CN110451559B - 一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法及应用 - Google Patents
一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法及应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种[111]‑晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法及应用。本发明以层状钛酸盐化合物为前驱体,用氢氟酸和氨水做形貌控制剂,或以氟化铵做形貌控制剂,利用水热法合成[111]‑晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶。本发明所制备的[111]‑晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2可以应用在光催化降解亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B、苯酚等有机污染物中,也可以应用在太阳能电池中。本发明所采用的制备方法是高温固相合成法和水热合成法,流程简单,生产周期短,可控性强,合成成本低;符合“绿色化学”的要求,适用于工业化生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法及应用,属于纳米晶材料领域。
背景技术
自1972年Fujishima和Honda发现TiO2电极可以光解水制备H2以来,TiO2由于具有化学性能稳定性、无毒、无污染、价格低廉等优点,使得其在光催化、锂离子电池、太阳能电池等方面具有潜在的应用前景,有望解决世界能源和环境危机问题。在自然界中,TiO2主要存在锐钛矿型、金红石型和板钛矿型三种结晶形式,其中锐钛矿型TiO2在光催化降解有机污染物方面显示了最高的光催化性能。众所周知,光催化反应是在催化剂的表面进行的,因此,控制催化剂的表面结构对其催化活性的提高是至关重要的。
近年来,设计合成与制备具有特定形貌和高活性晶面暴露的TiO2受到了研究者的广泛关注。锐钛矿TiO2的高活性晶面是指表面能高于{101}晶面的晶面,主要有{001}、{100}或{010}和垂直于[111]晶带轴的晶面(表示为[111]-晶面)。各晶面表面能增加的顺序为{101}晶面(0.44 J/m2) < {100}或{010}(0.53 J/m2)< {001}(0.90 J/m2) < [111]-晶面(1.61 J/m2)。一般而言,在晶体生长过程中,具有表面能的晶面通常迅速减少,以便增加晶体的稳定型,鉴于此,大多数所合成的TiO2晶体暴露的都是{101}晶面。因此,形貌控制合成暴露高活性晶面的锐钛矿型TiO2仍然是一个挑战。
近年来,报道了制备优先暴露[111]-晶面锐钛型TiO2的一些方法,如,以TiF4为钛源,氨水为形貌控制剂,乙醇和乙腈为溶剂,制备了方形板状的锐钛矿型TiO2微米晶。该微米晶制备时所用的TiF4为液态,易水解速度非常快,在实验过程中难以控制且其价格昂贵,乙腈属于危险化学品,储存和运输很不方便,上述原因导致所得产品的价格较高,难以工业化大规模生产。以层状化合物K2Ti4O9和Li2TiO3为钛源,将其通过质子交换、插层反应、剥离反应后,制备了暴露[111]-晶面的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶,但该制备过程所需时间较长,且制备过程中所用的浓盐酸属于危险化学品且用量较大,所用剥离试剂四甲基氢氧化铵价格昂贵,也难以大规模生产。因此,绿色合成具有较大比例的[111]-晶面的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶是非常重要的。
发明内容
本发明旨在提供一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法,以层状钛酸盐为起始原料,利用水热法制备暴露[111]-晶面锐钛型TiO2纳米晶,该方法制备的[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶的粒子尺寸和形貌可控,而且绿色环保;该制备方法可控性强、生产周期短、工艺简单、能耗低,极易于工业化实施。
本发明以层状钛酸盐化合物为前驱体,用氢氟酸和氨水做形貌控制剂,或以氟化铵做形貌控制剂,利用水热法合成[111]-晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶。
本发明提供了一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
a. 层状钛酸盐的制备:按照K2CO3、TiO2、Li2CO3物质的量之比为 (0.40~0.43):1.73:(0.13~0.17),称量K2CO3、TiO2和Li2CO3放置到玛瑙研钵中,混合混匀后,再置于行星球磨机球磨1~6 h,然后将其转移到刚玉坩埚中,放入马弗炉中于800~1200 °C加热12~48 h,升温速率为2~10 °C/min,制得层状纤铁矿型钛酸锂钾(K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4);
b. 层状钛酸盐的质子化:将煅烧后的钛酸锂钾捣碎研磨成粉末状后,称量5.0~30.0 g K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4样品,加入盛有0.1~2.0 mol/L HNO3(500~3000 mL)溶液的大烧杯中,室温下磁力搅拌2~5天;为使K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4完全转化为H1.07Ti1.73O4,每天倒掉原来的溶液,重新添加500~3000 mL新的HNO3溶液;经过2~5次质子交换反应后,用循环水式多用真空泵进行抽滤,并用大量蒸馏水清洗,直到滤液呈中性为止;最后将滤纸上的固体取出来,放到玻璃表面皿上,放置在室温下进行干燥。获得质子化的钛酸锂钾,即钛酸(H1.07Ti1.73O4);
c. [111]-晶面暴露的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶的合成:称取步骤b制得的0.2~1.0gH1.07Ti1.73O4的样品,放置在反应釜中,向其中加入30~50 mL水、1~5 mL双氧水和1~5 mL氨水后,再向其中分别加入0.5~2.0 mL HF,磁力搅拌均匀后,置于设定温度(130 ℃~180 ℃)的恒温鼓风干燥箱中,水热反应12~48 h,冷却至室温后取出,将所得产物进行洗涤、干燥,制备出[111]-晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2。该步骤中,形貌控制剂可替换成0.5 g~2.0 g氟化铵。
本发明所制备的[111]-晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2可以应用在光催化降解亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B、苯酚等有机污染物中,也可以应用在太阳能电池中。
在太阳能电池中的应用:将所得[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶样品在溶液中进行超声分散、球磨,然后蒸发,得到组装染料敏化太阳能电池可用的TiO2浆;然后将TiO2浆涂布到涂有TiO2致密薄膜的FTO玻璃上,浆的厚度由所使用的胶带的厚度来控制;浸入染料溶液中形成吸附了染料的TiO2薄膜多孔电极;
组装染料敏化太阳能电池:将上述过程中吸附了染料的TiO2薄膜多孔电极作为光电阳极,染料敏化太阳能电池由光电阳极、电解质溶液和铂对电极三部分组成,电解质溶液在光电阳极和铂对电极之间。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)本发明所使用的原料K2CO3、TiO2和Li2CO3,价廉易得;
(2)本发明所采用的方法是高温固相合成法和水热合成法,流程简单,生产周期短,可控性强,合成成本低;
(3)本发明方法成本低、无污染、制备工艺简单、可控性强、生产周期短、可重复性好,符合“绿色化学”的要求,适用于工业化生产;
(4)采用本发明制备的[111]-晶面的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶纯度高、粒径分布均匀,能有效提高有机染料的降解性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1步骤(a)中合成的 K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4和步骤(b) 中合成的H1.07Ti1.73O4的XRD衍射图谱;
图2为实施例1在160 ℃时水热处理不同含量HF的H1.07Ti1.73O4溶液所得TiO2(a)T160-0.5HF、(b) T160-1.0HF、(c) T160-1.5HF、(d) T160-2.0HF的XRD衍射图谱;
图3为实施例2在180℃时水热处理不同含量HF的H1.07Ti1.73O4溶液所得TiO2(a)T180-0.5HF、(b) T180-1.0HF、(c) T180-1.5HF、(d) T180-2.0HF的XRD衍射图谱;
图4为实施例2利用固相法合成的(a) K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4和质子交换后的产物(b)H1.07Ti1.73O4的XRD的扫描电镜图;
图5为实施例2在水热处理温度为180°C和HF含量为0.5 ~ 2.0 mL时,所合成产物(a) T180-0.5HF、(b)T180-1.0HF、(c) T180-1.5HF和(d) T180-2.0HF的扫描电镜图;
图6为实施例2在水热处理温度为180°C和HF含量为0.5和1.0 mL时,所合成产物(a, b) T180-0.5HF、和(c, d)T180-1.0HF的透射电镜图;
图7为实施例2在水热处理温度为180°C和HF含量为1.5和 2.0 mL时,所合成产物(a,b) T180-1.5HF、和(c, d) T180-2.0HF的透射电镜图;
图 8为实施例2 (a) 紫外光照射下不同TiO2纳米晶降解亚甲基蓝溶液的准一级反应动力学曲线,(b) 存在催化剂和无催化剂时亚甲基蓝溶液的降解率随光照时间的变化;
图9为实施例3以所合成产物 (a) T140-0.5NH4F、(b) T140-1.0NH4F、(c) T140-1.5NH4F、(d) T140-2.0NH4F为光电阳极组装的染料敏化太阳能电池的光电流-电压特征曲线。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例来进一步说明本发明,但不局限于以下实施例。
实施例1:
(1)合成钛酸锂钾:按照物质的量之比为 0.400:1.73:0.130,称量11.06 g K2CO3、27.68 g TiO2和1.92 g Li2CO3放置到玛瑙研钵中,混合混匀后,再置于行星球磨机球磨120min,然后将其转移到刚玉坩埚中,放入马弗炉中于900 °C加热24 h,升温速率为5 °C/min,制得层状纤铁矿型钛酸锂钾(K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4)。
(2)合成钛酸:将煅烧后的钛酸锂钾捣碎研磨成粉末状后,称量10.0 gK0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4样品,加入盛有0.2 mol/L HNO3(1000 mL)溶液的大烧杯中,室温下磁力搅拌三天,每天需要更换一次HNO3溶液。三次质子交换反应后,用循环水式多用真空泵进行抽滤,并用大量蒸馏水清洗,直到滤液呈中性为止。最后将将滤纸上的固体取出来,放到玻璃表面皿上,放置在室温下进行干燥,得到H1.07Ti1.73O4。
(3)合成TiO2纳米晶:用分析天平称取0.5 gH1.07Ti1.73O4样品,放入反应釜中,向其中依次加入30 mL水、1.5 mL双氧水和3 mL氨水后,再向其中加入0.5 mL~2.0 mL HF,磁力搅拌均匀后,置于160 ℃的恒温鼓风干燥箱中,水热反应24 h,冷却至室温后取出,将所得产物进行洗涤、干燥,制备出[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2,标记为T160-xHF,160为反应温度,x为HF的体积,其形貌为长方体状。
实施例2:
(1)合成钛酸锂钾:按照物质的量之比为 0.420:1.73:0.14,称量11.61 g K2CO3、27.68 g TiO2和2.07 g Li2CO3放置到玛瑙研钵中,混合混匀后,再置于行星球磨机球磨60min,然后将其转移到刚玉坩埚中,放入马弗炉中于1100 °C加热24 h,升温速率为8 °C/min,制得层状纤铁矿型钛酸锂钾(K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4)。
(2)合成钛酸:将煅烧后的钛酸锂钾捣碎研磨成粉末状后,称量15.0 gK0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4样品,加入盛有0.5 mol/L HNO3(1500 mL)溶液的大烧杯中,室温下磁力搅拌3天,每天需要更换一次HNO3溶液。三次质子交换反应后,用循环水式多用真空泵进行抽滤,并用大量蒸馏水清洗,直到滤液呈中性为止。最后将将滤纸上的固体取出来,放到玻璃表面皿上,放置在室温下进行干燥,得到H1.07Ti1.73O4。
(3)合成TiO2纳米晶:用分析天平称取1.0 gH1.07Ti1.73O4样品,放入反应釜中,向其中依次加入50 mL水、2 mL双氧水和5 mL氨水后,再向其中加入0.5~2.0 mL HF,磁力搅拌均匀后,置于180 ℃的恒温鼓风干燥箱中,水热反应24 h,冷却至室温后取出,将所得产物进行洗涤、干燥,制备出[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2,标记为T180-xHF,180为反应温度,x为HF的体积,其形貌为长方体状。
从图1(a)中可以看出,在2θ为11.48°、22.96°、29.12°、34.64°、38.22°、46.76°和59.36°处出现的衍射峰分别对应于钛酸锂钾K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4的(020)、(040)、(130)、(060)、(041)、(080)和(0100)晶面,与标准卡PDF#25-1353的衍射峰一致。从图中1(b)可以看出,层间的K+和Li+被H+置换后,层状化合物的衍射峰向左发生了偏移,部分衍射峰消失或变弱。在2θ为9.98°、19.76°、27.96°、29.74°、39.16°和50.42°处出现的特征衍射峰分别对于层状钛酸H1.27Ti1.73O4的(020)、(040)、(130)、(060)、(151)和(0100)晶面。与图2(a)相比,(020)晶面的层间距为0.89 nm,略大于H1.27Ti1.73O4 (020)晶面的层间距0.71 nm,表明K+和Li+很好的被H3O+置换出,且质子交换后,层状化合物的基本结构未发生变化(如图4所示)。
由上述可知,实施例1中合成了钛酸锂钾K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4和质子化的钛酸H1.07Ti1.73O4。
从图2中可以看出,在2θ值为25.28°、37.94°、47.94°、53.98°、54.00°、62.64°、68.84°、75.02°处的衍射峰分别对应于锐钛矿型TiO2的(101)、(004)、(200)、(105)、(211)、(204)、(220)和(215)晶面,与锐钛矿标准卡PDF#21-1272的特征衍射峰一致,且衍射峰随HF含量的增大而减弱,表明晶体尺寸减小,结晶度降低。从图中可以看出,(101)晶面衍射峰的强度随HF的含量的增加呈减弱趋势,可能是由于HF含量的增多,对生成的晶体具有腐蚀性,使颗粒的结晶性降低造成的。晶体的粒径大小,可以用谢乐公式(Scherrer equation)估算,其计算公式为,式中λ为X-射线的波长,β为衍射峰的半峰宽。根据谢乐公式计算的T160-1.0HF、T160-1.5HF、T160-2.0HF、T160-2.5HF和T150-3.0HF的颗粒尺寸分别为59.6、54.5、62.7、45.6和37.5 nm。
由上述可知,实施例1中合成了锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶。
从图3中可以看出,所得产品全部为锐钛矿型TiO2。在2θ值为25.42°、38.74°、48.1°、54.06°、54.08°、62.82°、68.92°、68.94°、75.12°处的衍射峰分别对应于锐钛矿型TiO2的(101)、(004)、(200)、(105)、(211)、(204)、(116)、(220)和(215)晶面。与锐钛矿标准卡PDF#21-1272的特征衍射峰一致,且衍射峰随HF含量的增大而减弱,表明晶体尺寸减小,结晶度降低。
由上述可知,实施例2中合成了锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶。
图5是实施例2所合成的锐钛矿型TiO2的扫描电镜图,从图中可以看出,所合成的纳米晶颗粒大多为为长方体型,结晶性良好,粒径分布较窄,大约为10~50 nm。
图6和图7是实施例2所合成的锐钛矿型TiO2的透射电镜图,从图中可以看出,所合成的TiO2纳米晶的形貌均为长方体型。图6(b, d)和图7(b, d)中,晶面间距0.35 nm和0.35nm,分别对应于锐钛型TiO2的(101)和(011)晶面,这两个晶面间的夹角为82°,与根据锐钛型TiO2的(101)和(011)晶面理论计算的结果相一致,其暴露晶面均为垂直于[111]晶带轴的平面,标记为[111]-晶面。
终上所述,本发明合成了一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶。
(4)本实施例制备的TiO2纳米晶在光催化降解有机污染物亚甲基蓝中的应用
本实例所制备的TiO2纳米晶可以用来光降解有机废水,如含有亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B或苯酚的废水,1 g该纳米晶可以处理1000 ~ 10000 g含亚甲基蓝、罗丹明B或苯酚为2.5~15 ppm的有机废水。称量50 mg实施例2制得的[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶样品加入到250 mL的烧杯中,然后向其中加入 200 mL 10 ppm 的亚甲基蓝溶液,搅拌30 min,然后置于暗处48小时,以使亚甲基蓝在TiO2纳米晶表面达到吸附/去吸附平衡。在照射之前,将悬浮液在暗处剧烈搅拌30 min,然后在搅拌的条件下将悬浮液放在175 W 高压汞灯下照射,灯距离亚甲基蓝溶液的距离是40 cm。每隔15 min,取4 mL悬浮液于10 mL离心管中,离心以除去TiO2纳米晶。亚甲基蓝的降解速率通过使用TU-1901型紫外分光光度计测定紫外灯照射前后亚甲基蓝溶液的浓度变化确定。测试结果分别如图8所示。
图8(a)为亚甲基蓝溶液的准一级反应动力学曲线,其线性相关系数R 2>96%,表明亚甲基蓝的光催化降解符合L-H准一级反应动力学模型。从图中可以看出,样品T180-pH1.0的k app的值最大,显示了最高的光催化活性,其值分别是T180-pH0.5、T180-pH1.5、T180-pH2.0和空白样品的1.12、1.27、3.62和13.67倍。
从图8(b)中可以看出,在紫外光照射90 min时,亚甲基蓝的降解效率的顺序为空白(9.72%) < T180-pH2.0 (37.56%) < T180-pH1.5 (57.99%) < T180-pH0.5 (65.97%) <T180-pH1.0 (67.45%)。即,90 min时,以[111]-晶面暴露的T180-pH1.0锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶为催化剂时,亚甲基蓝的降解率为67.45 %。
综上所述,本发明实施例2所合成的 [111]-晶面暴露TiO2纳米晶在光催化降解有机污染物(如亚甲基蓝)中具有应用价值。
实施例3:
(1)合成钛酸锂钾:按照物质的量之比为 0.410:1.73:0.170,称量11.34 g K2CO3、27.68 g TiO2和2.51g Li2CO3放置到玛瑙研钵中,混合混匀后,再置于行星球磨机球磨30min,然后将其转移到刚玉坩埚中,放入马弗炉中于800 °C加热12 h,升温速率为2 °C/min,制得层状纤铁矿型钛酸锂钾(K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4)。
(2)合成钛酸:将煅烧后的钛酸锂钾捣碎研磨成粉末状后,称量5.0 gK0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4样品,加入盛有0.1 mol/L HNO3(1000 mL)溶液的大烧杯中,室温下磁力搅拌5天,每天需要更换一次HNO3溶液。质子交换反应5次后,用循环水式多用真空泵进行抽滤,并用大量蒸馏水清洗,直到滤液呈中性为止。最后将将滤纸上的固体取出来,放到玻璃表面皿上,放置在室温下进行干燥,得到H1.07Ti1.73O4。
(3)合成TiO2纳米晶:用分析天平称取0.5 gH1.07Ti1.73O4样品,放入反应釜中,向其中依次加入50 mL水和2.5 mL双氧水后,再向其中加入1.0 g 氟化铵,磁力搅拌均匀后,置于140 ℃的恒温鼓风干燥箱中,水热反应24 h,冷却至室温后取出,将所得产物进行洗涤、干燥,制备出[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2,标记为T140-xNH4F,140为反应温度,x为加入NH4F的质量,其形貌为长方体状。
(4)本实施例制备的TiO2纳米晶在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用
a. 制备TiO2浆
称量0.5 g实施例3制得的[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶样品加入到25 mL的玻璃瓶中,然后依次向其中加入2.5 g无水乙醇、2.0 g α-松油醇、1.4 g 10%的乙基纤维素10溶液、1.1 g 10% 的乙基纤维素45溶液,将该上述混合溶液超声分散5 min,然后放在球磨机上球磨3天,制备出TiO2浆状物。将制备的TiO2浆状物放在旋转蒸发仪中蒸发掉无水乙醇后,得到组装染料敏化太阳能电池可用的TiO2浆。
b. 准备TiO2光电阳极
将FTO玻璃先分别用去离子水和无水乙醇或丙酮超声10分钟,取出、晾干,然后将其浸入0.1 mol/L的钛酸四丙酯溶液中大约1 min,取出后,用去离子水和无水乙醇冲洗,置于室温条件下干燥。将上述所准备的FTO玻璃,置于马弗炉中,于480 °C 下加热1 h,自然冷却到室温后得到涂有TiO2致密薄膜的FTO玻璃。
用刮刀法将所制备的TiO2浆涂布到上述涂有TiO2致密薄膜的FTO玻璃上,浆的厚度由所使用的胶带的厚度来控制。涂有TiO2浆FTO玻璃在室温下干燥后,置于马弗炉中于315°C 加热15 min,重复上述操作,直到获得所需的薄膜厚度后,最后置于马弗炉中于450 °C加热30 min,冷却到室温后,将其再次进入0.1 mol/L的钛酸四丙酯溶液中大约1 min,取出后,用去离子水和无水乙醇冲洗,置于室温条件下干燥后,最后将其置于马弗炉中于480 °C加热60 min,得到TiO2多孔薄膜电极。冷却到80 °C后,将TiO2多孔薄膜电极浸入到0.3mmol/L的N719染料溶液中,于室温下冷暗环境保存24 h,以使N719染料吸附到TiO2薄膜多孔电极上。
c. 组装染料敏化太阳能电池
将上述吸附了N719染料的TiO2薄膜多孔电极作为光电阳极,与电解质溶液和铂对电极三者组装成三明治结构的染料敏化太阳能,其中电解质溶液在光电阳极和铂对电极之间。电解质溶液包含0.1 mol/L LiI、0.03 mol/L I2、0.60 mol/L 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑碘化物、0.10 mo/L硫氰酸胍、0.50 mol/L 4-叔丁基吡啶的乙腈和戊腈混合液。
d. 测量染料敏化太阳能电池性能
上述所组装的染料敏化太阳能的电池性能使用Hokuto-Denko BAS100B 型电化学分析器测量。光照强度为AM 1.5 (100 mW/cm2)、太阳光模拟器类型为YSS-E40、光电阳极开孔面积为0.25 cm2。
测试结果如图9所示。
从图9可以看出,光电转化效率增加的顺序为T140-0.5NH4F > T140-1.0NH4F >T140-1.5NH4F > T140-2.0NH4F。T140-0.5NH4F样品制备的光电阳极表现出最高的光电转换效率,归功于其具有最高的光电流值和相对高的开路电压值。
综上所述,本发明实施例3所合成的 [111]-晶面暴露TiO2纳米晶在染料敏化太阳能电池中具有应用价值。
Claims (2)
1.一种[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法,其特征在于:以层状钛酸盐化合物为前驱体,加入形貌控制剂,利用水热法合成[111]-晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶;
所述形貌控制剂为氢氟酸和氨水,或者为氟化铵;
所述的[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
a. 层状钛酸盐的制备:按照K2CO3、TiO2、Li2CO3物质的量之比为 (0.40~0.43):1.73:(0.13~0.17),称量K2CO3、TiO2和Li2CO3放置到玛瑙研钵中,混匀后,再置于行星球磨机球磨1~ 6 h,然后将其转移到刚玉坩埚中,放入马弗炉中于800~1200 °C加热12~48 h,升温速率为2~10 °C/min,制得层状纤铁矿型钛酸锂钾K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4;
b. 层状钛酸盐的质子化:将煅烧后的钛酸锂钾捣碎研磨成粉末状后,称量5.0~30.0 gK0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4样品,加入盛有500~3000 mLHNO3溶液的大烧杯中,室温下磁力搅拌2~5天;为使K0.8Ti1.73Li0.27O4完全转化为H1.07Ti1.73O4,每天需要倒掉原来的溶液,重新添加500~3000 mL新的HNO3溶液;经过2~5次质子交换反应后,用循环水式多用真空泵进行抽滤,并用大量蒸馏水清洗,直到滤液呈中性为止;最后将滤纸上的固体取出来,放到玻璃表面皿上,放置在室温下进行干燥;获得质子化的钛酸锂钾,即钛酸H1.07Ti1.73O4;
c. [111]-晶面暴露的锐钛型TiO2纳米晶的合成:称取步骤b制得的0.2~1.0gH1.07Ti1.73O4的样品,放置在反应釜中,向其中加入30~50 mL水、1~5 mL双氧水和形貌控制剂,磁力搅拌均匀后,置于温度为130℃~180℃的恒温鼓风干燥箱中,水热反应12~48 h,冷却至室温后取出,将所得产物进行洗涤、干燥,制备出[111]-晶面暴露的长方体状锐钛矿型TiO2。
2.根据权利要求1所述的[111]-晶面暴露的锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶的制备方法,其特征在于:所述 HNO3溶液的浓度为0.1~2.0 mol/L;
所述形貌控制剂为1~5 mL氨水、0.5~2.0 mL HF;或是0.5 g~2.0 g氟化铵。
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