CN110227458B - 一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料及其应用 - Google Patents
一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料及其应用,该复合材料首先通过液相法合成了酞菁铜,然后采用溶胶‑凝胶法将酞菁铜复合到二氧化钛凝胶中,在高温下煅烧得到铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛微球。该方法一步实现了二氧化钛中铜的掺杂和介孔的形成,制备方法简单。该铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料以纳米二氧化钛为主,原子级别掺杂少量铜,具有很高的稳定性,不仅降低了二氧化钛的禁带宽度,增强了电子的转移效率,增加了太阳光的利用效率,而且具有比表面积大,表面活性高,有效增加了二氧化钛与底物的接触面积和光能的吸收效率,提高了光催化效率。该复合材料对罗丹明B具有良好的光催化降解作用,在污水处理领域具有广泛的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及二氧化钛光催化剂技术领域,特别的涉及一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料及其应用。
背景技术
光催化降解是利用光辐射、催化剂在反应体系中产生自由基,再通过自由基与有机污染物之间的反应而将污染物全部降解为无机物的过程,其中二氧化钛(TiO2)作为光降解催化剂备受关注。多孔TiO2不仅制备简单成本较低,而且稳定性良好,由于比表面积大、吸附性能好而具有较高的光催化能力,被广泛用于日常饮用水等光催化降解有机污染物的处理。但由于TiO2带隙较宽,光生电子-空穴对复合率高,量子化效率低,宽禁带为3.2 eV,对太阳光的利用率很低,严重制约了其光催化性能。
改善TiO2在实际应用不足的措施,主要有两种:一是采用金属掺杂改性二氧化钛,二是多孔二氧化钛表面或孔径内负载光敏化剂。金属掺杂改性法主要是通过溶胶-凝胶法将铜、铁、钴、镧系稀土元素等过渡金属离子和氮、硼、碳、硫等非金属离子掺杂到TiO2中,研究表明掺杂能够显著改善TiO2禁带宽度大、量子产率低、光催化活性低等缺点,但也存在着不足,如太阳光利用率仍然较低、催化反应时间较长,而且掺杂后复合材料的稳定性降低;贵金属掺杂改性后红移效果不佳且分散不够均匀,非金属离子掺杂技术较为复杂。倪结文等采用光还原法制备了铜掺杂TiO2光催化剂,在紫外光条件下,该催化剂光催化还原硝酸盐氮,1小时后去除率达98%,氮气转化率达60%,催化效率低。专利ZL201110121610.3公开了一种铜掺杂二氧化钛纳米管催化剂的制备方法,通过恒压电沉积法使得低浓度的铜有效地掺杂到二氧化钛纳米管阵列中,铜以氧化铜形式存在,该催化剂在紫外光和太阳光下都具有良好的光催化活性,但其制备过程复杂,成本高,产业化困难。陈祖栩等将酞菁铜做作为光敏化剂封装于Y型分子筛中后与TiO2结合,并用于光催化降解水中甲基橙,但该催化剂结合力不牢固,稳定性不高。
发明内容
针对上述现有技术的不足,本发明的目的在于提供了一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料及其应用,解决现有TiO2光催化剂存在光催化效率低、制备方法复杂和稳定性不高等问题。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明采用了如下的技术方案:一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料,采用以下方法制得:将钛源加入无水乙醇中得到溶液A,将酞菁铜加入掺杂剂中得到溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中搅拌得到深蓝色凝胶,然后将其真空干燥并研磨成粉末,再经高温煅烧,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料。
进一步,所述溶液A与溶液B的体积比5 : 3~5。该配比条件下,一方面酞菁铜能够完全地均匀分散于溶胶混合物中,且有利于形成孔径较为均匀的有序介孔结构;另一方面掺杂铜元素的含量较为合适,有利于提高催化剂的催化效率。
进一步,所述钛源为钛酸正丁酯或钛酸异丙酯。
进一步,所述掺杂剂包括无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水,所述无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30:3:10。
进一步,所述溶液A中钛源和无水乙醇的质量比为1:1~3;所述溶液B中酞菁铜的浓度为0.12~0.45g/mL。
进一步,所述煅烧温度为550~750℃,煅烧时间为2~8h。
进一步,所述酞菁铜采用以下方法制得:把邻苯二甲酸酐、尿素和硫酸铜混合得到混合固体,再将其溶于二甲苯中,然后加入钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,搅拌、加热至130 ~ 150℃回流,至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应产物依次用HCl和NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤,得到的滤饼用丙酮、去离子水洗涤至中性,经固体干燥,即得酞菁铜。
进一步,所述邻苯二甲酸酐、尿素和硫酸铜的物质的量比为4:8:1。
进一步,所述二甲苯的用量为所述混合固体总质量的3倍;所述钼酸铵的用量为所述混合固体总质量的1%。
本发明还提供了上述复合材料在光催化降解罗丹明B方面的应用。
相比现有技术,本发明具有如下有益效果:
1、本发明首先通过液相法合成了酞菁铜,然后采用溶胶-凝胶法将酞菁铜复合到二氧化钛凝胶中,在高温下煅烧得到铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛微球。酞菁铜在充分煅烧后可以得到氧化铜及CO2和NO2等气体,可以同时作为掺杂剂和造孔剂,该方法一步实现了二氧化钛中铜的掺杂和介孔的形成,制备方法简单,制备方法简单,原料易得,无污染易回收,成本低,适用于工业化生产,具有良好的应用前景。
2、本发明制备的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料,以纳米二氧化钛为主体,原子级别掺杂少量的铜,具有很高的稳定性,同时降低了二氧化钛的禁带宽度,增强了电子的转移效率。其中,酞菁铜具有18π电子的刚性平面大环结构,能均匀地分散于溶胶中,酞菁铜充分煅烧后不仅有利于形成孔径较为均匀的有序介孔结构,同时煅烧后绝大部分铜元素以氧化铜的形式存在于孔道表面,使得孔道表面催化活性点较多,因此该催化剂具有比表面积大,表面活性高,有效增加了二氧化钛与底物的接触面积和光能的吸收效率,大大提高了光催化效率。
3、本发明铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料对罗丹明B具有良好的光催化降解作用,对10mg/L的罗丹明B溶液在5min内降解率可以达到90.5%,降解速度快,大大提高了降解效率,且该催化剂具有很好的稳定性和可回收性,在污水处理领域具有广泛的应用前景。
附图说明
图1为实施例1~5制备的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的XRD图谱;
图2为实施例1~5制备的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料光催化降解(紫外光照射5min)罗丹明B后的紫外可见吸收光谱图。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的详细说明。
一、一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料
实施例1
1)酞菁铜的制备
将11.85 g邻苯二甲酸酐、9.61 g尿素和5.01g硫酸铜溶于95 mL二甲苯中,然后加入0.26g钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,在搅拌条件下加热至130℃,保持回流状态,反应至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应固体产物依次用6.0 mol/L HCl溶液和6.0 mol/L NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤,得到的滤饼依次用丙酮和去离子水洗涤至中性,将固体于120℃干燥12 h,即得蓝色粉末酞菁铜。
2)铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的制备
将钛酸正丁酯加入等质量的无水乙醇溶液中得到溶液A,将步骤1)制得的酞菁铜加入掺杂剂(无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30:3:10)中得到酞菁铜的浓度为0.12g/mL的溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中快速搅拌1.5h得到深蓝色凝胶,其中,溶液A与溶液B的体积比为5:4,然后将凝胶在80℃真空干燥20h并研磨成粉末,再置于550℃煅烧8h,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料。
实施例2
1)酞菁铜的制备
将11.85 g邻苯二甲酸酐、9.61 g尿素和5.01g硫酸铜溶于95 mL二甲苯中,然后加入0.26g钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,在搅拌条件下加热至140℃,保持回流状态,反应至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应固体产物依次用6.0 mol/L HCl溶液和6.0 mol/L NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤,得到的滤饼依次用丙酮和去离子水洗涤至中性,将固体于120℃干燥12 h,即得蓝色粉末酞菁铜。
2)铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的制备
将钛酸正丁酯加入等2倍质量的无水乙醇中得到溶液A,将步骤1)制得的酞菁铜加入掺杂剂(无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30:3:10)中得到酞菁铜的浓度为0.24g/mL的溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中快速搅拌1.5h得到深蓝色凝胶,其中,溶液A与溶液B的体积比为5:3,然后将凝胶在80℃真空干燥20h并研磨成粉末,再置于600℃煅烧6h,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料。
实施例3
1)酞菁铜的制备
将11.85 g邻苯二甲酸酐、9.61 g尿素和5.01g硫酸铜溶于95 mL二甲苯中,然后加入0.26g钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,在搅拌条件下加热至150℃,保持回流状态,反应至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应固体产物依次用6.0 mol/L HCl溶液和6.0 mol/L NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤,得到的滤饼依次用丙酮和去离子水洗涤至中性,将固体于120℃干燥12 h,即得蓝色粉末酞菁铜。
2)铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的制备
将钛酸正丁酯加入等3倍质量的无水乙醇溶液中得到溶液A,将步骤1)制得的酞菁铜加入掺杂剂(无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30:3:10)中得到酞菁铜的浓度为0.36g/mL的溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中快速搅拌1.5h得到深蓝色凝胶,其中,溶液A与溶液B的体积比为5:5,然后将凝胶在80℃真空干燥20h并研磨成粉末,再置于650℃煅烧4h,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料。
实施例4
1)酞菁铜的制备
将11.85 g邻苯二甲酸酐、9.61 g尿素和5.01g硫酸铜溶于95 mL二甲苯中,然后加入0.26g钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,在搅拌条件下加热至130℃,保持回流状态,反应至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应固体产物依次用6.0 mol/L HCl溶液和6.0 mol/L NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤,得到的滤饼依次用丙酮和去离子水洗涤至中性,将固体于120℃干燥12 h,即得蓝色粉末酞菁铜。
2)铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的制备
将钛酸异丙酯加入等质量的无水乙醇溶液中得到溶液A,将步骤1)制得的酞菁铜加入掺杂剂(无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30:3:10)中得到酞菁铜的浓度为0.45g/mL的溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中快速搅拌1.5h得到深蓝色凝胶,其中,溶液A与溶液B的体积比为5:3,然后将凝胶在80℃真空干燥20h并研磨成粉末,再置于700℃煅烧2h,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料。
实施例5
1)酞菁铜的制备
将11.85 g邻苯二甲酸酐、9.61 g尿素和5.01g硫酸铜溶于95 mL二甲苯中,然后加入0.26g钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,在搅拌条件下加热至140℃,保持回流状态,反应至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应固体产物依次用6.0 mol/L HCl溶液和6.0 mol/L NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤,得到的滤饼依次用丙酮和去离子水洗涤至中性,将固体于120℃干燥12 h,即得蓝色粉末酞菁铜。
2)铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的制备
将钛酸异丙酯加入等2.5倍质量的无水乙醇溶液中得到溶液A,将步骤1)制得的酞菁铜加入掺杂剂(无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30:3:10)中得到酞菁铜的浓度为0.36g/mL的溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中快速搅拌1.5h得到深蓝色凝胶,其中,溶液A与溶液B的体积比为5:4,然后将凝胶在80℃真空干燥20h并研磨成粉末,再置于750℃煅烧4h,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料。
将实施例1~5制备的复合材料进行X射线衍射分析,结果如1所示。
从图1可以看出,在不同温度下煅烧,TiO2颗粒为均锐钛矿相和金红石相的混合晶粒,且随着温度的升高,2θ = 25.32°(锐钛矿相)衍射峰的半峰宽也逐渐增加,峰形也越来越尖锐,说明晶粒尺寸随着温度的增大越来越小,同时锐钛矿相的晶体结构也趋于完美。当温度在700℃以上时可以观察到在27.56°处明显出现一个杂峰,该峰为金红石(110)晶面,且该晶相的强度随着煅烧温度的升高,结晶性变好;同时在41.39°、44.16°处出现了金红石的(111)和(210)晶面,因此当温度高于700℃会有新峰的产生,且随着温度的升高,其强度增大,结晶度越好。可见,在550~750℃范围内,煅烧温度越高,二氧化钛的结晶性能约好,且金红石结构越明显。
二、铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料的应用
将实施例1~5制备的复合材料对罗丹明B进行光催化实验。光催化实验在光化学反应仪中进行,催化底物为罗丹明B,初始浓度为10 mg/L,紫外光光源为800 W氙灯。分别取0.1 g实施例1~5制备铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛加入到100 mL罗丹明B水溶液中,先进行暗处吸附1 h,然后开启光源进行光催化实验,5min后取上层清液,采用紫外可见分光光度计测定其吸收光谱。结果如图2所示。
从图2可以看出,在紫外光照射下实施例1~5制备的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料都能够有效催化罗丹明B降解,且光催化降解效率均能达到80%以上。其中,相同条件下,实施例5所制备的复合材料对10mg/L的罗丹明B溶液在5min内降解率可以达到90.5%,在短时间内实现了高降解率。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已,并不以本发明为限制,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料,其特征在于,采用以下方法制得:将钛源加入无水乙醇中得到溶液A,将酞菁铜加入掺杂剂中得到溶液B,再将溶液A缓慢滴加到溶液B中搅拌得到深蓝色凝胶,然后将其真空干燥并研磨成粉末,再经高温煅烧,即得到所述的铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛复合材料;
所述溶液A与溶液B的体积比5 : 3~5;
所述煅烧温度为550~750℃,煅烧时间为2~8h;
所述钛源为钛酸正丁酯或钛酸异丙酯;
所述掺杂剂包括无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水,所述无水乙醇、乙酸和去离子水的体积比为30 : 3 : 10;
所述酞菁铜采用以下方法制得:将邻苯二甲酸酐、尿素和硫酸铜混合得到混合固体,再将其溶于二甲苯中,然后加入钼酸铵混合均匀后置于反应釜中,搅拌、加热至130 ~ 150℃回流,至反应釜内壁有白色物质出现,继续反应3h后,将反应产物依次用HCl和NaOH溶液浸泡12h,过滤得到的滤饼洗涤至中性,经固体干燥,即得酞菁铜。
2.根据权利要求1所述铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料,其特征在于,所述溶液A中钛源和无水乙醇的质量比为1 : 1~3;所述溶液B中酞菁铜的浓度为0.12~0.45g/mL。
3.根据权利要求1所述铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料,其特征在于,所述邻苯二甲酸酐、尿素和硫酸铜的物质的量比为4:8:1。
4.根据权利要求1所述铜掺杂介孔二氧化钛的复合材料,其特征在于,所述二甲苯的用量为所述混合固体总质量的3倍;所述钼酸铵的用量为所述混合固体总质量的1%。
5.一种如权利要求1~4任一项所述复合材料在光催化降解罗丹明B方面的应用。
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