CN110382406B - 用于生产氢气和甲醇的方法 - Google Patents

用于生产氢气和甲醇的方法 Download PDF

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CN110382406B
CN110382406B CN201880016478.XA CN201880016478A CN110382406B CN 110382406 B CN110382406 B CN 110382406B CN 201880016478 A CN201880016478 A CN 201880016478A CN 110382406 B CN110382406 B CN 110382406B
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亚历山大·勒施
阿兰·吉亚尔
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LAir Liquide SA pour lEtude et lExploitation des Procedes Georges Claude
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Abstract

披露了一种用于共同产生氢气和甲醇的方法,该方法包括:烃重整或气化装置产生包含氢气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的合成气流;将该合成气流引入到水煤气变换反应中,从而将该CO和H2O的至少一部分转化为变换的气体流中所含的H2和CO2;冷却该变换的气体流并冷凝并移除所冷凝的H2O部分;然后将该变换的合成气流分成第一流和第二流;将该第一流引入到第一氢气分离装置中,从而产生氢气流,并将该第二流引入到甲醇合成反应器中,从而产生粗甲醇流和甲醇合成出口气体;将该甲醇合成出口气体的至少一部分引入到第二氢气分离装置中。

Description

用于生产氢气和甲醇的方法
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年6月22日提交的美国专利申请号15/630,301的优先权,本申请要求于2017年3月13日提交的美国专利申请号62/470,420的权益,这些申请的全部内容通过援引并入本文。
背景技术
世界甲醇的很大一部分是通过重整烃获得的合成气的催化反应产生的。合成气可以在蒸汽重整器,自热重整器或含有氢气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的部分氧化重整器中生产。
大部分氢气由通过提及的重整技术生产的合成气生产。对于氢气生产,合成气中的氢气含量应尽可能高,而对于甲醇生产,合适的合成气组成可以通过氢气-碳氧化物摩尔比表征,该摩尔比被定义为:
其中[H2]、[CO]和[CO2]是合成气中各自组分的摩尔分数。
氢气生产
图1展示了如本领域已知的用于氢气生产的典型合成气(synthesis gas)(合成气(syngas))装备(plant)。在此实例中,轻烃、天然气被进料到重整器。蒸汽甲烷重整器在图1中指示,但以上讨论的工艺同样很好地适用,这取决于原料的类型,所希望的一氧化碳、二氧化碳和氢气的比率。取决于可用的天然气供应压力,可能需要进料压缩机。由于合成气在非常高的温度下产生,此气体流可在工艺气体锅炉中冷却,从而产生可在其他地方有用的蒸汽,并且由此改进设施的热效率。
如果附加的氢气是所希望的,可以利用水煤气变换反应器。然后可以在合成气废热回收单元中提取所变换的合成气流中的任何附加的有用热量。由于高纯度氢气经常是来自此种系统的所希望的产物,因此可以使用氢气分离装置(图1中的变压吸附单元)来分离氢气以供输出。任选地,可以将纯化的氢气的一部分与轻烃进料流(即天然气)共混并进料到重整器。如果在重整器的上游不存在进料压缩机,则可能需要专用的氢气再循环压缩机。
甲醇生产
甲醇可以通过以下反应由合成气形成:
CO+2H2→CH3OH
CO2+3H2→CH3OH+H2O
图2展示了如本领域已知的组合的氢气和甲醇生产设施(例如参见美国专利6,706,770)。在此实例中,轻烃、天然气被进料到重整器。蒸汽甲烷重整器在图2中指示,但以上讨论的工艺同样很好地适用,这取决于原料的类型,所希望的一氧化碳、二氧化碳和氢气的比率。取决于可用的天然气供应压力,可能需要进料压缩机。由于合成气在非常高的温度下产生,此气体流可在工艺气体锅炉中冷却,从而产生可在其他地方有用的蒸汽,并且由此改进设施的热效率。
在图2的工艺方案中,冷却的合成气被分成第一流,其与工艺蒸汽组合并进入变换反应器(如以上讨论的)。然后进入废热回收单元,并且然后进入氢气分离装置(如变压吸附单元)以产生氢气以供下游使用。冷却的合成气被分成第二流,其进入第二废热回收单元,然后被压缩并且然后被引入到甲醇反应器中,由此产生粗甲醇流以供下游使用。
为了在以上反应中最有效地利用合成气,优选化学计算量的氢气和碳氧化物。具有用于甲醇生产的合适化学计量组成的合成气具有2.0-2.4的氢气-碳氧化物摩尔比的值。通过使合成气在加压反应器中催化反应以产生甲醇和未反应的合成气来生产甲醇,将甲醇冷凝并与未反应的合成气分离,并将未反应的合成气的一部分再循环至反应器进料以提高总转化率。必须从甲醇反应器回路中吹扫一定百分比的未反应的合成气,使得可能存在合成气但不参与甲醇合成的组分(例如N2和CH4、Ar)不会在反应器进料气体中积累。
通过轻烃的蒸汽重整产生的合成气在用于甲醇生产时通常含有过量的氢气。因此,在从甲醇合成回路中吹扫惰性组分的同时,必须抽取出大量未反应的氢气并且其可用作废燃料。这种吹扫气体还含有有价值的碳氧化物,这些碳氧化物不能转化为甲醇,并且这种损失不利地影响甲醇生产经济性。
在商业甲醇生产中已经利用了使吹扫气体量最小化或使吹扫气体增值不同的几种途径。在一种途径中,将输入的二氧化碳与进料到甲醇反应器的进料合成气或进料到蒸汽重整步骤的进料烃混合。这产生甲醇反应器进料气体,其更接近优选的化学计量组成,但仅在容易可获得二氧化碳源时是可能的。在另一种途径中,将未反应的合成气通过各种方法分离成富含碳氧化物的流和富含氢气的流,将富含碳氧化物的流再循环到重整器或甲醇反应器,并且富含氢气的流用于燃料。膜系统、吸收过程和变压吸附已用于进行未反应的合成气的分离。
替代途径通过除蒸汽重整之外的方法产生合成气,其中这些方法产生更接近优选的氢气-碳氧化物比率的合成气用于甲醇生产。产生优选的合成气组合物的已知方法包括部分氧化、自热重整和两步工艺(包括蒸汽重整、接着是氧二次重整)。然而,这些方法都需要供氧,并且资本成本高于简单的蒸汽重整。
为了增加氢气和甲醇的生产效率,本发明提供了一种用于共同产生氢气和甲醇的成本效益的系统。本发明工艺集中于重整现有的氢气装备,并且避免额外的设备,并使对现有氢气装备的影响最小化。但是这种工艺也可以应用于新装备以共同产生氢气和甲醇。
发明内容
披露了一种用于共同产生氢气和甲醇的方法,该方法包括:烃重整或气化装置产生包含氢气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的合成气流;将该合成气流引入到水煤气变换反应中,从而将该CO和H2O的至少一部分转化为变换的气体流中所含的H2和CO2;冷却该变换的气体流并冷凝并移除所冷凝的H2O部分,由此产生干燥的变换的合成气流;将该干燥的变换的合成气流分成第一流和第二流;将该第一流引入到第一氢气分离装置中,从而产生氢气流,并将该第二流引入到甲醇合成反应器中,从而产生粗甲醇流和甲醇合成出口气体;将该甲醇合成出口气体的至少一部分引入到该第一氢气分离装置或分开的第二氢气分离装置中。
附图说明
为了进一步理解本发明的本质和目的,应结合附图来参考以下详细说明,在附图中相似元件给予相同或类似的参考号,并且其中:
-图1是如本领域已知的典型蒸汽甲烷重整器氢气装备的示意图。
-图2是如本领域已知的典型组合的甲醇和氢气装备的示意图。
-图3是根据本发明的一个实施例的组合的甲醇和氢气装备的示意图。
-图4是根据本发明的另一个实施例的组合的甲醇和氢气装备的示意图。
-图5是从根本上展示如何可以将图1的氢气装备重整到图3或图4的组合装备的示意图。
具体实施方式
元件编号:
101=烃进料流
102=进料压缩机
103=合成气反应器/发生器
104=工艺气体废热锅炉
105=水煤气变换反应器
106=废热回收系统
107=第一氢气分离装置
108=产物氢气压缩机
109=第一产物氢气流
110=甲醇回路反应器
111=具有蒸馏塔的甲醇纯化单元
112=甲醇合成出口气体再循环压缩机
113=甲醇合成补充气体压缩机
114=纯化的甲醇产物流
115=粗甲醇产物流
116=蒸汽输出流
117=未变换的合成气旁路流(绕过水煤气变换反应器)
118=工艺出口气体流(作为燃料或进料到合成气反应器)
119=甲醇蒸馏塔出口气体流
120=变换的合成气流(输入到甲醇反应器)(第二流)
121=到燃料的烃进料(到反应器燃烧器)
122=到氢气分离装置的甲醇合成出口气体流
123=到甲醇蒸馏塔的蒸汽
124=到甲醇纯化的粗甲醇
125=到烃进料流的氢气流
126=到第一氢气分离装置的变换的合成气流(第一流)
127=到合成气反应器的蒸汽流
128=第一高纯度氢气流
129=到烃进料流的甲醇合成出口气体流
130=第二氢气分离装置
209=第二产物氢气流
218=来自第二氢气分离装置的工艺出口气体流
225=到烃进料流的高压氢气
228=第二高纯度氢气流
以下描述了本发明的说明性实施例。虽然本发明易受各种修改和替代形式的影响,但其具体实施例已通过举例在附图中示出并且在本文中详细描述。然而,应理解的是,本文中对具体实施例的说明不旨在将本发明限于所披露的具体形式,而是相反地,其意图是涵盖落入如由所附权利要求限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、等效物以及替代物。
如本文所用,术语“甲醇回路反应器”被定义为高压反应器,典型地需要入口压缩机,其中离开反应器的产物流(粗甲醇和未反应的合成气)被送至甲醇分离器,其中从循环中移除粗甲醇的流,并使大部分剩余的气体(减去一定量的离开系统的吹扫气体)再循环回到再循环压缩机,并且然后与进入的合成气流共混并返回到甲醇反应器。
本发明涉及一种用于由通过重整轻烃获得的合成气共同产生甲醇和氢气的方法。如图5中广泛地展示的,在一个实施例中,本发明解决了改造现有的氢气装备,其中集中于避免任何不必要的额外设备并使对现有的氢气装备的工艺影响最小化(例如,较少的接头点),从而使改造现有的装备更容易且更便宜。在另一个实施例中,本发明可以被应用到一个新装备以共同产生氢气和甲醇。与现有技术相比,本发明工艺的另一个优点是它只需要单一的废热回收/冷却,由此需要较少的资金支出。
现在参考图3,展示了本发明的一个实施例。将烃进料流101作为工艺进料引入到合成气(合成气)反应器103中。烃工艺进料流101可以是天然气。合成气反应器103可以是蒸汽甲烷重整器(SMR)、自热重整器(ATR)或部分氧化重整器(POX)或任何可能的反应器系统的组合。如果需要,烃流101可能需要增加下游压力,在这种情况下可能需要进料压缩机102。取决于所选择的合成气重整技术,可以将烃流的一部分121作为燃料进料到合成气反应器103。如果需要,可将蒸汽流127引入到合成气反应器103中。因此,合成气反应器103产生含有氢气、CO、CO2和其他杂质的合成气。
离开合成气反应器103的合成气典型地在1400°F与3000°F之间;因此,废热锅炉104可用于从热的工艺气体中回收热量。然后将冷却的合成气引入到水煤气变换反应器105中,以将一些CO转化为氢气和CO2。可以在变换反应器105的上游引入H2O流,但未示出。变换反应器105可以是高温变换、中温变换、低温变换或组合。如本文所用,术语“低温变换”指的是在约350°F与500°F之间的温度下操作的水煤气变换转化反应。如本文所用,术语“中温变换”指的是在约400°F与675°F之间的温度下操作的水煤气变换转化反应。如本文所用,术语“高温变换”指的是在约600°F与950°F之间的温度下操作的水煤气变换转化反应。可以增加变换反应器105周围的旁路117以将合成气组合物调节为更合适的用于产生甲醇的组合物。
由于任何这些变换反应都在将对大多数氢气分离系统有害的温度下进行,因此需要进一步冷却变换的合成气。变换的合成气可以进入附加的蒸汽锅炉系统、锅炉给水预热器或任何其他类型的热交换器以从变换的合成气中回收显热。在进入纯化单元之前,典型地预见使用冷却水冷却器的空气冷却器的最终冷却步骤。所描述的附加冷却部分可以根据整体装备的热集成而变化,并且由单元106表示。然后将冷却的变换的合成气流分成两股流126和120。将流126送至第一氢气分离装置107,其中产生氢气流128和PSA出口气体流118。第一氢气分离装置107可以是变压吸附单元(PSA)或膜单元。如果需要,可以将氢气流128引入到氢气压缩机108中,由此产生压缩的氢气流109。
将流120进料到变换的气体压缩机113,然后到甲醇反应器110。典型地冷却的变换的合成气进入在约60-120巴之间的压力下的甲醇合成回路110。合成气的至少一部分在甲醇合成回路110中转化为甲醇。借助于气液分离装置(未示出),将所形成的粗甲醇与未反应的合成气分离。分离的粗甲醇可以作为产物115送出或送至甲醇蒸馏111以制造高纯度甲醇作为产物114。来自蒸馏塔111的出口气体119也可以被送回到合成气反应器103以用作燃料。
对于未反应的合成气,可以使至少一部分再循环回到甲醇回路,通过甲醇再循环压缩机112。任何剩余的未反应的合成气122可以与冷却的变换的合成气126混合并送至第一氢气分离装置107,由此产生高纯度氢气产物流128。可以将氢气产物的一部分送回到烃进料流129。来自第一氢气分离装置107的出口气体118可以被送回到合成气反应器103以用作燃料。高纯度氢气128可以被压缩108并作为产物氢气流109输出,氢气的一部分125可以被送回到烃进料流。如果需要,此氢气的一部分可用于加氢脱硫(HDS)反应器(未示出)以从天然气中除去硫。
现在参考图4,展示了本发明的另一个实施例。将烃进料流101引入到合成气反应器103中。烃进料流101可以是天然气。合成气反应器103可以是蒸汽甲烷重整器(SMR)、自热重整器(ATR)或部分氧化重整器(POX)或任何可能的反应器系统的组合。如果需要,烃流101可能需要增加下游压力,在这种情况下可能需要进料压缩机102。如果需要,可将蒸汽流127引入到合成气反应器103中。因此,合成气反应器103产生含有氢气、CO、CO2和其他杂质的合成气。
离开合成气反应器103的合成气典型地在1400°F与3000°F之间;因此,废热锅炉104可用于从热的工艺气体中回收热量。然后将冷却的合成气引入到水煤气变换反应器105中,以将一些CO转化为氢气和CO2。可以在变换反应器105的上游引入H2O流,但未示出。变换反应器105可以是高温变换、中温变换、低温变换或组合。如本文所用,术语“低温变换”指的是在约350°F与500°F之间的温度下操作的水煤气变换转化反应。如本文所用,术语“中温变换”指的是在约400°F与675°F之间的温度下操作的水煤气变换转化反应。如本文所用,术语“高温变换”指的是在约600°F与950°F之间的温度下操作的水煤气变换转化反应。可以增加变换反应器105周围的旁路117以将合成气组合物调节为更合适的用于产生甲醇的组合物。
由于任何这些变换反应都在将对大多数氢气分离系统有害的温度下进行,因此需要进一步冷却变换的合成气。变换的合成气可以进入附加的蒸汽锅炉系统、锅炉给水预热器或任何其他类型的热交换器以从变换的合成气中回收显热。在进入氢气分离装置107、130之前,典型地预见使用冷却水冷却器的空气冷却器的最终冷却步骤。所描述的附加冷却部分可以根据整体装备的热集成而变化,并且由单元106表示。然后将冷却的变换的合成气流分成两股流126和120。将流126送至第一氢气分离装置107,其中产生氢气流128和PSA出口气体流118。
如本文所用,术语“高压PSA”可在以下上下文中理解。SMR典型地在15巴表压与45巴表压的压力下操作。POX典型地在30巴表压与100巴表压的压力下操作。ATR典型地在30巴表压与100巴表压的压力下操作。氢气PSA典型地在高达30巴表压或45巴表压的压力下操作。因此,如本文所用,“高压PSA”是设计用于并且在高于45巴表压的压力下操作的PSA。由于此压力范围的上端大约等于典型的氢气管道的上端,因此将不需要附加的氢气产物压缩。
将流120进料到变换的气体压缩机113,然后到甲醇反应器110。典型地冷却的变换的合成气进入在约60-120巴之间的压力下的甲醇合成回路110。合成气的至少一部分在甲醇合成回路110中转化为甲醇。借助于气液分离装置(未示出),将所形成的粗甲醇与未反应的合成气分离。分离的粗甲醇可以作为产物115送出或送至甲醇蒸馏111以制造高纯度甲醇作为产物114。来自蒸馏塔111的出口气体119也可以被送回到合成气反应器103以用作燃料。
对于未反应的合成气,可以使至少一部分再循环回到甲醇回路,通过甲醇再循环压缩机112。任何剩余的未反应的合成气可以与冷却的变换的合成气126混合并送至第二氢气分离装置130,由此产生高压氢气产物流228和出口气体流218。第二氢气分离装置可以在比第一氢气分离装置107更高的压力下操作。第二氢气分离装置130可以是变压吸附单元(PSA)或膜单元。PSA出口气体流218可以被送至合成气发生器103并可以用作原料或燃料。在一个实施例中,第一氢气分离装置107和第二氢气分离装置130是相同的单元。由于甲醇合成过程强烈放热,必须除去热量。这通过产生蒸汽来完成,该蒸汽可以从系统116输出,或者可以在甲醇纯化单元蒸馏塔111内部使用123。
一部分高压氢气228可以被送回到烃进料流225,并且如果需要,可以用于加氢脱硫(HDS)反应器(未示出)以从烃原料中除去硫。
在一个实施例中,其中来自第一氢气分离装置107的氢气128未被氢气压缩机108进一步压缩,高压氢气228可完全送至高压氢气消耗器流209。
在另一个实施例中,其中来自第一氢气分离装置107的氢气借助于氢气压缩机108压缩,来自第二氢气分离装置130的高压氢气可以在压缩机208的下游混合209a。因此,可以将更高的总高压氢气流109送至高压氢气消耗器,而无需安装附加的氢气压缩机容量。
在另一个实施例中,其中来自第一氢气分离装置107的氢气128未被氢气压缩机108进一步压缩,高压氢气228可以与来自第一氢气分离装置107的氢气混合209b。
应当理解,由本领域技术人员可在如所附权利要求中所表述的本发明的原则和范围内做出本文已经描述以解释本发明的本质的细节、材料、步骤和零件布置上的许多附加的改变。因此,本发明不旨在限于以上给出的实例中的具体实施例。

Claims (19)

1.一种用于共同产生氢气和粗甲醇的方法,该方法包括:使用烃重整或气化装置由烃进料流产生包含氢气、一氧化碳和二氧化碳的合成气流;将在水煤气变换反应器上游引入含水流;将该含水合成气流的第一部分引入到水煤气变换反应器中的水煤气变换反应催化剂中,从而将该第一部分中所含的一氧化碳和水的至少一部分转化为变换的气体流中所含的氢气和二氧化碳;使该含水合成气流的第二部分绕过所述催化剂并使该第二部分与变换的气体流合并以形成改性的变换的气体流;冷却该改性的变换的气体流以冷凝水部分;移除该水部分;然后将该改性的变换的气体流分成第一流和第二流;将该第一流引入到第一氢气分离装置中,从而产生氢气流,并将该第二流引入到甲醇合成反应器中,从而产生粗甲醇流和甲醇合成出口气体流;以及将该甲醇合成出口气体流的至少一部分引入到第一氢气分离装置和第二氢气分离装置中至少一者中。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,使该氢气流的至少一部分返回到该烃重整或气化装置的上游的工艺。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,该方法进一步包括在引入到该甲醇合成气反应器之前,增加该第二流的压力。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,该方法进一步包括将该粗甲醇流引入到甲醇蒸馏装置中,从而产生纯甲醇流和甲醇蒸馏塔出口气体流。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其中,使该甲醇蒸馏塔出口气体流的至少一部分作为燃料流返回该烃重整或气化装置。
6.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,该第一氢气分离装置是变压吸附单元。
7.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,该第一氢气分离装置是膜分离单元。
8.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,该第二氢气分离装置是变压吸附单元。
9.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,该第二氢气分离装置是膜分离单元。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,将该第一流和该甲醇合成气出口气体流送到同一氢气纯化装置,其可以是PSA或膜。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,该第一氢气分离装置和该第二氢气分离装置不相同。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,该氢气进一步由氢气压缩机压缩。
13.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中,该第二氢气分离装置在比该第一氢气纯化装置更高的压力下操作。
14.如权利要求12所述的方法,其中,该第二氢气分离装置在比该第一氢气纯化装置更高的压力下操作,并且其中在该第一氢气纯化装置的下游的该氢气压缩机纯化变换的合成气之后,将所纯化的氢气混合到该氢气流中。
15.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,合成气生成装置是自热重整器或部分氧化反应器。
16.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,合成气生成装置是蒸汽甲烷重整器。
17.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,使甲醇出口气体的至少一部分返回到合成气发生器的上游的工艺。
18.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中,甲醇出口气体的至少一部分用作该蒸汽甲烷重整器或任何其他燃烧系统如燃烧过程加热器或燃烧蒸汽锅炉中的燃料。
19.如权利要求1所述的方法,该方法进一步包括将该粗甲醇流引入到甲醇蒸馏装置中,从而产生纯甲醇流。
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