CN111134241A - 放牧牛羊低镁血症防治和促生长的饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents

放牧牛羊低镁血症防治和促生长的饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用 Download PDF

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CN111134241A
CN111134241A CN202010036216.9A CN202010036216A CN111134241A CN 111134241 A CN111134241 A CN 111134241A CN 202010036216 A CN202010036216 A CN 202010036216A CN 111134241 A CN111134241 A CN 111134241A
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parts
vitamin
feed additive
sheep
cattle
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周明亮
陈勇
杨平贵
安添午
鄢超
庞倩
陈明华
李燕
荣道兴
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Sichuan Academy of Grassland Science
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Abstract

本发明涉及放牧家畜的饲料添加剂及其制备方法，属于畜牧养殖领域。本发明提供了放牧家畜的饲料添加剂，含有如下重量配比的组分：氯化钠170～190份、氧化镁60～90份、磷酸氢钙110～130份、碳酸钙90～110份、沸石150～170份、硫酸锌5～7份、小苏打8～12份、硫酸铜3～5份、氧化锰3～5份、亚硒酸钠1～3份、玉米蛋白粉80～120份、维生素20～40份、纤维素酶18～38份、脱脂米糠140～160份、牛至油16～36份。本发明饲料添加剂对放牧牛羊低镁血症的防治和提高牛羊枯草期饲草消化利用具有效果显著。

Description

放牧牛羊低镁血症防治和促生长的饲料添加剂及其制备方法 和应用
技术领域
本发明涉及放牧家畜的饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用，属于畜牧养殖领域。
背景技术
青藏高原及其毗邻地区的天然草地的牧草供应一直存在着季节性不平衡的问题，一般情况下，每年的4-5月份，草开始返青，进入生长季，9-10月份逐步进入枯草期，因此，牧草的生长季仅有4-5个月，而从10月份到第二年的4月份，处于枯草期，这个时期长达7-8个月。夏秋牧草生长繁茂，供应较充足，冬春牧草数量严重不足，质量下降。放牧家畜对牧草数量、质量的需求是长年相对的均衡供应，而天然草地牧草数量、质量供应却在全年具有很大的波动性，这个矛盾是草原牧区放牧家畜夏活、秋肥、冬瘦、春死的内在原因。饲草供应季节不平衡使家畜在漫长的枯草季营养严重不足，大量掉膘，形成著名的“春乏”问题。“春乏”给畜牧业造成的损失极大，在高寒牧区尤为严重。据调查和测定，高寒牧区放牧家畜在冬春枯草期，掉膘幅度10％～30％，死亡5％～10％，这两项相当于损失了12％～26％的家畜。
此外，冷季牧草极其缺乏蛋白质、维生素和微量元素。我国的青藏高原及其毗邻地区的高寒草地牧区冷季长，由于冬春枯草中粗纤维素含量增高，牛羊消化吸收能力下降，再加上80％的地区土壤中严重缺矿物质及微量元素，易造成个体免疫能力和生产能力降低。由于冬、春枯草中矿物质及微量元素供需不均衡，牧草返青时或青草变枯黄时，牛羊更加容易采食大量含钾、磷多而含镁、钙、钠少的青草，便打乱了血浆中钾、钠与镁、钙等矿物质元素的正常比例关系，其结果是引起发生牛羊低镁血症(俗称羊强直综合症或青草搐搦营养代谢性疾病)，引起血管扩张，搐搦而死亡。
发明内容
本发明旨在至少解决现有技术中存在的技术问题之一。为此，本发明的目的在于提供放牧家畜的饲料添加剂。本发明的另一目的在于提供所述饲料添加剂的制备方法和应用。
本发明提供了放牧家畜的饲料添加剂，含有如下重量配比的组分：氯化钠170～190份、氧化镁60～90份、磷酸氢钙110～130份、碳酸钙90～110份、沸石150～170份、硫酸锌5～7份、小苏打8～12份、硫酸铜3～5份、氧化锰3～5份、亚硒酸钠1～3份、玉米蛋白粉80～120份、维生素20～40份、纤维素酶18～38份、脱脂米糠140～160份、牛至油16～36份。
进一步地，所述的饲料添加剂含有如下重量配比的组分：氯化钠180份、氧化镁80份、磷酸氢钙120份、碳酸钙100份、沸石160份、硫酸锌6份、小苏打10份、硫酸铜4份、氧化锰4份、亚硒酸钠2份、玉米蛋白粉100份、维生素30份、纤维素酶28份、脱脂米糠150份、牛至油26份。
进一步地，所述的维生素为复合维生素，含有维生素A乙酸脂、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素D3、维生素E、烟酸和叶酸。
优选地，每㎏补充饲料中各成分的添加剂量分别为：维生素A乙酸脂1600～4000IU/㎏、维生素B1 0.5～5㎎/㎏、维生素C 80～280㎎/㎏、维生素D3 150～400IU/㎏、维生素E10～60IU/㎏、烟酸20～60㎎/㎏、叶酸0.3～0.6㎎/㎏。
进一步地，所述的纤维素酶是牛羊用纤维素复合酶。
进一步地，所述的补充饲料含水量控制在8％以下。
进一步地，所述氯化钠、沸石、玉米蛋白粉和脱脂米糠的粒度100％小于1mm，90％小于0.8mm，60％小于0.5mm。
进一步地，所述的放牧家畜为牛和/或羊。
本发明提供了所述饲料添加剂的制备方法，包括如下步骤：取各重量配比的组分，混合均匀，即得。
进一步地，各组分的混合方法为：
a、以氯化钠作为载体，与氧化镁、磷酸氢钙和碳酸钙进行预混；
b、以沸石作为载体，与硫酸锌、小苏打、硫酸铜、氧化锰和亚硒酸钠进行预混；
c、以玉米蛋白粉作为载体，与纤维素酶进行预混；
d、以脱脂米糠作为载体，与维生素和牛至油进行预混；
e、按比例将上述预混物均匀混合，即可。
进一步地，所述预混的方法为：载体先投入一半量，然后加入待预混的其它组分，占配比小的先加，占配比大的后加，最后再投入另一半量的载体，混合均匀。
饲料添加剂用于放牧牛羊低镁血症防治和促生长的饲料添加剂。
本发明具有以下优点及有益效果：
本发明提供了放牧家畜的饲料添加剂，可用于草地放牧牛羊等家畜的自由舔食，或作为添加剂添加到饲料中去，能够有效补充放牧家畜所缺乏的蛋白质、常量元素、微量元素、维生素及消化酶等营养物质，特别适用于放牧牛羊低镁血症的防治和提高牛羊枯草期饲草消化利用，维持高寒草地冬春枯草期牛羊等的营养需求。此外，本发明补充饲料对牛羊等的适口性好，而且价格低廉，便于存放和运输，适合于青藏高原牧区及其他枯草季节较长的牧区的大面积推广使用。本发明中首次创新性添加了适量的牛至，有利于牛羊减少甲烷排放、缓解气候变暖、绿色环保，还有利于减少牛羊能量损耗、促进牛羊生长、改善牛羊肉品质、提高牛羊抗应激、机体免疫力、抗病力等功效。
具体实施方式
本发明提供了放牧家畜的饲料添加剂，含有如下重量配比的组分：氯化钠170～190份、氧化镁60～90份、磷酸氢钙110～130份、碳酸钙90～110份、沸石150～170份、硫酸锌5～7份、小苏打8～12份、硫酸铜3～5份、氧化锰3～5份、亚硒酸钠1～3份、玉米蛋白粉80～120份、维生素20～40份、纤维素酶18～38份、脱脂米糠140～160份、牛至油16～36份。
本发明科学补充并合理搭配了氧化镁、磷酸氢钙等调控代谢的微量物质比例，能够有效防治牛羊低镁血症。
本发明依据高寒草地冷季牧草主要的营养缺乏点，针对性地补充了蛋白质、维生素、微量元素和多种功能性营养调节剂，各种营养成分搭配合理，能够有效补充放牧家畜尤其是高寒草地养殖的牦牛、藏绵羊等动物在冬春枯草季节缺乏的常量元素、微量元素、维生素及消化酶等营养物质，能显著提高饲草的消化率、降低牛羊能量损耗、增强羊牛免疫力和防治牛羊青草搐搦营养代谢性疾病。
由于高寒草地冷季牧草枯黄，牧草营养水平下降，纤维素含量增加，牛羊消化率也低。因此，本发明补充饲料配方中添加了纤维素酶，其作用是加强瘤胃纤维素分解菌对纤维素的分解和利用，提高枯草的消化利用率，保证牛羊的能量需求，提高牛羊的生产性能。
本发明添加了适量的牛至油，有利于牛羊减少甲烷排放、缓解气候变暖、绿色环保，还有利于减少牛羊能量损耗、促进牛羊生长、改善牛羊肉品质、提高牛羊抗应激、机体免疫力、抗病力等功效。
玉米蛋白粉是玉米淀粉副产品，色泽金黄色粉状，对禽畜有助长抗病功能。
下面将结合实施例对本发明的方案进行解释。本领域技术人员将会理解，下面的实施例仅用于说明本发明，而不应视为限定本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体技术或条件的，按照本领域内的文献所描述的技术或条件或者按照产品说明书进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者，均为可以通过市采购而获得的常规产品。
实施例1本发明饲料添加剂的制备
每1000g补充饲料的组成为：食盐180g、氧化镁80g、磷酸氢钙120g、碳酸钙100g，沸石粉160g、硫酸锌6g、小苏打10g、硫酸铜4g、氧化锰4g、亚硒酸钠2g，玉米蛋白粉100g、复合维生素30g、牛羊专用纤维素复合酶28g，脱脂米糠150g，牛至油26g。其中，复合维生素含有维生素A乙酸脂、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素D3、维生素E、烟酸和叶酸，每㎏补充饲料中各成分的添加剂量分别为：维生素A乙酸脂1600～4000IU/㎏、维生素B1 0.5～5㎎/㎏、维生素C80～280㎎/㎏、维生素D3 150～400IU/㎏、维生素E10～60IU/㎏、烟酸20～60㎎/㎏、叶酸0.3～0.6㎎/㎏。
制作方法：对于添加量较少的饲料级原料，要先用添加量较多的饲料级原料作为载体预先混合：
a、以食盐作为载体，与氧化镁、磷酸氢钙和碳酸钙进行预混；
b、以沸石粉作为载体，与硫酸锌、小苏打、硫酸铜、氧化锰和亚硒酸钠进行预混；
c、以玉米蛋白粉作为载体，与牛羊专用纤维素复合酶进行预混；
d、以脱脂米糠作为载体，与复合维生素和牛至油进行预混；
e、按比例将上述预混物均匀混合，制成干燥的微量补充料粉粒，让牛羊等放牧家畜自由舐食。
其中，含水量控制在8％以下。所用载体的粒度均需达到100％小于1mm，90％小于0.8mm，60％小于0.5mm的水平。预混过程中，投料顺序为载体先投入一半量，然后加入待添加的原料，占配比小的先加，占配比大的后加，最后再投入另一半量的载体，搅拌15min，混合均匀即可。包装袋密封好，放置于阴凉、干燥、通风处备用。
以下通过试验例证明本发明的有益效果。所述补充料即根据实施例1制备的本发明饲料添加剂。
试验例1本发明饲料添加剂防治低镁血症和促进生长的效果验证1、试验方法
选4～5岁、健康且体重相近的育肥牦牛60头，和2～3岁、健康且体重相近的育肥藏绵羊60只，牦牛和藏绵羊随机各分为2组(试验组和对照组)，每组30头(只)，统计检验组间差异不显著。
饲喂方法：在混合精料(玉米55％、青稞15％、菜籽饼15％、麦麸或小麦12％)中均匀添加该补充料2～4％，用温水拌湿或干粉饲喂。
试验组牦牛饲料添加剂按3％添加在混合精料中饲喂，日喂量0.5kg/d，试验组藏绵羊补充料按3％添加在混合精料中饲喂，日喂量0.1kg/d，对照组不饲喂饲料添加剂及混合精料。饲料添加剂及混合精料用温水拌湿，以手捏成团为宜，补饲青干草和饲料均分早、晚两次定时投喂，投喂时先粗后精。试验期限为2019年4月1日至5月30日，共60d，其中预试期10d，饲养期50d(正式期)。预试期第7天进行驱虫，第10天对每头牦牛和每只藏绵羊进行称重，记录始重，第60天再次称重，记录末重。称重均在清晨8时空腹时进行。试验组和对照组的牦牛和藏绵羊均采用当地传统的饲养方式(即天然放牧、牦牛补饲青干草2kg/d、藏绵羊补饲青干草0.4kg/d、有暖棚)饲养，每天早上9点出牧、晚上17点归牧，自由采食，自由饮水。
2、试验结果
表1育肥期间牛羊低镁血症及增重表
Figure BDA0002366113680000051
Figure BDA0002366113680000061
从表1可以看出，用本发明饲料添加剂添加到饲料中喂饲牦牛和藏绵羊50d后，对照组牛羊的发病率分别为10％和23％，而牛羊试验组低镁血症发病率均为0，表明本发明饲料添加剂对牛羊低镁血症的防治效果非常显著。此外，牛羊的增重率分别提高了172％和44％，饲草转化率分别提高55％和14％，表明本发明饲料添加剂对牦牛和藏绵羊生长具有显著的促进作用。

Claims (10)

1.放牧家畜的饲料添加剂，其特征是：含有如下重量配比的组分：氯化钠170～190份、氧化镁60～90份、磷酸氢钙110～130份、碳酸钙90～110份、沸石150～170份、硫酸锌5～7份、小苏打8～12份、硫酸铜3～5份、氧化锰3～5份、亚硒酸钠1～3份、玉米蛋白粉80～120份、维生素20～40份、纤维素酶18～38份、脱脂米糠140～160份、牛至油16～36份。
2.如权利要求1所述的饲料添加剂，其特征是：含有如下重量配比的组分：氯化钠180份、氧化镁80份、磷酸氢钙120份、碳酸钙100份、沸石160份、硫酸锌6份、小苏打10份、硫酸铜4份、氧化锰4份、亚硒酸钠2份、玉米蛋白粉100份、维生素30份、纤维素酶28份、脱脂米糠150份、牛至油26份。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的饲料添加剂，其特征是：所述的维生素为复合维生素，含有维生素A乙酸脂、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素D3、维生素E、烟酸和叶酸；优选地，每㎏补充饲料中各成分的添加剂量分别为：维生素A乙酸脂1600～4000IU/㎏、维生素B1 0.5～5㎎/㎏、维生素C 80～280㎎/㎏、维生素D3 150～400IU/㎏、维生素E 10～60IU/㎏、烟酸20～60㎎/㎏、叶酸0.3～0.6㎎/㎏。
4.如权利要求1或2所述的饲料添加剂，其特征是：所述的纤维素酶是牛羊用纤维素复合酶。
5.如权利要求1～4任意一项所述的饲料添加剂，其特征是：含水量控制在8％以下；所述氯化钠、沸石、玉米蛋白粉和脱脂米糠的粒度100％小于1mm，90％小于0.8mm，60％小于0.5mm。
6.如权利要求1～4任意一项所述的饲料添加剂，其特征是：所述的放牧家畜为牛和/或羊。
7.一种权利要求1～6任意一项所述饲料添加剂的制备方法，其特征是：包括如下步骤：取各重量配比的组分，混合均匀，即得。
8.如权利要求7所述的制备方法，其特征是：各组分的混合方法为：
a、以氯化钠作为载体，与氧化镁、磷酸氢钙和碳酸钙进行预混；
b、以沸石作为载体，与硫酸锌、小苏打、硫酸铜、氧化锰和亚硒酸钠进行预混；
c、以玉米蛋白粉作为载体，与纤维素酶进行预混；
d、以脱脂米糠作为载体，与维生素和牛至油进行预混；
e、按比例将上述预混物均匀混合，即可。
9.如权利要求7所述的制备方法，其特征是：所述预混的方法为：载体先投入一半量，然后加入待预混的其它组分，占配比小的先加，占配比大的后加，最后再投入另一半量的载体，混合均匀。
10.一种权利要求1～6任意一项所述饲料添加剂的应用，其特征是：用于放牧牛羊低镁血症防治和促生长的饲料添加剂。
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