CN110449995B - Laser-assisted grinding device and method for free-form surface grinding - Google Patents
Laser-assisted grinding device and method for free-form surface grinding Download PDFInfo
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- CN110449995B CN110449995B CN201910701885.0A CN201910701885A CN110449995B CN 110449995 B CN110449995 B CN 110449995B CN 201910701885 A CN201910701885 A CN 201910701885A CN 110449995 B CN110449995 B CN 110449995B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B3/00—Cleaning by methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
- B08B3/04—Cleaning involving contact with liquid
- B08B3/10—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration
- B08B3/12—Cleaning involving contact with liquid with additional treatment of the liquid or of the object being cleaned, e.g. by heat, by electricity or by vibration by sonic or ultrasonic vibrations
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P25/00—Auxiliary treatment of workpieces, before or during machining operations, to facilitate the action of the tool or the attainment of a desired final condition of the work, e.g. relief of internal stress
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B2203/00—Details of cleaning machines or methods involving the use or presence of liquid or steam
- B08B2203/02—Details of machines or methods for cleaning by the force of jets or sprays
- B08B2203/0288—Ultra or megasonic jets
Abstract
A laser auxiliary grinding device and method for free-form surface grinding belong to the technical field of ultra-precision grinding, and aim at the problems of low grinding efficiency, serious abrasion of a grinding wheel and the like in the ultra-precision grinding process of materials difficult to machine, such as ceramic matrix composite materials, hard alloy materials and the like, a hollow grinding needle design is used, an in-situ laser auxiliary technology is introduced, and the ultra-precision grinding precision and the machining efficiency are effectively improved. Meanwhile, the problem that other external laser heads are single and limited in processing mode is solved, laser-assisted grinding of curved surfaces, special-shaped surfaces and free-form surfaces can be effectively carried out, and the application range of laser-assisted grinding is greatly enlarged. The laser auxiliary grinding device and the method for grinding the free-form surface can realize high-precision grinding of parts such as micro disks, blades and the like of materials which are difficult to machine, such as ceramic matrix composite materials, hard alloy materials and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of ultra-precision grinding, and particularly relates to a laser-assisted free-form surface grinding device and a working method for difficult-to-machine materials and composite materials.
Background
With the rapid development of the scientific and technological fields of aerospace industry, weapon industry, microelectronic industry, ocean technology, biomedicine and the like, the demand on micro complex curved surface parts with excellent characteristics is more and more, and ultra-precise grinding is more and more used for processing ultra-precise micro parts. The ultra-precision grinding is a general term for grinding wheels, grinding, polishing and the like by using abrasive grains with fine particle size, is a processing method with the processing precision reaching or better than 0.1 mu m and the surface roughness value of 1 nm-100 nm, and is one of the important researches on the current ultra-precision processing.
The laser heating auxiliary processing means that a region to be processed of a workpiece in front of a cutter is heated through a high-energy laser beam, so that the material reaches the optimal softening cutting temperature before being removed, the cutting force, the specific cutting energy, the surface roughness, the surface damage and the cutter abrasion in the material removing process are reduced, and the processing efficiency is improved. The laser-assisted machining is applied to the turning of hard materials at first, the machining efficiency of high-hardness alloy materials is effectively improved, and besides laser-assisted turning, laser-assisted milling, laser-assisted electrochemical machining and laser-assisted jet machining technologies are also used for precision machining of difficult-to-machine materials.
Laser-assisted grinding refers to a processing technique in which a region to be processed is heated by laser to soften a material and precision grinding is performed. Laser-assisted grinding is an effective processing method for processing difficult-to-process materials in the future due to excellent controllability of laser and general application of grinding.
The conventional laser auxiliary grinding generally uses an external laser head, is difficult to uniformly heat materials to be removed, has single movement direction, and cannot carry out grinding processing on complex curved surfaces such as grinding processing on the surfaces of blades. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a new device and method for laser-assisted curved surface grinding of difficult-to-machine materials.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: the laser auxiliary grinding device and the laser auxiliary grinding method for free-form surface grinding are characterized in that a main shaft integrated design method is adopted, a laser system is led into the center of a hollow spherical grinding needle from the center of a main shaft of an ultra-precision grinding machine, and laser beams are led out through four hole positions at the bottom of the grinding needle through a rectangular pyramid beam splitter at the center of the grinding needle, so that an in-situ laser auxiliary grinding technology is achieved, and the material machinability and the machine tool machining efficiency are greatly improved.
The utility model provides a supplementary abrasive machining device of laser for free-form surface grinding which characterized by: comprises a machine tool body, a laser main shaft device, a laser control system and a computer control system,
the machine tool body main body comprises a marble base, a numerical control shaft Y shaft, a numerical control shaft X shaft, a numerical control shaft Z shaft, a C shaft driving motor, a C shaft rotary table, an A shaft rotary table and an A shaft driving motor, the marble base comprises a bottom plate and side plates arranged on two sides of the bottom plate, and the numerical control shaft Y shaft is arranged on the tops of the two side plates of the marble base; two ends of the X axis of the numerical control axis are respectively arranged at the top of the Y axis of the numerical control axis; the numerical control axis Z is arranged on the numerical control axis X; the A-axis turntable is connected with the A-axis driving motor and arranged on the marble base; the C-axis rotary table is connected with the C-axis driving motor and arranged on the A-axis rotary table;
the laser spindle device comprises an optical fiber, a spindle fixing frame, a laser collimator, a focusing lens, a spindle servo motor, a hollow spherical grinding needle, a rectangular pyramid beam splitter and a beam splitter fixing frame, and is arranged on a numerical control axis Z axis through the spindle fixing frame; one end of the optical fiber is connected with the laser collimator, and the other end of the optical fiber is connected with the laser control system; the laser collimator, the focusing lens and the main shaft servo motor are sequentially and fixedly arranged on the main shaft fixing frame, the hollow spherical grinding needle is clamped on the main shaft servo motor through a spring chuck, the grinding needle hole direction of the hollow spherical grinding needle is the normal direction of the grinding needle and forms an included angle of 10 degrees with the grinding needle rod, and the four grinding needle holes are mutually distributed at the lower end of the hollow spherical grinding needle at equal intervals at an angle of 90 degrees; the rectangular pyramid beam splitter is fixedly arranged at the center of the hollow position in the hollow spherical grinding needle through a beam splitter fixing frame, and the vertex angle of the rectangular pyramid beam splitter is 10 degrees;
the laser of the laser control system is an IPG laser;
the computer control system is provided with a processing program and a control system program which are respectively connected with the laser control system and the machine tool body main body through signal lines.
The C-axis rotary table and the A-axis rotary table are both precision rotary sliding tables, wherein the A axis is the X-axis rotary direction, and the C axis is the Z-axis rotary direction.
And the numerical control axis Y, the numerical control axis X and the numerical control axis Z are driven by an air floatation hydrostatic guide rail and a linear motor.
A laser auxiliary grinding processing method for free-form surface grinding is characterized in that: the laser-assisted grinding device for grinding the free-form surface comprises the following steps which are sequentially carried out,
firstly, according to the material property of a workpiece to be processed, temperature field simulation is carried out through simulation software, the influence of laser parameters, spindle rotating speed and feeding speed on a heat affected zone of the workpiece is recorded, laser power, laser wavelength and pulse width are selected according to the recorded range and grinding thickness of the heat affected zone, and cutting parameters and a feed path of laser auxiliary grinding are formulated;
step two: the method comprises the following steps of carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and drying on a workpiece to be ground, then installing and fixing the workpiece to be ground on a C-axis rotary table, clamping a hollow spherical grinding needle on a main shaft servo motor, opening a computer control system to control a numerical control axis X, a numerical control axis Y, a numerical control axis Z, the C-axis rotary table and an A-axis rotary table to carry out tool setting, adjusting laser power, laser wavelength and various laser parameters of pulse width through a laser control system after the tool setting is finished, adjusting the focal length by using a focusing lens to finish focusing, and focusing laser spots on a region to be processed on the surface of the workpiece;
step three: opening a processing program in a computer control system, and carrying out ultra-precise laser auxiliary grinding processing;
step four: after the machining is finished, the laser is turned off through the computer control system and the laser control system, the main shaft servo motor is turned off, and the numerical control axis X, the numerical control axis Y, the numerical control axis Z, the C-axis rotary table and the A-axis rotary table return to zero;
to this end, a laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding is completed.
The material of the region to be processed on the workpiece is a hard alloy material or a ceramic matrix composite material.
And in the second step, the process of focusing the light spot is that a laser beam emitted by a laser is transmitted into a laser collimator through an optical fiber, the laser beam is expanded and collimated by the laser collimator, then enters a hollow spherical grinding needle after being focused by a focusing lens, then is divided into 4 laser beams by a rectangular pyramid beam splitter and is deflected by 10 degrees at the same time, and the laser beams are continuously focused on a workpiece through four grinding needle holes on the hollow spherical grinding needle.
Through the design scheme, the invention can bring the following beneficial effects: a laser auxiliary grinding device and method for free-form surface grinding are provided, aiming at the problems of low grinding efficiency, serious abrasion of a grinding wheel and the like in the process of ultraprecise grinding of materials difficult to machine, such as ceramic matrix composite materials, hard alloy materials and the like, a hollow grinding needle design is used, an in-situ laser auxiliary technology is introduced, and the ultraprecise grinding precision and the machining efficiency are effectively improved. Meanwhile, the problem that other external laser heads are single and limited in processing mode is solved, laser-assisted grinding of curved surfaces, special-shaped surfaces and free-form surfaces can be effectively carried out, and the application range of laser-assisted grinding is greatly enlarged. The laser auxiliary grinding device and the method for grinding the free-form surface can realize high-precision grinding of parts such as micro disks, blades and the like of materials which are difficult to machine, such as ceramic matrix composite materials, hard alloy materials and the like.
Drawings
The invention is further described with reference to the following figures and detailed description:
fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a laser-assisted grinding device for free-form surface grinding according to the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a main body of a machine tool body of the laser-assisted grinding device for free-form surface grinding.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser spindle device of a laser-assisted grinding device for free-form surface grinding according to the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a rectangular pyramid beam splitter in the laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding according to the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic view of the working principle of laser-assisted grinding in the laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a partially enlarged schematic view of the working principle of laser-assisted grinding in the laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding according to the present invention.
In the figure, 1-a machine tool body, 2-a laser spindle device, 3-a laser control system, 4-a computer control system, 11-a marble base, 12-a numerical control axis Y, 13-a numerical control axis X, 14-a numerical control axis Z, 15-C axis driving motor, 16-C axis turntable, 17-A axis turntable, 18-A axis driving motor, 21-optical fiber, 22-spindle fixing frame, 23-laser collimator, 24-focusing lens, 25-spindle servo motor, 26-laser beam, 27-hollow spherical grinding needle, 28-rectangular pyramid beam splitter, 29-beam splitter fixing frame, 201-workpiece, 202-laser heat affected zone and 203-grinding needle hole.
Detailed Description
A laser auxiliary grinding processing device for free-form surface grinding is shown in figure 1 and comprises a machine tool body 1, a laser spindle device 2, a laser control system 3 and a computer control system 4. The laser main shaft device 2 is installed on a numerical control axis Z axis 14 of the machine tool body main body 1, the laser main shaft device 2 is connected with the laser control system 3 through an optical fiber 21, and the machine tool body main body 1 and the laser control system 3 are respectively connected with the computer control system 4.
As shown in fig. 2, the machine tool body 1 includes a marble base 11, a numerical control axis Y-axis 12, a numerical control axis X-axis 13, a numerical control axis Z-axis 14, a C-axis driving motor 15, a C-axis turntable 16, an a-axis turntable 17, and an a-axis driving motor 18, wherein the numerical control axis Y-axis is fixed on the marble base 11, the numerical control axis X-axis 13 is fixed on the numerical control axis Y-axis, the numerical control axis Z-axis 14 is fixed on the numerical control axis X-axis, the a-axis turntable 17 is fixed on the marble base 11 after being connected with the a-axis driving motor 18, and the C-axis driving motor 15 is fixed on the a-axis turntable 17 after being connected with the C; the numerical control axis X-axis 13, the numerical control axis Y-axis 12 and the numerical control axis Z-axis 14 are driven by an air floatation hydrostatic guide rail and a linear motor; the C-axis turntable 16 and the A-axis turntable 17 adopt precise rotating sliding tables to realize precise micro-rotating motion of A, C axes in the grinding process; the mutual linkage of the X, Y, Z, A, C axes is controlled by the computer control system 4 during the processing process, so that the grinding processing of the free-form surface is achieved.
As shown in fig. 3, the laser spindle device 2 includes an optical fiber 21, a spindle fixing frame 22, a laser collimator 23, a focusing lens 24, a spindle servo motor 25, a hollow spherical grinding needle 27, a rectangular pyramid beam splitter 28, and a beam splitter fixing frame 29, and the laser spindle device 2 is disposed on the numerical control axis Z axis 14 through the spindle fixing frame 22; one end of the optical fiber 21 is connected with the laser collimator 23, and the other end is connected with the laser control system 3; the laser collimator 23, the focusing lens 24 and the spindle servo motor 25 are sequentially and fixedly arranged on the spindle fixing frame 22, the hollow spherical grinding needle 27 is clamped on the spindle servo motor 25 through a collet chuck, the needle grinding direction of the hollow spherical grinding needle 27 is the normal direction of the grinding needle and forms an included angle of 10 degrees with the grinding needle rod, and the four grinding needle holes 203 are distributed at the lower end of the hollow spherical grinding needle 27 at equal intervals at an angle of 90 degrees; the rectangular pyramid beam splitter 28 is fixedly arranged at the center of the hollow position in the hollow spherical grinding needle 27 through a beam splitter fixing frame 29, and the vertex angle of the rectangular pyramid beam splitter 28 is 10 degrees;
the laser of the laser control system 3 is an IPG laser.
The computer control system 4 is a computer equipped with a processing program and control system software.
A laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding, as shown in fig. 4, 5 and 6, using the laser-assisted grinding apparatus for free-form surface grinding, comprising the following steps, which are sequentially performed,
firstly, according to the material property of a workpiece 201 to be processed, temperature field simulation is carried out through simulation software, the influence of laser parameters, spindle rotating speed and feeding speed on a workpiece heat affected zone is recorded, laser power, laser wavelength and pulse width are selected according to the recorded range and grinding thickness of the laser heat affected zone 202, and cutting parameters and a feed path of laser auxiliary grinding are formulated;
step two: the method comprises the steps of carrying out ultrasonic cleaning and drying on a workpiece 201 to be ground, then installing and fixing the workpiece on a C-axis turntable 16, clamping a hollow spherical grinding needle 27 on a main shaft servo motor 25, opening a computer control system 4 to control a numerical control axis X-axis 13, a numerical control axis Y-axis 12, a numerical control axis Z-axis 14, the C-axis turntable 16 and an A-axis turntable 17 to carry out tool setting, adjusting laser power, laser wavelength and various laser parameters of pulse width through a laser control system 3 after the tool setting is finished, adjusting the focal length by using a focusing lens 24 to finish focusing, and focusing a laser spot on a region to be processed on the surface of the workpiece 201;
step three: opening a processing program in the computer control system 4 to carry out ultra-precise laser auxiliary grinding processing;
step four: after the machining is finished, the laser is turned off through the computer control system 4 and the laser control system 3, the main shaft servo motor 25 is turned off, and the numerical control axis X-axis 13, the numerical control axis Y-axis 12, the numerical control axis Z-axis 14, the C-axis rotary table 16 and the A-axis rotary table 17 return to zero;
to this end, a laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding is completed.
The material of the region to be processed on the workpiece 201 which can be processed by the method is hard alloy material, ceramic matrix composite material or other materials which are difficult to process and can be softened by heating.
The light spot focusing principle of the invention is as follows: the laser beam 26 emitted by the laser is conducted into the laser collimator 23 through the optical fiber 21, expanded and collimated by the laser collimator 23, focused by the focusing lens 24 and then enters the hollow spherical grinding needle 27, and then divided into 4 laser beams by the rectangular pyramid beam splitter 28 and deflected by an angle of 10 degrees at the same time, and the laser beams are continuously focused on the workpiece 201 through the four grinding needle holes 203 on the hollow spherical grinding needle 27.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the present invention is not limited thereto. Various modifications and improvements may be made to the system by those skilled in the art, and all such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides a supplementary abrasive machining device of laser for free-form surface grinding which characterized by: comprises a machine tool body main body (1), a laser main shaft device (2), a laser control system (3) and a computer control system (4),
the machine tool body main body (1) comprises a marble base (11), a numerical control shaft Y shaft (12), a numerical control shaft X shaft (13), a numerical control shaft Z shaft (14), a C shaft driving motor (15), a C shaft rotary table (16), an A shaft rotary table (17) and an A shaft driving motor (18), wherein the marble base (11) comprises a bottom plate and side plates arranged on two sides of the bottom plate, and the numerical control shaft Y shaft (12) is arranged on the tops of the two side plates of the marble base (11); two ends of the numerical control shaft X shaft (13) are respectively arranged at the top of the numerical control shaft Y shaft (12); the numerical control axis Z axis (14) is arranged on the numerical control axis X axis (13); the A-axis turntable (17) is connected with an A-axis driving motor (18) and arranged on the marble base (11); the C-axis turntable (16) is connected with a C-axis driving motor (15) and arranged on the A-axis turntable (17);
the laser spindle device (2) comprises an optical fiber (21), a spindle fixing frame (22), a laser collimator (23), a focusing lens (24), a spindle servo motor (25), a hollow spherical grinding needle (27), a rectangular pyramid beam splitter (28) and a beam splitter fixing frame (29), and the laser spindle device (2) is arranged on a numerical control axis Z axis (14) through the spindle fixing frame (22); one end of the optical fiber (21) is connected with the laser collimator (23), and the other end of the optical fiber is connected with the laser control system (3); the laser collimator (23), the focusing lens (24) and the spindle servo motor (25) are sequentially and fixedly arranged on the spindle fixing frame (22), the hollow spherical grinding needle (27) is clamped on the spindle servo motor (25) through a spring chuck, the grinding needle hole direction of the hollow spherical grinding needle (27) is the normal direction of the grinding needle and forms a 10-degree included angle with a grinding needle rod, and four grinding needle holes (203) are distributed at the lower end of the hollow spherical grinding needle (27) at equal intervals at 90-degree angles; the rectangular pyramid beam splitter (28) is fixedly arranged at the center of the hollow position in the hollow spherical grinding needle (27) through a beam splitter fixing frame (29), and the vertex angle of the rectangular pyramid beam splitter (28) is 10 degrees;
the laser of the laser control system (3) is an IPG laser;
and the computer control system (4) is provided with a processing program and a control system program which are respectively connected with the laser control system (3) and the machine tool body main body (1) through signal lines.
2. The laser-assisted grinding apparatus for free-form surface grinding of claim 1, wherein: the C-axis rotary table (16) and the A-axis rotary table (17) are both precision rotary sliding tables, wherein the A axis is the X-axis rotary direction, and the C axis is the Z-axis rotary direction.
3. The laser-assisted grinding apparatus for free-form surface grinding of claim 1, wherein: and the numerical control shaft Y shaft (12), the numerical control shaft X shaft (13) and the numerical control shaft Z shaft (14) are driven by adopting air floatation hydrostatic guide rails and a linear motor.
4. A laser auxiliary grinding processing method for free-form surface grinding is characterized in that: a laser-assisted grinding machining apparatus for free-form surface grinding according to claim 1 is applied, comprising the following steps, which are performed in sequence,
firstly, according to the material property of a workpiece (201) to be processed, temperature field simulation is carried out through simulation software, the influence of laser parameters, spindle rotating speed and feeding speed on a workpiece heat affected zone is recorded, laser power, laser wavelength and pulse width are selected according to the recorded heat affected zone range and grinding thickness, and cutting parameters and a feed path of laser auxiliary grinding are formulated;
step two: the method comprises the steps that a workpiece (201) to be ground is subjected to ultrasonic cleaning and drying, then the workpiece is installed and fixed on a C-axis rotary table (16), a hollow spherical grinding needle (27) is clamped on a main shaft servo motor (25), a computer control system (4) is opened to control a numerical control axis X-axis (13), a numerical control axis Y-axis (12), a numerical control axis Z-axis (14), the C-axis rotary table (16) and an A-axis rotary table (17) to carry out tool setting, after the tool setting is finished, laser power, laser wavelength and various laser parameters of pulse width are adjusted through a laser control system (3), a focusing lens (24) is used for adjusting focal length to finish focusing, and laser spots are focused on an area to be machined on the surface of the workpiece (201);
step three: opening a processing program in a computer control system (4) and carrying out ultra-precise laser auxiliary grinding processing;
step four: after the machining is finished, the laser is turned off through the computer control system (4) and the laser control system (3), the main shaft servo motor (25) is turned off, and the numerical control axis X axis (13), the numerical control axis Y axis (12), the numerical control axis Z axis (14), the C axis rotary table (16) and the A axis rotary table (17) return to zero;
to this end, a laser-assisted grinding method for free-form surface grinding is completed.
5. The laser-assisted grinding machining method for free-form surface grinding according to claim 4, characterized in that: the material of the region to be processed on the workpiece (201) is a hard alloy material or a ceramic matrix composite material.
6. The laser-assisted grinding machining method for free-form surface grinding according to claim 4, characterized in that: and in the second step, the process of focusing the light spot is that a laser beam (26) emitted by a laser is conducted into a laser collimator (23) through an optical fiber (21), the laser beam enters a hollow spherical grinding needle (27) after being expanded and collimated by the laser collimator (23) and focused through a focusing lens (24), the laser beam is divided into 4 laser beams by a rectangular pyramid beam splitter (28) and is deflected by 10 degrees at the same time, and the laser beam is continuously focused on a workpiece (201) through four grinding needle holes (203) on the hollow spherical grinding needle (27).
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| CN113305571B (en) * | 2021-06-24 | 2023-04-14 | 长春理工大学 | Ultrasonic vibration assisted laser regulation and control grinding and online finishing device and method |
| CN114850653A (en) * | 2022-04-08 | 2022-08-05 | 大连理工大学 | Composite machine tool integrating ultrasonic-assisted grinding and laser processing and processing method |
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