CN110221357B - Large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf comprehensive exploration method - Google Patents
Large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf comprehensive exploration method Download PDFInfo
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- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
- G01V1/282—Application of seismic models, synthetic seismograms
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
- G01V1/00—Seismology; Seismic or acoustic prospecting or detecting
- G01V1/28—Processing seismic data, e.g. for interpretation or for event detection
- G01V1/30—Analysis
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- G01V—GEOPHYSICS; GRAVITATIONAL MEASUREMENTS; DETECTING MASSES OR OBJECTS; TAGS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive exploration method for a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf, and relates to the technical field of underground mining; the method comprises the following steps: collecting data, performing geological survey and surveying and mapping on a survey field area, performing special survey on the survey field area, performing geophysical survey on a goaf, engineering drilling, performing geomechanical simulation test, establishing a geological survey BIM model, compiling a survey result report, and sorting and filing the data; the invention has the beneficial effects that: the method solves the problem of low precision of large-span shallow-buried limestone exploration in the dense urban area, is safe and reliable to operate, and provides relatively accurate first-hand data for design treatment of similar projects, land utilization and suitability evaluation of urban underground space utilization.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of underground mining, in particular to a comprehensive exploration method for a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf.
Background
The goaf is a 'cavity' generated below the ground surface by artificial excavation or natural geological motion, the existence of the goaf causes great safety problems in safety production, and personnel and mechanical equipment can fall into the goaf and be damaged.
Because the underground goaf has the characteristics of strong invisibility, poor regularity of space distribution characteristics, difficulty in predicting caving and falling collapse conditions of a top plate of the goaf and the like, how to quantitatively judge the distribution range, the space form characteristics, the caving conditions of the goaf and the like of the underground goaf is always a key technical problem which puzzles engineering technicians to evaluate the potential hazard of the goaf and reasonably determine a goaf treatment strategy.
In the prior art, there are two methods for treating such goafs: the first is a full excavation method, namely, a goaf is excavated, and filling materials are directly backfilled. The method destroys the integrity of the surrounding rock, is difficult to control the stress change of the surrounding rock, has potential safety hazard, and has huge engineering quantity and high cost. And the second method is to dig or drill holes to ensure the goaf to be communicated with the outside and then pour concrete or grout, so that the integrity of the surrounding rock can be ensured to the maximum extent.
When the investigation operation is carried out on the large-span limestone goaf, the second method can be adopted obviously, but the goaf is located in a dense city area, belongs to a karst strong development area, and is possibly provided with a plurality of layers of goafs or karst areas. Under the condition that the goafs are more and mutually communicated, the defects that slurry flows disorderly under an unconstrained condition and is difficult to ensure that the slurry is effectively diffused in a limited range exist. When surveying, the traditional surveying and mapping surveying means carries out single-point and sampling survey, so that critical data information is easily lost, the surveying precision is not high, no better surveying method can be used for reference at present, and further improvement is still needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the prior art, the invention provides a comprehensive exploration method for a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf, solves the problem of low exploration precision of the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf in an urban dense area, and provides accurate first-hand data for design and treatment of similar projects, land utilization and suitability evaluation of urban underground space utilization.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf comprehensive exploration method is improved in that: the method comprises the following steps:
A. collecting data, namely drawing a goaf influence area and a overlying resource area in the exploration area according to the collected data, and marking the influence range; through parameter collection, stability evaluation is carried out on the goaf affected area, and the karst collapse risk is evaluated;
B. geological survey and mapping of the survey area, wherein the scope of the survey and mapping is 300m outside the boundary of the survey area, and the scope of the survey and mapping comprises a lower goaf, a karst collapse area and deformation influence scope of the lower goaf and the karst collapse area;
C. the special investigation of the exploration field comprises the special investigation of a goaf and the special investigation of a karst collapse area, wherein the special investigation of the goaf is used for forming a hydrogeological map of the goaf, a goaf and roadway distribution map, and a goaf engineering geological plan and a section; the contents of the special investigation of the karst collapse area comprise geological landforms, meteorology and hydrology, stratums, geological structures, new structure movement and earthquakes;
D. geophysical prospecting of the goaf, aiming at the scale and space distribution condition of the underground goaf, selecting several of an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method, an electromagnetic wave CT (computed tomography), a two-dimensional sonar scanning technology, a seismic wave CT, in-hole television imaging and a high-density electrical method to realize the geophysical prospecting;
E. engineering drilling, namely arranging drill holes by combining the results of the steps A to D to find the buried depth, the thickness, the distribution condition and the lithological characteristics of each stratum so as to match with a geophysical prospecting test in the hole; specifically, the engineering drilling process comprises the following steps:
e1, in the range of the goaf, if the burial depth of the bedrock surface is less than 20m, the diameter R of the tapping drill bit is 150mm, after drilling to the bedrock layer, descending a steel sleeve with the diameter of 146mm to the position 1-2m below the bedrock surface, injecting cement slurry into the hole bottom, after initial setting for more than 15 hours, replacing the drill bit with the diameter R of 130mm, and continuing construction;
if the buried depth of the bed rock surface is more than 20m, after a drill bit with the diameter R of 150mm reaches below 20m, a steel sleeve with the diameter of 146mm is arranged to 20m, and after the drill bit with the diameter R of 130mm is adopted to drill into the bed rock surface for 1-2m, a steel sleeve with the diameter of 127mm is arranged, and cement slurry is injected into the bottom of the hole;
e2, in the step e1, when the hole is drilled through the first layer cavity or the karst cave, the hole diameter of the drilled hole is not less than 110mm, when the drilled hole passes through the first layer cavity or the karst cave, 1-2m of drilling needs to be continued to the bottom of the cave, and then the drill bit with the diameter R equal to 91mm is replaced to continue the construction; if the hole is drilled through the second layer of cavity or the karst cave, the drilling method is the same as that when the hole is drilled through the first layer of cavity or the karst cave;
e3, after the drilling is finished, putting a PVC pipe into the drilling hole needing to be subjected to the CT test; after steps e1-e3 are completed, a drilling result histogram is formed;
e4, scanning the drill holes by adopting a three-dimensional laser scanning C-ALS cavity scanning system to form a picture, and performing an inter-hole electromagnetic wave test in the two drill holes to obtain a cross-sectional view;
e5, determining the plane positions and the spatial distribution of the goaf and the karst area according to the drilling result histogram, the cavity scanning system result diagram, the cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT profile result diagram and the geophysical prospecting result in the step D, and forming a goaf and karst area geological plane diagram, a goaf geological cross section diagram and a goaf geological longitudinal section diagram of the prospecting area;
F. geomechanics simulation test:
f1, performing a three-dimensional geomechanical model test on the underground cavity area of the three-layer roadway area distributed with the karst cave and the underground goaf by adopting a similar model test according to the geological survey data obtained in the step E, and simulating the deformation and damage conditions of the rock stratum under the load action condition;
f2, simulating the process of stratum settlement under the action of load by adopting a numerical simulation method according to the geological survey data obtained in the step E, and qualitatively analyzing the occurrence and development of geological risks;
f3, combining the results of the two researches in the steps f1 and f2, and providing an experimental reference basis for the suitability evaluation of the land utilization in the research area;
G. and (3) establishing a geological exploration BIM model, namely establishing an underground three-dimensional geological information model of the goaf, namely the geological exploration BIM model, on the basis of exploration drilling data, surveying and mapping data and geophysical prospecting data according to geological stratification information of all drilling holes, karst cave obtained by in-cave scanning, direction and size information of the goaf and geological information of underground water level information.
Further, in step a, the collected data includes, but is not limited to: the method comprises the following steps of (1) surveying a quarry mineral distribution map, a mineral resource surveying delimiting map, a mining plan map, an underground map, a overburden resource storage calculation book, a marble ore comprehensive geological histogram, a quarry mining geological report and a marble ore baseplate in a surveying field;
in the step a, when stability evaluation is performed on the goaf affected area, the collected parameters include: the goaf forming age, the composition mode, the mining mode, the roof management mode, the stoping rate of the ore closure age, the mining depth and the mining thickness ratio and the marble roof burial depth;
when evaluating the risk of karst collapse, the parameters collected include: natural geography, weather, hydrology and regional geological profile, regional karst development characteristics and collapse distribution rules, and karst collapse disaster-causing factors; the method also comprises the following steps of underground water level burial depth, water level foundation rock surface distance, karst type, soil layer thickness, soil layer structure, linear karst rate, geological structure, hydraulic connection and production well density.
Further, the method also comprises a step H of compiling a survey result report: wherein,
the goaf exploration result comprises: the data collected in the step A and analysis results, regional geological profile, geophysical prospecting, drilling and testing results, the influence length of the goaf, the number of layers of mineral resource excavation, excavation thickness, roof lithology, mining time limit, mining method, mining rate, roof management method, collapse condition, goaf stability analysis and evaluation, goaf disaster risk comprehensive partition and appropriate evaluation;
the survey result report conclusion should include: the suitability of the goaf site for a proposed building or structure is evaluated, and the goaf residual cavity volume, the type and range of overlying resources, the goaf region management and the land development and utilization scheme are adopted;
the method also comprises a step I of sorting and filing the data: after the goaf exploration is finished, effective original data of collection, investigation, geophysical prospecting, drilling, field test and indoor test, and measurement, observation and test data are filed.
Further, the step B specifically includes the following steps:
b1, mapping the earth surface: survey and drawing of quarry current situation topography, the original building construction scale in ground, structural feature, in service behavior, population living conditions and underground pipeline survey, survey and drawing the content that needs the investigation and include: building location, foundation, structure, number of floors and disease;
b2, goaf underground cave survey: the method comprises the investigation of an open-air mining area and a cave mining area, wherein the cave mining area consists of a roadway and a cave chamber, and the investigation content comprises the distribution range, the backfill soil thickness, the backfill amount, the backfill soil property and the physical and mechanical properties of the open-air mining area; whether soil body is leaked at the road junction or not and the influence of the soil body on the stability of overlying filling; and the spatial distribution characteristic, scale, burial depth, top plate rock-soil body thickness and surrounding rock mechanical characteristic of the underground goaf;
b3, investigation of karst collapse area: the investigation content comprises the steps of collecting the development status, the historical process and the hazard of karst collapse; investigating the morphological characteristics of the underground cave and the relation between the morphological characteristics and the geological structure, investigating the coming and going veins of underground water, investigating the supply sources of a surface water system and an underground water system;
b4, ground subsidence survey: and investigating the ground crack condition, the uneven settlement condition and the underground water exploitation condition of surrounding roads and buildings.
And D, performing subsequent geophysical prospecting work by adopting a working mode which mainly adopts an equivalent back-flux transient electromagnetic method and an electromagnetic wave CT and assists in drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning, seismic wave CT and three-dimensional laser scanning/geological radar detection.
Further, in the step E, the arrangement of the drill holes is arranged as follows:
a. engineering geophysical exploration abnormal areas, wherein the abnormal areas comprise a goaf and a karst area which are detected by an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method;
b. the method comprises the following steps of (1) comprehensively logging and cross-hole geophysical prospecting, and finding out the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the distribution condition of karst caves and the filling condition;
c. the requirement of seepage test, the purpose is to determine the seepage flow direction of underground water in the goaf;
d. the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the distribution condition of karst caves and the filling condition are found out according to the requirement of drilling sonar test;
e. the importance of the type of overlying work in the goaf.
Further, in step E, the drilling depth is required as follows:
for the goaf and the sections near the goaf, drilling a general hole to 10m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf, drilling a technical hole to 15m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf, and drilling a controlled hole to 30m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf;
for the non-goaf section, the general drilling depth is 50m, and the technical drilling depth is 70 m;
if the final hole depth meets the karst cave, deepening the drilling hole, wherein the adjustment range of the general drilling hole is 60 +/-1 m, and the technical drilling hole depth is 70 +/-1 m;
the general hole drilling is a drilling hole which can control the depth of a main stress layer of a foundation and can meet the design requirement of a foundation treatment cargo pile foundation; technical drilling refers to drilling meeting the requirements of adopting geotechnical tests and carrying out in-situ tests, wherein the in-situ tests include but are not limited to standard penetration tests and dynamic exploration tests; the controlled drilling is the drilling which meets the requirements of settlement calculation, structure checking calculation and overall stability checking calculation besides the conditions of general drilling.
Further, in the step e1, when the filling thickness of the non-goaf is greater than 20m, the hole is drilled by using a drill bit with the diameter of 150mm, and a sleeve with the diameter of 146mm is put in the hole with the diameter of 8-10m, and then a sleeve with the diameter of 127mm is put down to the bottom surface of the soil, and then the hole is drilled by using a drill bit with the diameter of 110mm, and the basement layer is drilled by using a drill bit with the diameter of not less than 91 mm.
Further, in the step e2, if the goaf or karst area leaks water, the inner pipe needs to be inserted to isolate the goaf or karst, and before the step F, the inner pipe needs to be pulled out.
Furthermore, between the step e2 and the step e3,
when the karst fissure leaks or the fissure bears water, adopting bentonite powder and cement slurry to protect the wall or backfilling wet clay balls into the hole for plugging, and when the plugging cannot be performed, adopting a sleeve for plugging;
when a cavity or a cavity with less fillers is encountered, drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning is needed to find out the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the karst cave distribution condition and the filling condition, wherein the two-dimensional sonar scanning is needed to be carried out on the cavity section filled with water, and the drilling is continued after sonar is finished;
in the step e5, according to the drilling result, C-ALS cavity scanning is carried out in the drilling hole with the drill dropping height larger than 0.5m, and a cavity scanning system result chart of the goaf is formed; and performing cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT test in two adjacent drill holes to form a cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT section result diagram.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the problem of low exploration precision of the large-span shallow-buried limestone in the dense urban area is solved, and the exploration precision is improved to 96% by adopting a comprehensive exploration method combining information collection, geophysical exploration, drilling exploration, geomechanical model test and BIM technology; the method provides more accurate first-hand data for design management of similar projects and suitability evaluation of land utilization and urban underground space utilization; and the construction cost is reduced, and good social benefit and considerable economic benefit are achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of a comprehensive exploration method for a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a gob drilling test hole shield of the present invention.
Figure 3 is a schematic view of a karst zone drilling test pilot hole of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of sealing a borehole according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated with reference to the following figures and examples.
The conception, the specific structure, and the technical effects produced by the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the embodiments and the accompanying drawings to fully understand the objects, the features, and the effects of the present invention. It is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments, and those skilled in the art can obtain other embodiments without inventive effort based on the embodiments of the present invention, and all embodiments are within the protection scope of the present invention. In addition, all the connection/connection relations referred to in the patent do not mean that the components are directly connected, but mean that a better connection structure can be formed by adding or reducing connection auxiliary components according to specific implementation conditions. All technical characteristics in the invention can be interactively combined on the premise of not conflicting with each other.
Referring to fig. 1, the invention discloses a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf comprehensive exploration method, which is realized by the following steps in sequence: collecting data, performing geological survey and surveying and mapping on a survey field area, performing special survey on the survey field area, performing geophysical survey on a goaf, engineering drilling, performing geomechanical simulation test, establishing a geological survey BIM model, compiling a survey result report, and sorting and filing the data; the investigation method mainly aims at a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf, and the area is located in an urban dense area and belongs to a karst strong development area; by adopting a targeted comprehensive geophysical prospecting method, the method has great guiding significance for similar projects in the future, and meanwhile, the method improves and innovates the drilling process of a goaf and a karst area and has guiding significance for similar fields in the future.
Specifically, in this embodiment, a method for comprehensively surveying a large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf includes the following steps:
A. collecting data, namely drawing a goaf influence area and a overlying resource area in the exploration area according to the collected data, and marking the influence range; through parameter collection, stability evaluation is carried out on the goaf affected area, and the karst collapse risk is evaluated;
in step a, the collected data includes but is not limited to: the method comprises the following steps of (1) surveying a quarry mineral distribution map, a mineral resource surveying delimiting map, a mining plan map, an underground map, a overburden resource storage calculation book, a marble ore comprehensive geological histogram, a quarry mining geological report and a marble ore baseplate in a surveying field;
and when stability evaluation is carried out on the goaf influence area, the collected parameters comprise: the goaf forming age, the composition mode, the mining mode, the roof management mode, the stoping rate of the ore closure age, the mining depth and the mining thickness ratio and the marble roof burial depth; when evaluating the risk of karst collapse, the parameters collected include: natural geography, weather, hydrology and regional geological profile, regional karst development characteristics and collapse distribution rules, and karst collapse disaster-causing factors; the method also comprises the following steps of underground water level burial depth, water level foundation rock surface distance, karst type, soil layer thickness, soil layer structure, linear karst rate, geological structure, hydraulic connection and production well density;
B. geological survey and mapping of the survey area, wherein the scope of the survey and mapping is 300m outside the boundary of the survey area, and the scope of the survey and mapping comprises a lower goaf, a karst collapse area and deformation influence scope of the lower goaf and the karst collapse area;
the step B specifically comprises the following steps:
b1, mapping the earth surface: survey and drawing of quarry current situation topography, the original building construction scale in ground, structural feature, in service behavior, population living conditions and underground pipeline survey, survey and drawing the content that needs the investigation and include: building location, foundation, structure, number of floors and disease;
b2, goaf underground cave survey: the method comprises the investigation of an open-air mining area and a cave mining area, wherein the cave mining area consists of a roadway and a cave chamber, and the investigation content comprises the distribution range, the backfill soil thickness, the backfill amount, the backfill soil property and the physical and mechanical properties of the open-air mining area; whether soil body is leaked at the road junction or not and the influence of the soil body on the stability of overlying filling; and the spatial distribution characteristic, scale, burial depth, top plate rock-soil body thickness and surrounding rock mechanical characteristic of the underground goaf;
b3, investigation of karst collapse area: the investigation content comprises the steps of collecting the development status, the historical process and the hazard of karst collapse; investigating the morphological characteristics of the underground cave and the relation between the morphological characteristics and the geological structure, investigating the coming and going veins of underground water, investigating the supply sources of a surface water system and an underground water system;
b4, ground subsidence survey: investigating the ground cracking condition, the uneven settlement condition and the underground water mining condition of surrounding roads and buildings;
C. the special investigation of the exploration field comprises the special investigation of a goaf and the special investigation of a karst collapse area, wherein the special investigation of the goaf is used for forming a hydrogeological map of the goaf, a goaf and roadway distribution map, and a goaf engineering geological plan and a section; the contents of the special investigation of the karst collapse area comprise geological landforms, meteorology and hydrology, stratums, geological structures, new structure movement and earthquakes; wherein,
(1) landform: investigating cause types, form combination types and distribution of karst landform forms;
(2) weather and hydrology: the rainfall characteristics including the annual change characteristics of perennial long-period abundance and poor water, the annual average rainfall, the annual rainfall distribution characteristics, the single maximum rainfall and duration, the maximum rainfall intensity and the like are intensively investigated in meteorological elements; the hydrological elements comprise surface confluence area, runoff characteristics, flow and water level dynamics of rivers, lakes and other surface water bodies, including highest flood level, lowest estimated water level, date and duration of occurrence, flood frequency and amplitude of variation in flood season and the like;
(3) formation: investigating and researching stratum sequence and times, cause types, lithologic facies characteristics and contact relation and engineering geological characteristics of the geological environment;
(4) and (3) geological structure: investigating and researching the directions of the regional structural frameworks and the structural lines, morphological characteristics, shapes, properties, scales and distribution of main structures, the forming time and combination relationship of the main structures, and intensively investigating the fracture structures, scales, shapes, mechanical properties, combination and intersection relationship, and the properties and characteristics of the fracture zone; for joint fractures, attention is paid to investigation of development characteristics and development directions of the joint fractures in different structural parts and different lithologies, and development and distribution of fracture dense zones are intensively investigated;
(5) new tectonic movements and earthquakes: investigating and researching the nature and the characteristics of newly constructed motion, mainly investigating and constructing the current activity signs, and analyzing the current activity characteristics according to the ground deformation data; collecting historical seismic data, knowing the epicenter position and the seismic level, analyzing and evaluating the seismic activity level, collecting seismic data of nearby seismic stations, and knowing the seismic activity scale and the relation between the seismic data and the regional structure; the method mainly comprises the following steps of mainly investigating various earthquake effects caused by historical destructive earthquakes, and investigating and researching various phenomena related to collapse, such as sand blasting, water bleeding, ground cracking, collapse, sandy soil liquefaction, abnormal change of sudden underground water level rising and falling and the like;
D. geophysical prospecting of the goaf, aiming at the scale and space distribution condition of the underground goaf, selecting several of an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method, an electromagnetic wave CT (computed tomography), a two-dimensional sonar scanning technology, a seismic wave CT and a high-density electrical method to realize the geophysical prospecting; specifically, aiming at the detection of a large and shallow buried limestone goaf, a comprehensive geophysical prospecting method suitable for a prospecting field is determined through geophysical prospecting test work: performing subsequent geophysical prospecting work by using an equivalent back-flux transient electromagnetic method and an electromagnetic wave CT as main work modes and using a drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning and seismic wave CT and three-dimensional laser scanning/geological radar detection as auxiliary work modes;
in this example, specific embodiments thereof include:
(1) aiming at the plane distribution and space distribution of the first, second and third layers of goafs and the blocking condition of the goaf inlets of all layers: electromagnetic wave CT is used as a main part, and drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning and seismic wave CT are used as auxiliary parts;
(2) aiming at testing the integrity of bedrock (particularly overlying bedrock of a goaf) in a field area: mainly adopts drilling (single hole) sound wave test as the main and seismic wave CT as the auxiliary;
(3) detecting the covering layer thickness distribution of partial sections in the field region: carrying out work by adopting a mode of mutual complementation of a high-density electrical method and an earthquake mapping method;
(4) and (3) measuring the seepage flow direction of the underground water: carrying out work by adopting resistivity test of the water body in the hole;
(5) and (3) ground geophysical prospecting work: under the conditions of comprehensively considering site topographic and geological conditions and goaf burial depth and distribution, an equivalent back-magnetic-flux transient electromagnetic method and a geological radar are adopted for detection;
(6) when two or more geophysical prospecting methods are adopted, large-area scanning is preferably carried out firstly, and then encryption detection is carried out on abnormal areas;
E. engineering drilling, namely arranging drill holes by combining the results of the steps A to D to find the buried depth, the thickness and the distribution condition of each stratum, the lithological characteristics of each stratum and the geophysical prospecting test in the holes; the drilling work content comprises: (1) the distribution, burial depth and development conditions of a caving zone, a fissure zone and a deflection zone caused by the goaf; (2) the distribution range of open-air mining areas, the thickness of backfill soil, the backfill amount, the properties of the backfill soil, the physical and mechanical properties and the like; (3) the spatial distribution characteristics, scale, burial depth, overlying strata lithology, goaf distribution range, spatial form, roof-floor elevation and physical and mechanical properties thereof, and surrounding rock and rock mechanical characteristics of the underground goaf; (4) the hydrogeological conditions of the goaf and whether harmful and toxic gases exist; (5) whether soil body is leaked at the road junction or not and the influence of the soil body on the stability of overlying filling; (6) the thickness condition of a karst cave top plate, the holding direction of the development of a river and the buried depth condition of underground water; in this step, the placement of the drill holes is laid out as follows:
a. engineering geophysical exploration abnormal areas, wherein the abnormal areas comprise a goaf and a karst area which are detected by an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method; in the step, when geophysical prospecting is carried out in a working mode mainly based on an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method, a resistivity section shows that the change trend of the resistivity is gradually changed from a low value to a high value, a shallow low-value resistor mainly corresponds to a fourth series covering layer or a filling layer, a medium resistor mainly corresponds to a weathered marble rock layer, a high-value resistor corresponds to a relatively complete bedrock layer, goaf abnormity and karst abnormity positions are presumed according to the principle, low-resistance abnormity near the known goaf is presumed to be goaf abnormity, and low-resistance abnormity far away from the known goaf is presumed to be karst abnormity;
b. the method comprises the following steps of (1) comprehensively logging and cross-hole geophysical prospecting, and finding out the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the distribution condition of karst caves and the filling condition;
c. the requirement of seepage test, the purpose is to determine the seepage flow direction of underground water in the goaf;
d. the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the distribution condition of karst caves and the filling condition are found out according to the requirement of drilling sonar test;
e. the importance degree of the type of the overlying engineering of the goaf;
further, as shown in fig. 2 to fig. 4, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a goaf drilling test hole protector, fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a karst region drilling test hole protector, and fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a hole sealing; in this embodiment, step E includes E1-E5:
e1, in the range of the goaf, if the burial depth of the bedrock surface is less than 20m, the diameter R of the tapping drill bit is 150mm, after drilling to the bedrock layer, descending a steel sleeve with the diameter of 146mm to the position 1-2m below the bedrock surface, injecting cement slurry into the hole bottom, after initial setting for more than 15 hours, replacing the drill bit with the diameter R of 130mm, and continuing construction; if the buried depth of the basal rock surface is more than 20m, after a drill bit with the diameter R of 150mm reaches below 20m, a steel sleeve with the diameter of 146mm is arranged downwards to 20m, and after the drill bit with the diameter R of 130mm is adopted to drill into the basal rock surface for 1-2m, a steel sleeve with the diameter of 127mm is arranged downwards, and cement slurry is injected into the bottom of the hole; in the embodiment, when the filling thickness of the non-goaf is more than 20m, a drill bit with the diameter of 150mm is adopted for drilling the hole, a sleeve with the diameter of 146mm with the diameter of 8-10m is put in the hole, then a sleeve with the diameter of 127mm is put in the hole to the bottom surface of the soil, then a drill bit with the diameter of 110mm is adopted for drilling, and a drill bit with the diameter of not less than 91mm is adopted for drilling the foundation stratum;
e2, in the step e1, when the hole is drilled through the first layer cavity or the karst cave, the hole diameter of the drilled hole is not less than 110mm, when the drilled hole passes through the first layer cavity or the karst cave, 1-2m of drilling needs to be continued to the bottom of the cave, and then the drill bit with the diameter R equal to 91mm is replaced to continue the construction; if the hole is drilled through the second layer of cavity or the karst cave, the drilling method is the same as that when the hole is drilled through the first layer of cavity or the karst cave; if the goaf or the karst area leaks water, an inner pipe needs to be put into the goaf or the karst cave to isolate the goaf or the karst cave, and the inner pipe needs to be pulled out before the step F; in the step, the diameter of the first-stage drill is 150mm, the diameter of the second-stage drill is 130mm, the diameter of the third-stage drill is 110mm, the diameter of the fourth-stage drill is 91mm, and the diameter of the fifth-stage drill is 72 mm;
e3, after the drilling is finished, putting a PVC pipe into the drilling hole needing to be subjected to the CT test; after steps e1-e3 are completed, a drilling result histogram is formed;
e4, scanning the drill holes by adopting a three-dimensional laser scanning C-ALS cavity scanning system to form a picture, and performing an inter-hole electromagnetic wave test in the two drill holes to obtain a cross-sectional view;
e5, according to the drilling result histogram, combining the cavity scanning system result diagram, the cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT profile result diagram and the geophysical prospecting result in the step D, determining the plane position and the spatial distribution of the goaf and the karst area, and forming a goaf and karst area geological plane diagram, a goaf geological cross section diagram and a goaf geological longitudinal section diagram of the prospecting area.
Between the step e2 and the step e3, when karst fracture leakage or fracture confined water is met, bentonite powder and cement slurry are adopted to protect the wall or wet clay balls are backfilled into the hole for plugging, and when the plugging cannot be performed, a sleeve is adopted to perform plugging; when a cavity or a cavity with less fillers is encountered, drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning is needed to find out the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the karst cave distribution condition and the filling condition, wherein the two-dimensional sonar scanning is needed to be carried out on the cavity section filled with water, and the drilling is continued after sonar is finished; in the step e5, according to the drilling result, C-ALS cavity scanning is carried out in the drilling hole with the drill dropping height larger than 0.5m, and a cavity scanning system result chart of the goaf is formed; and performing cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT test in two adjacent drill holes to form a cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT section result diagram.
In step E, the drilling depth is required as follows: for the goaf and the sections near the goaf, drilling a general hole to 10m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf, drilling a technical hole to 15m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf, and drilling a controlled hole to 30m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf; for the non-goaf section, the general drilling depth is 50m, and the technical drilling depth is 70 m; if the final hole depth meets the karst cave, deepening the drilling hole, wherein the adjustment range of the general drilling hole is 60 +/-1 m, and the technical drilling hole depth is 70 +/-1 m; the general hole drilling is a drilling hole with the depth capable of controlling the main stress layer of the foundation and capable of meeting the design requirement of a foundation treatment cargo pile foundation; technical drilling refers to drilling meeting the requirements of adopting geotechnical tests and carrying out in-situ tests, wherein the in-situ tests include but are not limited to standard penetration tests and dynamic exploration tests; the controlled drilling is the drilling which meets the requirements of settlement calculation, structure checking calculation and overall stability checking calculation besides the conditions of general drilling.
F. Geomechanics simulation test:
f1, performing a three-dimensional geomechanical model test on the underground cavity area with high risk by adopting a similar model test according to the geological survey data obtained in the step E, and simulating deformation and damage conditions of the rock stratum under the load action condition;
f2, simulating the process of stratum settlement under the action of load by adopting a numerical simulation method according to the geological survey data obtained in the step E, and qualitatively analyzing the occurrence and development of geological risks;
f3, combining the results of the two researches in the steps f1 and f2, and providing an experimental reference basis for the suitability evaluation of the land utilization in the research area;
G. establishing a geological exploration BIM model, namely establishing an underground three-dimensional geological information model of a goaf, namely the geological exploration BIM model, on the basis of exploration drilling data, surveying and mapping data and geophysical prospecting data according to geological stratification information of all drilling holes, karst caves obtained by in-cave scanning, the trend and size information of the goaf and underground water level information geological information;
it should be noted that, after the BIM model is built, the real image rendering is performed, the appearances of all geological layers in the BIM model are close to real, the classification of the geological layers can be directly judged according to the appearances, and by building the above-ground building analysis model, the image ranges of the goafs and the underground cavities on the above-ground building can be visually checked, so that the important role in preventing and controlling potential hidden dangers is played; meanwhile, the underground water level is displayed really, real-time water level observation data are updated in the BIM in time, and the method is of great importance to prevention of hidden danger of ground collapse;
H. compiling a survey result report, wherein the survey result of the goaf comprises the following steps: the data collected in the step A and analysis results, regional geological profile, geophysical prospecting, drilling and testing results, the influence length of the goaf, the number of layers of mineral resource excavation, excavation thickness, roof lithology, mining time limit, mining method, mining rate, roof management method, collapse condition, goaf stability analysis and evaluation, goaf disaster risk comprehensive partition and appropriate evaluation;
in addition, the conclusion includes the suitability evaluation of the goaf site on the proposed road or structure, the volume of the residual cavity of the goaf, the type and the range of the overlying resources; the supplementary table comprises a goaf questionnaire, a goaf deformation parameter table, a goaf road engineering hazard degree comprehensive evaluation table and a goaf residual cavity volume list table; the report map should include a borehole histogram, a geological plan, a geological longitudinal section and a cross section;
I. and (3) sorting and archiving the data, and after the goaf exploration is finished, archiving the effective original data of collection, investigation, geophysical prospecting, drilling, field test and indoor test, and the measurement, observation and test data.
Before the step E is carried out, because a karst area and a goaf are arranged under a survey area, when drilling and drilling are carried out in the karst area or the goaf, the situations of sudden drill dropping, drill burying, drill blocking and sudden drop of the water level of an orifice often occur, the phenomena of orifice air suction, orifice water spray, air jet and sand blast and the like can occur, some drill holes can meet two or more than two cavities, in addition, the open-pit area is filled with huge soil, the drilling operation safety needs to be paid special attention during drilling, the drilling construction treatment method of the karst cave, the goaf and the open-pit area needs to be made in advance, and the construction safety is ensured. The engineering drilling method can still ensure the smooth drilling when a plurality of goafs or karst areas are met in the drilling process, and the construction is very safe and reliable.
Through the steps, the comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf solves the problem that the exploration precision of the large-span shallow-buried limestone in the urban dense area is not high, and improves the exploration precision to 96% by adopting a comprehensive exploration method combining information collection, geophysical exploration, drilling exploration, geomechanical model test and BIM technology; the method provides more accurate first-hand data for design management of similar projects and suitability evaluation of land utilization and urban underground space utilization; and the construction cost is reduced, and good social benefit and considerable economic benefit are achieved.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. A large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf comprehensive exploration method is characterized by comprising the following steps: the method comprises the following steps:
A. collecting data, namely drawing a goaf influence area and a overlying resource area in the exploration area according to the collected data, and marking the influence range; through parameter collection, stability evaluation is carried out on the goaf affected area, and the karst collapse risk is evaluated;
B. geological survey and mapping of the survey area, wherein the scope of the survey and mapping is 300m outside the boundary of the survey area, and the scope of the survey and mapping comprises a lower goaf, a karst collapse area and deformation influence scope of the lower goaf and the karst collapse area;
C. the special investigation of the exploration field comprises the special investigation of a goaf and the special investigation of a karst collapse area, wherein the special investigation of the goaf is used for forming a hydrogeological map of the goaf, a goaf and roadway distribution map, and a goaf engineering geological plan and a section; the contents of the special investigation of the karst collapse area comprise geological landforms, meteorology and hydrology, stratums, geological structures, new structure movement and earthquakes;
D. geophysical prospecting of the goaf, aiming at the scale and space distribution condition of the underground goaf, selecting several of an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method, an electromagnetic wave CT (computed tomography), a two-dimensional sonar scanning technology, a seismic wave CT, in-hole television imaging and a high-density electrical method to realize the geophysical prospecting;
E. engineering drilling, namely arranging drill holes by combining the results of the steps A to D to find the buried depth, the thickness, the distribution condition and the lithological characteristics of each stratum so as to match with a geophysical prospecting test in the hole; specifically, the engineering drilling process comprises the following steps:
e1, in the range of the goaf, if the burial depth of the bedrock surface is less than 20m, the diameter R of the tapping drill bit is 150mm, after drilling to the bedrock layer, descending a steel sleeve with the diameter of 146mm to the position 1-2m below the bedrock surface, injecting cement slurry into the hole bottom, after initial setting for more than 15 hours, replacing the drill bit with the diameter R of 130mm, and continuing construction;
if the buried depth of the basal rock surface is more than 20m, after a drill bit with the diameter R of 150mm reaches below 20m, a steel sleeve with the diameter of 146mm is arranged downwards to 20m, and after the drill bit with the diameter R of 130mm is adopted to drill into the basal rock surface for 1-2m, a steel sleeve with the diameter of 127mm is arranged downwards, and cement slurry is injected into the bottom of the hole;
e2, in the step e1, when the hole is drilled through the first layer cavity or the karst cave, the hole diameter of the drilled hole is not less than 110mm, when the drilled hole passes through the first layer cavity or the karst cave, 1-2m of drilling needs to be continued to the bottom of the cave, and then the drill bit with the diameter R equal to 91mm is replaced to continue the construction; if the hole is drilled through the second layer of cavity or the karst cave, the drilling method is the same as that when the hole is drilled through the first layer of cavity or the karst cave;
e3, after the drilling is finished, putting a PVC pipe into the drilling hole needing to be subjected to the CT test; after steps e1-e3 are completed, a drilling result histogram is formed;
e4, scanning the drill holes by adopting a three-dimensional laser scanning C-ALS cavity scanning system to form a picture, and performing an inter-hole electromagnetic wave test in the two drill holes to obtain a cross-sectional view;
e5, determining the plane positions and the spatial distribution of the goaf and the karst area according to the drilling result histogram, the cavity scanning system result diagram, the cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT profile result diagram and the geophysical prospecting result in the step D, and forming a goaf and karst area geological plane diagram, a goaf geological cross section diagram and a goaf geological longitudinal section diagram of the prospecting area;
F. geomechanics simulation test:
f1, performing a three-dimensional geomechanical model test on the underground cavity area of the three-layer roadway area distributed with the karst cave and the underground goaf by adopting a similar model test according to the geological survey data obtained in the step E, and simulating the deformation and damage conditions of the rock stratum under the load action condition;
f2, simulating the process of stratum settlement under the action of load by adopting a numerical simulation method according to the geological survey data obtained in the step E, and qualitatively analyzing the occurrence and development of geological risks;
f3, combining the results of the two researches in the steps f1 and f2, and providing an experimental reference basis for the suitability evaluation of the land utilization in the research area;
G. and (3) establishing a geological exploration BIM model, namely establishing an underground three-dimensional geological information model of the goaf, namely the geological exploration BIM model, on the basis of exploration drilling data, surveying and mapping data and geophysical prospecting data according to geological stratification information of all drilling holes, karst cave obtained by in-cave scanning, direction and size information of the goaf and geological information of underground water level information.
2. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in step a, the collected data includes but is not limited to: the method comprises the following steps of (1) surveying a quarry mineral distribution map, a mineral resource surveying delimiting map, a mining plan map, an underground map, a overburden resource storage calculation book, a marble ore comprehensive geological histogram, a quarry mining geological report and a marble ore baseplate in a surveying field;
in the step a, when stability evaluation is performed on the goaf affected area, the collected parameters include: the goaf forming age, the composition mode, the mining mode, the roof management mode, the stoping rate of the ore closure age, the mining depth and the mining thickness ratio and the marble roof burial depth;
when evaluating the risk of karst collapse, the parameters collected include: natural geography, weather, hydrology and regional geological profile, regional karst development characteristics and collapse distribution rules, and karst collapse disaster-causing factors; the method also comprises the following steps of underground water level burial depth, water level foundation rock surface distance, karst type, soil layer thickness, soil layer structure, linear karst rate, geological structure, hydraulic connection and production well density.
3. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: the method also comprises a step H of compiling a survey result report: wherein,
the goaf exploration result comprises: the data collected in the step A and analysis results, regional geological profile, geophysical prospecting, drilling and testing results, the influence length of the goaf, the number of layers of mineral resource excavation, excavation thickness, roof lithology, mining time limit, mining method, mining rate, roof management method, collapse condition, goaf stability analysis and evaluation, goaf disaster risk comprehensive partition and appropriate evaluation;
the survey result report conclusion should include: the suitability of the goaf site for a proposed building or structure is evaluated, and the goaf residual cavity volume, the type and range of overlying resources, the goaf region management and the land development and utilization scheme are adopted;
the method also comprises a step I of sorting and filing the data: after the goaf exploration is finished, effective original data of collection, investigation, geophysical prospecting, drilling, field test and indoor test, and measurement, observation and test data are filed.
4. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: the step B specifically comprises the following steps:
b1, mapping the earth surface: survey and drawing of quarry current situation topography, the original building construction scale in ground, structural feature, in service behavior, population living conditions and underground pipeline survey, survey and drawing the content that needs the investigation and include: building location, foundation, structure, number of floors and disease;
b2, goaf underground cave survey: the method comprises the investigation of an open-air mining area and a cave mining area, wherein the cave mining area consists of a roadway and a cave chamber, and the investigation content comprises the distribution range, the backfill soil thickness, the backfill amount, the backfill soil property and the physical and mechanical properties of the open-air mining area; whether soil body is leaked at the road junction or not and the influence of the soil body on the stability of overlying filling; and the spatial distribution characteristic, scale, burial depth, top plate rock-soil body thickness and surrounding rock mechanical characteristic of the underground goaf;
b3, investigation of karst collapse area: the investigation content comprises the steps of collecting the development status, the historical process and the hazard of karst collapse; investigating the morphological characteristics of the underground cave and the relation between the morphological characteristics and the geological structure, investigating the coming and going veins of underground water, investigating the supply sources of a surface water system and an underground water system;
b4, ground subsidence survey: and investigating the ground crack condition, the uneven settlement condition and the underground water exploitation condition of surrounding roads and buildings.
5. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: and D, performing follow-up geophysical prospecting work by adopting a working mode which mainly adopts an equivalent back-flux transient electromagnetic method and an electromagnetic wave CT and assists in drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning, seismic wave CT and three-dimensional laser scanning/geological radar detection.
6. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 5, characterized in that: in the step E, the arrangement of the drill holes is arranged according to the following conditions:
a. engineering geophysical exploration abnormal areas, wherein the abnormal areas comprise a goaf and a karst area which are detected by an equivalent diamagnetic flux transient electromagnetic method;
b. the method comprises the following steps of (1) comprehensively logging and cross-hole geophysical prospecting, and finding out the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the distribution condition of karst caves and the filling condition;
c. the requirement of seepage test, the purpose is to determine the seepage flow direction of underground water in the goaf;
d. the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the distribution condition of karst caves and the filling condition are found out according to the requirement of drilling sonar test;
e. the importance of the type of overlying work in the goaf.
7. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in step E, the drilling depth is required as follows:
for the goaf and the sections near the goaf, drilling a general hole to 10m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf, drilling a technical hole to 15m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf, and drilling a controlled hole to 30m below the bottom plate elevation of the bottommost goaf;
for the non-goaf section, the general drilling depth is 50m, and the technical drilling depth is 70 m;
if the final hole depth meets the karst cave, deepening the drilling hole, wherein the adjustment range of the general drilling hole is 60 +/-1 m, and the technical drilling hole depth is 70 +/-1 m;
the general hole drilling is a drilling hole with the depth capable of controlling the main stress layer of the foundation and capable of meeting the design requirement of a foundation treatment cargo pile foundation; technical drilling refers to drilling meeting the requirements of adopting geotechnical tests and carrying out in-situ tests, wherein the in-situ tests include but are not limited to standard penetration tests and dynamic exploration tests; the controlled drilling is the drilling which meets the requirements of settlement calculation, structure checking calculation and overall stability checking calculation besides the conditions of general drilling.
8. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in the step e1, when the filling thickness of the non-goaf is larger than 20m, drilling holes by using a drill bit with the diameter of 150mm, and putting a sleeve with the diameter of 146mm and the diameter of 8-10m, and then putting a sleeve with the diameter of 127mm to the soil bottom surface, and then drilling by using a drill bit with the diameter of 110mm, wherein the bedrock stratum is drilled by using a drill bit with the diameter of not less than 91 mm.
9. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: in step e2, if water leaks from the gob or the karst area, an inner pipe needs to be inserted to isolate the gob or the karst cave, and before step F, the inner pipe needs to be pulled out.
10. The comprehensive exploration method for the large-span shallow-buried limestone goaf as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: between step e2 and step e3,
when the karst fissure leaks or the fissure bears water, adopting bentonite powder and cement slurry to protect the wall or backfilling wet clay balls into the hole for plugging, and when the plugging cannot be performed, adopting a sleeve for plugging;
when a cavity or a cavity with less fillers is encountered, drilling two-dimensional sonar scanning is needed to find out the scale and space distribution condition of a goaf, the karst cave distribution condition and the filling condition, wherein the two-dimensional sonar scanning is needed to be carried out on the cavity section filled with water, and the drilling is continued after sonar is finished;
in the step e5, according to the drilling result, C-ALS cavity scanning is carried out in the drilling hole with the drill dropping height larger than 0.5m, and a cavity scanning system result chart of the goaf is formed; and performing cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT test in two adjacent drill holes to form a cross-hole electromagnetic wave CT section result diagram.
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