素D缺乏反应敏感，减蛋幅度大，损失严重。
维生素E(生育酚)：维生素E对蛋鸡具有免疫调节作用，能提高免疫水平，增强对大肠杆菌、病毒病的抵抗力。硒(Se)和维生素E作为灭活新城疫疫苗较为理想的免疫调节剂，能够维持免疫鸡较高的抗体水平，维持时间较长。蛋鸡日粮中缺乏维生素E可造成产蛋率低，受精率低，溶血性贫血。皮下及肠道出血，鸡冠发白等症状。在种鸡受精率不高、产蛋率不明原因下降时可提高维生素E的使用量，能够得到一定的改善。
维生素B12：维生素B12是维持鸡的正常生长、繁殖和健康所必需的营养物质。缺乏时雏鸡生长迟缓呈贫血状态，饲料利用率降低，食欲不振，甚至死亡，成年鸡产蛋量下降，蛋形细小，孵化率降低，新生雏鸡骨骼异常。[王秀等人报道(维生素在蛋鸡生产中的应用)《养禽与禽病防治》2011年第7期]。
维生素B9：叶酸是血红蛋白及肾上腺素、胆碱、肌酸合成所必需的物质，能提高畜禽的免疫力，改善饲料养分的利用率，可以增加血浆球蛋白含量，提高饲料中的蛋白利用量，提高蛋鸡生产性能。
维生素A在维持蛋鸡正常的生长、发育、繁殖及免疫功能等方面发挥重要作用，能够提高蛋鸡的免疫力，在试验中发现，足量的维生素A对新城疫疫苗的免疫效果起增强作用，维生素A缺乏时造成的种鸡孵化率降低、运动失调、失明、产蛋率下降等免疫机能低下。
维生素K3是凝血因子Y-羧化酶的辅酶，生素K也为动物机体内(主要指存在于肝脏、骨骼、睾丸、皮肤和肾脏等组织器官)的维生素K依赖羧化作用体系所必需，是骨骼素(BGP)合成过程中不可缺少的因子。此外，在高能化合物代谢和氧化磷酸化过程中，以及与其他脂溶性维生素代谢的方面均起重要作用，并具有利尿、增强肝脏解毒功能，参与膜的结构，降低血压等。
维生素B1(硫胺素)是鸡对碳水化合物代谢所必需的。在动物体内转变成硫胺素焦磷酸盐的活性形式，参与氧化脱羧反应及在碳水化合物代谢中的醛转换。维生素B1缺乏将导致鸡极度厌食、多发性神经炎并死亡。饲料中硫胺素含量不足，饲料发生腐败和霉变等；饲料中碳水化合物含量高而补充的硫胺素相应不足，鸡只发生肠炎和寄生虫病等。
核黄素(维生素B2)它构成细胞黄酶辅基，对体内氧化还原，调节细胞呼吸，参与水化合物，能量，核酸和蛋白质代谢，有助于蛋白质沉积，促进蛋鸡胃肠粘膜的生长提高饲料利用率，是动物饲料中的必需的营养物质。
烟酸(维生素B3)是两种重要辅酶的组成部分，即烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸。这两种酶广泛参与碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质的代谢。烟酸可影响造血过程，促进铁吸收和血细胞的生成，维持消化腺的分泌，提高中枢神经的兴奋性和心血管系统、网状内皮系统与内分泌功能，提高饲料转化率和产蛋率。
泛酸钙系维生素b族物质，是多种代谢环节中，包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪及上皮功能维持正常所必需的辅酶a的组分部分。泛酸是脂肪酸合成类固醇所必需的物质；也可参与类固醇紫质、褪黑激素和亚铁血红素的合成；还是体内柠檬酸循环、胆碱乙酰化、合成抗体等代谢所必需的中间物。因此，泛酸在体内可作用于正常的上皮器官如神经、肾上腺、消化道及皮肤，提高动物对病原体的抵抗力。酸也可以增加谷胱甘肽的生物合成从而减缓细胞凋亡和损伤。泛酸会对遭受脂质过氧化损伤的细胞有很好的保护作用。参与多种营养成分的吸收和利用。可以提高母鸡产蛋率、种蛋孵化率，提高鸡胚胎成活率。
生物素(维生素B7)是动物内多种酶的辅酶，参与体内的脂肪酸和碳水化合物的代谢，促进蛋白质的合成，还参与维生素B12、叶酸、泛酸的代谢，促进尿素合成与排泄提高免疫力。
鱼粉
鱼粉是一种优良的蛋白质饲料，蛋白质含量高，而且氨基酸比例平衡。锌、硒、碘等微量元素及维生素的含量丰富，常用于补充蛋鸡饲料中氨基酸的不足。本发明使用进口鱼粉，蛋白质含量在60％以上。
破壁酵母粉
破壁酵母是利用酵母为原料，采用高效破壁和多联酶解等技术，使细胞破壁分解，提纯精制干燥而成，富含各种氨基酸、核苷酸、B族维生素、功能性小肽、谷胱甘及酵母细胞壁多糖等多种营养成分促进动物的快速生长、提高机体免疫能力。使用破壁酵母粉更有助于产蛋后期母鸡吸收酵母粉的营养物质。
本发明结合多项技术，通过使用自配多种维生素、有机微量元素、微量元素、混合酶制剂结合破壁酵母粉、小苏打、鱼粉等的比例称量可有效改善蛋壳颜色、增强蛋壳强度，减少鸡蛋破损率3-5％，从而解决了蛋鸡养殖中，蛋鸡随着日龄的增长，在400日龄以后出现的蛋壳颜色差，沙壳蛋，暗斑蛋，茶斑蛋等的异常鸡蛋比例增加问题，为养殖户带来巨大经济效益。
具体实施方式
为了能够更清楚地理解本发明的技术内容，特举以下实施例详细说明。
实施例1：按重量份的组分：碳酸钙200、艾草粉58.2份、破壁酵母60份、鱼粉200份、磷酸氢钙175份、食盐60份、玉米蛋白粉20份、赖氨酸60份、蛋氨酸36份、复合维生素42份、胆碱20份、甜菜碱6份、复合有机微量元素15份、复合微量元素15.8份、碳酸氢钠20份、酶制剂12份。
其中，复合维生素各成分按重量百分比为维生素A占0.22％、维生素D3占36.48％、维生素K3占2.61％、维生素E占1.38％、维生素B3占32.93％、维生素B2占0.18％、维生素B12占2.04％、维生素B1占4.86％、生物素占0.61％、叶酸占1.75％、泛酸钙占16.54％、抗氧化剂占0.4％。
其中，复合微量元素各成分按重量百分比为:五水硫酸铜4.58％、一水硫酸亚铁份54.69％、一水硫酸锰22.89％、一水硫酸锌17.42％、碘酸钙0.34％、亚硒酸钠0.08％。
其中，复合有机微量元素各成分按重量百分比为:蛋氨酸铜6.67％、蛋氨酸铁40％、蛋氨酸锰20％、蛋氨酸锌26.67％、蛋氨酸硒6.66％。
其中，混合酶制剂各成分按重量百分比为:酶制剂中植酸酶28.3％、复合酶28.3％、过氧化氢酶21.7％、葡萄糖氧化酶21.7％。
使用方法：玉米62.5份，豆粕23份，石粉7.5份，豆油2份，本发明饲料5份配成全价饲料。对照组玉米62.5份，豆粕23份，石粉7.5份，豆油2份，普通饲料5份配成全价饲料。
实施例2：按重量份的组分：碳酸钙160、艾草粉134份、破壁酵母80份、鱼粉200份、磷酸氢钙140份、食盐20份、玉米蛋白粉20份、赖氨酸30份、蛋氨酸20份、复合维生素50份、胆碱6份、甜菜碱30份、复合有机微量元素50份、复合微量元素30份、碳酸氢钠10份、酶制剂20份。
其中，复合维生素各成分按重量百分比为维生素A占0.22％、维生素D3占36.48％、维生素K3占2.61％、维生素E占1.38％、维生素B3占32.93％、维生素B2占0.18％、维生素B12占2.04％、维生素B1占4.86％、生物素占0.61％、叶酸占1.75％、泛酸钙占16.54％、抗氧化剂占0.4％。
其中，复合微量元素各成分按重量百分比为:五水硫酸铜4.58％、一水硫酸亚铁份54.69％、一水硫酸锰22.89％、一水硫酸锌17.42％、碘酸钙0.34％、亚硒酸钠0.08％。
其中，复合有机微量元素各成分按重量百分比为:蛋氨酸铜6.67％、蛋氨酸铁40％、蛋氨酸锰20％、蛋氨酸锌26.67％、蛋氨酸硒6.66％。
其中，混合酶制剂各成分按重量百分比为:酶制剂中植酸酶28.3％、复合酶28.3％、过氧化氢酶21.7％、葡萄糖氧化酶21.7％。
使用方法：玉米62.5份，豆粕23份，石粉7.5份，豆油2份，本发明饲料5份配成全价饲料。对照组玉米62.5份，豆粕23份，石粉7.5份，豆油2份，普通饲料5份配成全价饲料。
试验为了验证本发明产品的效果，本公司于2019年4月11到7月11日在实验场进行了为期3个月的饲喂试验。试验采用单因素对比试验设计，800羽400日龄的正常产蛋鸡被随机分为试验组合对照组，每组包括3个重复组。试验组日粮为本发明饲料，对照组日粮为本公司普通产蛋鸡饲料。
试验结果蛋壳厚度和蛋壳强度是鸡蛋品质的重要指标。
有关资料介绍蛋壳的表现厚度(不去壳膜时)，沙壳蛋是鸡蛋表面附着像沙粒一样不光滑，并且蛋壳比较薄。一般是矿物质比例失衡，输卵管炎症，老鸡吸收下降鸡蛋缺失钙磷引起。茶斑蛋，鸡蛋表面有规则不一，色泽不均，或深色或浅色的茶斑色。
暗斑蛋，是由鸡蛋内壳形成厚度不均，而显现出一种蛋壳表层差异，随着日龄的增加，糖蛋白的分泌稀薄，同时蛋壳膜变薄，厚度显著低于正常蛋，当有水分渗入方解石柱壮结晶体空间隙后，缺失的部分透光率增强，光线发生折射，蛋壳表层方解石缺失处呈现暗斑。一般输卵管炎症、老鸡吸收下降鸡蛋缺失钙磷引起。
有关检测设备介绍
蛋壳强度测定仪KQ-1A型，测试范围：1-80N
蛋壳厚度测定仪YN-125(Egg shell thinckenss gauge)分辨率：0.01mm
通过对照试验，结果表明：
1、蛋壳厚度：试验组比对照组提高了0.02mm，显著增强了蛋壳厚度。
2、蛋壳强度：试验组比对照组提高了0.2磅(0.00907kg)，显著增强了蛋壳强度。
3、沙壳蛋率：试验组比对照组降低了1.57％，且差异显著。
4、茶斑蛋率：试验组比对照组降低了4.6％，且差异显著。
食用本项目饲料和市销售同类饲料对蛋鸡蛋壳厚度的影响(表1)
食用本项目饲料和市销售同类饲料对蛋鸡蛋壳强度的影响(表2)
数据统计分析
注:上述数值为平均值±标准差。同列数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<O.01)，不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)，相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。
试验结果表明：如表1和表2所示，本发明的实例蛋壳厚度及蛋壳强度显著高于对照组。如表1所示，本发明的实例在饲喂90天时与对照组相比蛋壳强度极显著高于对照组。从鸡外表观察，试验组鸡的鸡冠明显比对照组红润，羽毛光泽。综上所述，本发明的蛋鸡饲料对产蛋后期蛋壳质量的改善效果显著。
以上所述的实施例仅仅是对本发明的优选实施方式进行描述，并非对本发明的范围进行限定，在不脱离本发明设计精神的前提下，本领域普通技术人员对本发明的技术方案作出的各种变形和改进，均应落入本发明权利要求书确定的保护范围内。
Claims (12)
1.一种改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，含有以下重量份的组分：
碳酸钙160～200份、艾草粉58.2～134份、破壁酵母粉60～80份、鱼粉200～250份、磷酸氢钙140～175份、食盐20～60份、玉米蛋白粉20～30份、赖氨酸30～60份、蛋氨酸20～36份、复合维生素42～50份、胆碱6～20份、甜菜碱6～30份、复合有机微量元素15～50份、复合微量元素15.8～30份、碳酸氢钠10～20份、酶制剂12～20份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，含有以下重量份的组分：碳酸钙200、艾草粉58.2份、破壁酵母粉60份、鱼粉200份、磷酸氢钙175份、食盐60份、玉米蛋白粉20份、赖氨酸60份、蛋氨酸36份、复合维生素42份、胆碱20份、甜菜碱6份、复合有机微量元素15份、复合微量元素15.8份、碳酸氢钠20份、酶制剂12份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述复合维生素含有维生素A、维生素D3、维生素K3、维生素E、维生素B3、维生素B2、维生素B12、维生素B1、叶酸、泛酸钙。
4.根据权利要求3所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述复合维生素的配方为：每100份复合维生素中维生素A占0.22份、维生素D3占36.48份、维生素K3占2.61份、维生素E占1.38份、维生素B3占32.93份、维生素B2占0.18份、维生素B12占2.04份、维生素B1占4.86份、生物素占0.61份、叶酸占1.75份、泛酸钙占16.54份、抗氧化剂占0.4份。
5.根据权利要求1所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述复合微量元素为含有任意重量配比的五水硫酸铜、一水硫酸亚铁、一水硫酸锰、一水硫酸锌、碘酸钙和亚硒酸钠。
6.根据权利要求5所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述复合微量元素的配方为：100份复合微量元素中五水硫酸铜4.58份、一水硫酸亚铁份54.69、一水硫酸锰22.89份、一水硫酸锌17.42份、碘酸钙0.34份、亚硒酸钠0.08份。
7.根据权利要求1所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述复合有机微量元素为含有任意重量配比的蛋氨酸铜、蛋氨酸铁、蛋氨酸锰、蛋氨酸锌、蛋氨酸硒。
8.根据权利要求7所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述复合有机微量元素的配方为：100份复合有机微量元素中蛋氨酸铜6.67份、蛋氨酸铁40份、蛋氨酸锰20份、蛋氨酸锌26.67份、蛋氨酸硒6.66份。
9.根据权利要求1所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述酶制剂为含有任意重量配比的植酸酶、复合酶、过氧化氢酶、葡萄糖氧化酶。
10.根据权利要求9所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述酶制剂的配方为：100份酶制剂中植酸酶28.3份、复合酶28.3份、过氧化氢酶21.7份、葡萄糖氧化酶21.7份。
11.根据权利要求1所述的改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料，其特征在于，所述艾草粉为初花期艾草经刈割、自然晾干燥、粉碎后过20目标准筛得到。
12.一种制备权利要求1所述改善蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能和蛋壳质量的预混合饲料的方法，其特征在于，所述的方法包括：
按所述重量份称取复合有机微量元素、复合微量元素、复合维生素、酶制剂、破壁酵母粉，先将复合有机微量元素、复合微量元素、复合维生素、酶制剂混合后，再与破壁酵母粉充分混合15-20分钟，混匀后得到备用组A；
按所述重量份称取磷酸氢钙、碳酸钙、食盐、小苏打、胆碱、赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、鱼粉、艾草、玉米蛋白粉，充分混合15-20分钟，混匀后得到备用组B；
将玉米粉碎过6.0-7.0mm筛片，大豆粕、粉碎后过3.5mm筛片，与钙粒、植物油脂按所述重量份投入预混机内，然后加入前述得到的备用组A和备用组B，混合均匀，即得。
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| CN111357886A (zh) * | 2020-04-21 | 2020-07-03 | 河南宏展生物科技有限公司 | 蛋鸡初产期用预混料、其制备方法、其全价饲料及其应用 |
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| CN114009622A (zh) * | 2021-11-09 | 2022-02-08 | 河南牧鹤(集团)饲料有限公司 | 一种改善蛋壳颜色的添加剂 |
| CN114027414A (zh) * | 2021-11-20 | 2022-02-11 | 广东溢多利生物科技股份有限公司 | 一种蛋鸡中药酯酶组合物及其应用 |
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| CN114027414A (zh) * | 2021-11-20 | 2022-02-11 | 广东溢多利生物科技股份有限公司 | 一种蛋鸡中药酯酶组合物及其应用 |
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