CN110358955A - A kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

A kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110358955A
CN110358955A CN201910728951.3A CN201910728951A CN110358955A CN 110358955 A CN110358955 A CN 110358955A CN 201910728951 A CN201910728951 A CN 201910728951A CN 110358955 A CN110358955 A CN 110358955A
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aluminium alloy
high conductivity
hot rolling
temperature
warming
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汪泽维
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Anqing Zye New Material Technology Extension Service Co Ltd
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Anqing Zye New Material Technology Extension Service Co Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/02—Making non-ferrous alloys by melting
    • C22C1/026—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/10—Alloys based on aluminium with zinc as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/14—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/16—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with magnesium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C21/00—Alloys based on aluminium
    • C22C21/12—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent
    • C22C21/18—Alloys based on aluminium with copper as the next major constituent with zinc
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/002—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working by rapid cooling or quenching; cooling agents used therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/053—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with zinc as the next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
    • C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
    • C22F1/057—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with copper as the next major constituent
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
    • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
    • H01B1/023—Alloys based on aluminium

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of high conductivity aluminium alloys and preparation method thereof.The high conductivity aluminium alloy, by weight percentage, it include: copper 0.1~1%, zinc 0.01~0.3%, magnesium 0.005~0.2%, silicon 0.01~0.05%, lutetium 0.001~0.01%, cerium 0.01~0.3%, yttrium 0.01~0.3%, boron 0.001~0.01%, remaining is aluminium.The present invention is by obtaining high conductivity aluminium alloy after the techniques such as melting, casting, solid solution and ageing treatment, the aluminium alloy not only has good conductive property, also there is excellent tensile property, creep-resistant property, anti-fatigue performance and bending resistance, after tested, the 0.027481 Ω mm of resistivity of the resulting aluminium alloy of the present invention2/ m, conductivity are not less than 61.1%IACS, and elongation at break is not less than 11.5%.

Description

A kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of alloy material, in particular to a kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof.
Background technique
With the rapid development of our country's economy, the great development of electric system, large-scale infrastructure, China is to electric wire electricity The demand rapid growth of cable.The conductor material of China's wire and cable largely uses copper conductor at present, but due to China's copper Resource is nervous, and copper valence is high, and copper conductor material occupies 70% or more of copper wire and cable cost, causes to manufacture copper electric wire electricity The cost of cable is too big；If using fine aluminium conductor material, by China's prolonged use discovery fine aluminium conductor material operation Or biggish creep can occur after current overload, and cause contact resistance to increase, Yi Yinqi accident, and bending property is bad, Yi Kai It splits or fractures, equally easily cause accident.Therefore, the research of aluminum-alloy conductor material is imperative.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is intended to provide a kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof, is asked with solving above-mentioned technology Topic.
To achieve the goals above, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
A kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy, by weight percentage, comprising: copper 0.1~1%, zinc 0.01~0.3%, magnesium 0.005~0.2%, silicon 0.01~0.05%, lutetium 0.001~0.01%, cerium 0.01~0.3%, yttrium 0.01~0.3%, boron 0.001~0.01%, remaining is aluminium.
Preferably, the preparation method of the high conductivity aluminium alloy, includes the following steps:
(1) copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon, lutetium, cerium, yttrium, boron, aluminium are added in smelting furnace, are warming up to 700~800 DEG C and kept the temperature molten Refining, then in 730~740 DEG C of progress refinery by de-gassing, then heat preservation stands 30~50min at 720~730 DEG C, is cast Ingot；
(2) step (1) resulting ingot casting is quickly quenched in 50~80 DEG C of cooling water, then hot rolling, then it is cooling after Obtain hot rolling aluminium alloy bar；
(3) the resulting hot rolling aluminium alloy bar of step (2) is subjected to solution treatment, is cooled to room temperature and obtains solid solution aluminium alloy Bar；
(4) the resulting solid solution aluminium alloy rod of step (3) is subjected to ageing treatment and obtains high conductivity aluminium alloy.
It is further preferred that in the step (2), the step of hot rolling, is specifically included: by ingot casting at 600~630 DEG C Lower progress first time hot rolling, carries out second of hot rolling at 540~570 DEG C.
It is further preferred that being specifically included the step of solution treatment in the step (3): being heated to 430~440 DEG C, protect 20~30min of temperature, then 450~460 DEG C are warming up to, 40~50min is kept the temperature, then be warming up to 470~480 DEG C, heat preservation 60~ 70min is warming up to 490~510 DEG C, keeps the temperature 120~180min.
It is further preferred that in the step (4), the step of ageing treatment, is specifically included: in 150~160 DEG C of people 5~8h of work ageing treatment.
Preferably, the high conductivity aluminium alloy, by weight percentage, comprising: copper 0.1~0.4%, zinc 0.1~ 0.3%, magnesium 0.05~0.2%, silicon 0.01~0.05%, lutetium 0.005~0.01%, cerium 0.05~0.2%, yttrium 0.05~ 0.1%, boron 0.005~0.01%, remaining is aluminium.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
The present invention is by obtaining high conductivity aluminium alloy after the techniques such as melting, casting, solid solution and ageing treatment, the aluminium alloy It not only has good conductive property, also there is excellent tensile property, creep-resistant property, anti-fatigue performance and bending resistance Can, after tested, the resistivity of the resulting aluminium alloy of the present invention is not less than 0.027481 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity are not less than 61.1%IACS, elongation at break is not less than 11.5%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h Degree is not more than 1.03 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times are not less than 31 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Specific embodiment
Specific embodiments of the present invention will be further explained below.It should be noted that for these implementations The explanation of mode is used to help understand the present invention, but and does not constitute a limitation of the invention.In addition, invention described below Technical characteristic involved in each embodiment can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
Embodiment 1
A kind of preparation method of high conductivity aluminium alloy provided in this embodiment, includes the following steps:
(1) weigh following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.32%, zinc 0.24%, magnesium 0.13%, silicon 0.03%, Lutetium 0.006%, cerium 0.12%, yttrium 0.08%, boron 0.008%, remaining is aluminium；Copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon, lutetium, cerium, yttrium, boron, aluminium are added Enter in smelting furnace, be warming up to 780 DEG C and keep the temperature melting, then in 740 DEG C of progress refinery by de-gassing, then keeps the temperature and stand at 730 DEG C 40min, casting obtain ingot casting；
(2) step (1) resulting ingot casting is quickly quenched in 60 DEG C of cooling water, ingot casting is carried out at 620 DEG C Single hot-roll carries out second of hot rolling at 560 DEG C, then obtains hot rolling aluminium alloy bar after cooling down；
(3) the resulting hot rolling aluminium alloy bar of step (2) is heated to 430 DEG C, keeps the temperature 25min, then be warming up to 450 DEG C, protected Warm 40min, then 475 DEG C are warming up to, 65min is kept the temperature, is warming up to 500 DEG C, keeps the temperature 160min, room temperature is cooled to and obtains solid solution aluminium Rod of metal alloy；
(4) the resulting solid solution aluminium alloy rod of step (3) is handled into 7h in 150 DEG C of artificial agings, obtains high conductivity aluminium alloy.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.028451 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 63.4% IACS, elongation at break 14.3%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.91 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 38 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 2
A kind of preparation method of high conductivity aluminium alloy provided in this embodiment, includes the following steps:
(1) following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.1%, zinc 0.3%, magnesium 0.2%, silicon 0.01%, lutetium are weighed 0.001%, cerium 0.01%, yttrium 0.01%, boron 0.001%, remaining is aluminium；Copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon, lutetium, cerium, yttrium, boron, aluminium are added It in smelting furnace, is warming up to 800 DEG C and keeps the temperature melting, then in 740 DEG C of progress refinery by de-gassing, then keep the temperature and stand at 730 DEG C 50min, casting obtain ingot casting；
(2) step (1) resulting ingot casting is quickly quenched in 80 DEG C of cooling water, ingot casting is carried out at 630 DEG C Single hot-roll carries out second of hot rolling at 570 DEG C, then obtains hot rolling aluminium alloy bar after cooling down；
(3) the resulting hot rolling aluminium alloy bar of step (2) is heated to 440 DEG C, keeps the temperature 20min, then be warming up to 450 DEG C, protected Warm 50min, then 480 DEG C are warming up to, 60min is kept the temperature, is warming up to 510 DEG C, keeps the temperature 120min, room temperature is cooled to and obtains solid solution aluminium Rod of metal alloy；
(4) the resulting solid solution aluminium alloy rod of step (3) is handled into 5h in 160 DEG C of artificial agings, obtains high conductivity aluminium alloy.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.027481 Ω .mm2/ m, conductivity 61.5% IACS, elongation at break 13.5%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.95 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 32 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 3
A kind of preparation method of high conductivity aluminium alloy provided in this embodiment, includes the following steps:
(1) following each components by weight percentage: copper 1%, zinc 0.01%, magnesium 0.005%, silicon 0.01%, lutetium are weighed 0.01%, cerium 0.3%, yttrium 0.3%, boron 0.01%, remaining is aluminium；Melting is added in copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon, lutetium, cerium, yttrium, boron, aluminium It in furnace, is warming up to 750 DEG C and keeps the temperature melting, then in 730 DEG C of progress refinery by de-gassing, then heat preservation stands 50min at 720 DEG C, Casting obtains ingot casting；
(2) step (1) resulting ingot casting is quickly quenched in 50 DEG C of cooling water, ingot casting is carried out at 600 DEG C Single hot-roll carries out second of hot rolling at 540 DEG C, then obtains hot rolling aluminium alloy bar after cooling down；
(3) the resulting hot rolling aluminium alloy bar of step (2) is heated to 430 DEG C, keeps the temperature 30min, then be warming up to 450 DEG C, protected Warm 50min, then 470 DEG C are warming up to, 70min is kept the temperature, is warming up to 490 DEG C, keeps the temperature 180min, room temperature is cooled to and obtains solid solution aluminium Rod of metal alloy；
(4) the resulting solid solution aluminium alloy rod of step (3) is handled into 8h in 150 DEG C of artificial agings, obtains high conductivity aluminium alloy.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.027514 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 61.1% IACS, elongation at break 11.5%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.95 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 31 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 4
A kind of preparation method of high conductivity aluminium alloy provided in this embodiment, includes the following steps:
(1) following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.27%, zinc 0.1%, magnesium 0.05%, silicon 0.02%, lutetium are weighed 0.01%, cerium 0.05%, yttrium 0.1%, boron 0.01%, remaining is aluminium；Copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon, lutetium, cerium, yttrium, boron, aluminium are added molten It in furnace, is warming up to 750 DEG C and keeps the temperature melting, then in 735 DEG C of progress refinery by de-gassing, then keep the temperature and stand at 720 DEG C 45min, casting obtain ingot casting；
(2) step (1) resulting ingot casting is quickly quenched in 60 DEG C of cooling water, ingot casting is carried out at 610 DEG C Single hot-roll carries out second of hot rolling at 550 DEG C, then obtains hot rolling aluminium alloy bar after cooling down；
(3) the resulting hot rolling aluminium alloy bar of step (2) is heated to 430 DEG C, keeps the temperature 20min, then be warming up to 455 DEG C, protected Warm 45min, then 470 DEG C are warming up to, 60min is kept the temperature, is warming up to 500 DEG C, keeps the temperature 140min, room temperature is cooled to and obtains solid solution aluminium Rod of metal alloy；
(4) the resulting solid solution aluminium alloy rod of step (3) is handled into 6h in 155 DEG C of artificial agings, obtains high conductivity aluminium alloy.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.028347 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 63.1% IACS, elongation at break 14.1%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.92 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 37 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 5
Weigh following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.4%, zinc 0.24%, magnesium 0.13%, silicon 0.04%, lutetium 0.006%, cerium 0.12%, yttrium 0.08%, boron 0.008%, remaining is aluminium；It is made according to preparation method same as Example 1 Aluminium alloy.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.028392 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 61.8% IACS, elongation at break 13.7%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 1.03 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 35 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 6
Weigh following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.28%, zinc 0.24%, magnesium 0.13%, silicon 0.05%, lutetium 0.01%, cerium 0.2%, yttrium 0.1%, boron 0.008%, remaining is aluminium；Aluminium is made according to preparation method same as Example 1 to close Gold, remaining is aluminium；Aluminium alloy is made according to preparation method same as Example 1.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.027945 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 63.1% IACS, elongation at break 13.7%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.93 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 36 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 7
Weigh following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.18%, zinc 0.25%, magnesium 0.12%, silicon 0.01%, lutetium 0.01%, cerium 0.01%, yttrium 0.1%, boron 0.01%；Aluminium alloy is made according to preparation method same as Example 1.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.028025 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 62.9% IACS, elongation at break 13.9%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.92 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 38 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Embodiment 8
Weigh following each components by weight percentage: copper 0.3%, zinc 0.1%, magnesium 0.05%, silicon 0.05%, lutetium 0.01%, cerium 0.15%, yttrium 0.05%, boron 0.005%；Aluminium alloy is made according to preparation method same as Example 1.
After tested, the resistivity of aluminium alloy made from the present embodiment is 0.027923 Ω mm2/ m, conductivity 62.1% IACS, elongation at break 13.7%, under conditions of 120 DEG C, 120MPa, the average creep speed of 1~100h is 0.93 × 10-2%/h, 90 ° of tired bending number of times reach 35 times, and filament diameter minimum can draw 0.2mm.
Above the embodiments of the present invention are described in detail, but the present invention is not limited to described embodiments.It is right For those skilled in the art, in the case where not departing from the principle of the invention and spirit, these embodiments are carried out more Kind change, modification, replacement and modification, still fall in protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy, which is characterized in that by weight percentage, comprising: copper 0.1~1%, zinc 0.01~ 0.3%, magnesium 0.005~0.2%, silicon 0.01~0.05%, lutetium 0.001~0.01%, cerium 0.01~0.3%, yttrium 0.01~ 0.3%, boron 0.001~0.01%, remaining is aluminium.
2. high conductivity aluminium alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the preparation side of the high conductivity aluminium alloy Method includes the following steps:
(1) copper, zinc, magnesium, silicon, lutetium, cerium, yttrium, boron, aluminium are added in smelting furnace, are warming up to 700~800 DEG C and keep the temperature melting, then In 730~740 DEG C of progress refinery by de-gassing, then heat preservation stands 30~50min at 720~730 DEG C, and casting obtains ingot casting；
(2) step (1) resulting ingot casting is quickly quenched, then hot rolling in 50~80 DEG C of cooling water, then is obtained after cooling down Hot rolling aluminium alloy bar；
(3) the resulting hot rolling aluminium alloy bar of step (2) is subjected to solution treatment, is cooled to room temperature and obtains solid solution aluminium alloy rod；
(4) the resulting solid solution aluminium alloy rod of step (3) is subjected to ageing treatment and obtains high conductivity aluminium alloy.
3. high conductivity aluminium alloy according to claim 2, which is characterized in that in the step (2), the step of the hot rolling Suddenly it specifically includes: ingot casting being subjected to first time hot rolling at 600~630 DEG C, second of hot rolling is carried out at 540~570 DEG C.
4. high conductivity aluminium alloy according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the step of solution treatment in the step (3) Suddenly it specifically includes: being heated to 430~440 DEG C, keep the temperature 20~30min, then be warming up to 450~460 DEG C, keep the temperature 40~50min, then 470~480 DEG C are warming up to, 60~70min is kept the temperature, is warming up to 490~510 DEG C, keeps the temperature 120~180min.
5. high conductivity aluminium alloy according to claim 2, which is characterized in that in the step (4), the ageing treatment The step of specifically include: handle 5~8h in 150~160 DEG C of artificial agings.
6. high conductivity aluminium alloy according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the high conductivity aluminium alloy, by weight Percentages, comprising: copper 0.1~0.4%, zinc 0.1~0.3%, magnesium 0.05~0.2%, silicon 0.01~0.05%, lutetium 0.005 ~0.01%, cerium 0.05~0.2%, yttrium 0.05~0.1%, boron 0.005~0.01%, remaining is aluminium.
CN201910728951.3A 2019-08-07 2019-08-07 A kind of high conductivity aluminium alloy and preparation method thereof Pending CN110358955A (en)

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102912193A (en) * 2012-10-22 2013-02-06 江苏长峰电缆有限公司 High-conductivity creep-resistant aluminum-alloy conductor and manufacturing method thereof
CN103886930A (en) * 2014-03-04 2014-06-25 安徽海纳电缆集团有限公司 Formula of aluminium alloy for cable conductor
WO2017065460A1 (en) * 2015-03-25 2017-04-20 (주)에프티넷 Aluminum alloy with improved corrosion resistance, method of manufacturing aluminum tube or pipe using alloy, and heat exchanger system using same

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102912193A (en) * 2012-10-22 2013-02-06 江苏长峰电缆有限公司 High-conductivity creep-resistant aluminum-alloy conductor and manufacturing method thereof
CN103886930A (en) * 2014-03-04 2014-06-25 安徽海纳电缆集团有限公司 Formula of aluminium alloy for cable conductor
WO2017065460A1 (en) * 2015-03-25 2017-04-20 (주)에프티넷 Aluminum alloy with improved corrosion resistance, method of manufacturing aluminum tube or pipe using alloy, and heat exchanger system using same

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Application publication date: 20191022