CN109804878B - Cultivation and baking method for increasing serine content of flue-cured tobacco - Google Patents
Cultivation and baking method for increasing serine content of flue-cured tobacco Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco, which comprises the steps of transplanting tobacco seedlings, intertillage weeding, ridging step by step and topdressing step by step; the baking method comprises the following steps: harvesting, pole weaving, furnace charging and baking: and (4) baking the tobacco leaves after being charged into the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period. On one hand, the method effectively promotes the synthesis of the serine content in the tobacco leaves by controlling the nitrogen application amount of the tobacco leaves in the cultivation measures; on the other hand, the baking time is regulated and controlled, the baking process is optimized, and the conversion rate of the serine content in the tobacco leaves is reduced, so that the cigarette aroma quality is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of flue-cured tobacco cultivation and baking, and particularly relates to a cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco.
Background
Amino acids are important chemical components closely related to the quality of tobacco leaves, and are raw materials for synthesizing protein and nicotine and intermediate products for converting protein and carbohydrate. During the preparation and alcoholization of the flue-cured tobacco, amino acids and saccharides can generate non-enzymatic browning reaction, mainly Maillard reaction, and a large amount of volatile compounds and macromolecular brown compounds with the characteristic fragrance of the tobacco are formed. They not only impart a roast and baked flavor, nut flavor and a sweet caramel flavor to the smoke, but also increase the sensation of smoking.
Serine is a neutral amino acid and directly affects the synthesis and conversion of its content in cultivation measures, in which the nitrogen level is the main factor, and in baking techniques, in which the baking process (temperature, humidity and time) is the dominant factor. Therefore, a cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco is developed, the synthesis of the serine in the tobacco leaves is increased in cultivation and fertilization, and the conversion rate of the serine content in the tobacco leaves is obviously reduced in intensive baking, so that the aroma quality of cigarettes is improved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco.
The object of the invention is achieved by the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting seedlings under the film;
B. intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 1-3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process;
C. gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, and other field management is carried out according to locally recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes;
2) the baking method comprises the following steps: comprises the steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace charging and baking;
A. harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves;
B. rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing period comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to increase the temperature of dry balls to 34-36 ℃ from 25 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the temperature of wet balls to 33-34 ℃ from 26-27 ℃, stabilize the temperature of the dry balls and the temperature of the wet balls, and bake for 20-22 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 20-22 h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the temperature of the dry pellets is increased to 42-43 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet pellets is adjusted to 36 ℃, the temperature of the dry pellets and the temperature of the wet pellets are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 22-24 h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (the increase of serine from a yellowing later stage to a fixing early stage in the intensive baking process is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 46-49 ℃ within 8-10 h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36-37 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the baking is carried out for about 22h, and the top-stage tobacco leaves are completely yellow after being baked; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of dry balls to 54-56 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of wet balls to 38-39 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry balls and the temperature of the wet balls, baking for 8-10 h, and baking until the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are completely yellow; in the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of dry bulbs is increased to 59-62 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of wet bulbs is adjusted to 39-42 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulbs and the wet bulbs is stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 9-11 h until branches and mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, the stem is burnt with big fire, the moisture is discharged greatly, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 41-43 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67-68 ℃, the tobacco is baked for 20-30 h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco is baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are dried.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. on one hand, the method effectively promotes the synthesis of the serine content in the tobacco leaves by controlling the nitrogen application amount of the tobacco leaves in the cultivation measures; on the other hand, the baking time is regulated and controlled, the baking process is optimized, and the conversion rate of the serine content in the tobacco leaves is reduced, so that the cigarette aroma quality is improved.
2. The invention has the advantages that the soil moisture and the seedlings are preserved and the weeds are removed for the first intertillage; the second intertillage effectively preserves soil moisture and promotes roots, is beneficial to draining water and ridging and weeding; the surface soil can be effectively loosened by the third intertillage, and the water consumption of the soil is reduced; after three times of intertillage and ridging, the additional fertilizer can obviously improve the absorption of the root system of the tobacco leaves to nutrients in the soil, and the aim of accurate fertilization is fulfilled, so that the synthetic amount of serine in the tobacco leaves is improved.
3. The method of the invention carries out baking by controlling the optimal combination of temperature, humidity and baking time, and aims to improve the content of serine in the tobacco leaves, thereby improving the quality of the aroma of the tobacco leaves.
4. The temperature rising speed from the yellowing later stage to the color fixing earlier stage is reduced to 0.5 ℃/h from 1 ℃/1-2 h, the dry bulb temperature is raised to 46-49 ℃ within 8-10 h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36-37 ℃, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the color fixing earlier stage in the intensive baking process is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the temperature rising speed from the yellowing later stage to the color fixing earlier stage, and the overall baking time is not changed by adjusting the baking time from the color fixing middle stage to the color fixing later stage.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the present invention are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
The cultivation and collection curing method for reducing the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting seedlings under the film;
B. intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 1-3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process;
C. gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, and other field management is carried out according to locally recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes;
2) the baking method comprises the following steps: comprises the steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace charging and baking;
A. harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves;
B. rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing period comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to increase the temperature of dry balls to 34-36 ℃ from 25 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the temperature of wet balls to 33-34 ℃ from 26-27 ℃, stabilize the temperature of the dry balls and the temperature of the wet balls, and bake for 20-22 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 20-22 h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the temperature of the dry pellets is increased to 42-43 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet pellets is adjusted to 36 ℃, the temperature of the dry pellets and the temperature of the wet pellets are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 22-24 h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (the increase of serine from a yellowing later stage to a fixing early stage in the intensive baking process is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 46-49 ℃ within 8-10 h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36-37 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the baking is carried out for about 22h, and the top-stage tobacco leaves are completely yellow after being baked; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of dry balls to 54-56 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of wet balls to 38-39 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry balls and the temperature of the wet balls, baking for 8-10 h, and baking until the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are completely yellow; in the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of dry bulbs is increased to 59-62 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of wet bulbs is adjusted to 39-42 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulbs and the wet bulbs is stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 9-11 h until branches and mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, the stem is burnt with big fire, the moisture is discharged greatly, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 41-43 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67-68 ℃, the tobacco is baked for 20-30 h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco is baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are dried.
Further, the cultivation method in step B specifically includes:
s1, intertillage for the first time, hoeing 3-5 cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land near the seedling without turning soil and moving the seedling body, and then carrying out ridging and hilling operations, wherein the ridge body and the furrow are preferably 5-7 cm;
s2, intertillage for the second time, hoeing deeply between rows by 10-14 cm and intertillage deeply between plants by 5-7 cm, thoroughly hoeing and uniformly hoeing, and then performing ridging and ridging operations to enable the ridge surface to be 21-25cm higher than that of the first ridging;
and S3, carrying out third cultivation 10 to 15 days after the second cultivation, wherein the inter-plant cultivation depth is about 5 cm.
Further, the first intertillage is carried out 12 to 15 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; the second cultivation is carried out 28-30 days after the transplantation, and the third cultivation is carried out 35-38 days after the transplantation.
Further, the topdressing amount after the first intertillage is 200-2The topdressing amount after the second intertillage is 240-260 kg/hm2。
Further, the tobacco compound fertilizer in the step C of the cultivation method is N: P2O5: K2O = 12.5 : 0 : 33.5。
Further, the field management in the step C of the cultivation method comprises the steps of effectively keeping the leaf number at 18-20; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
Further, the fresh tobacco leaves in the step A of the baking method are any one or more of flue-cured tobacco varieties of Honghuadajinyuan, K326, Yunyan 87 and Yunyan 85; the fresh tobacco leaves are any one or more of lower leaves, middle leaves and upper leaves of the tobacco plants; the specific expression of the proper maturity is that the leaf color of the tobacco leaves is light yellow, the main veins are white and bright, the branch veins are white, the leaf tips and the leaf margins roll down, the leaf surfaces are wrinkled, mature spots exist, and most of fuzz falls off.
Furthermore, the principle of rod weaving in the step B of the baking method is that the same rod is the same in quality and the same in position and is proper in density; the principle of furnace charging is that the same furnace is the same in quality and the furnace is fully charged.
Further, the smoke density of the curing barn in the step B of the baking method is 42-45 kg/m3Loading the tobacco to more than 95% of the volume of the curing barn; the curing barn is an ascending type bulk curing barn
Further, in the baking method step C, the heating rate from the later yellowing stage to the earlier fixing color stage is 0.5 ℃/h, and the heating time is 8-10 h.
Example 1
A cultivation and baking method for increasing the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting seedlings under the film;
B. intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 1 time after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
carrying out intertillage for the first time, hoeing 3cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land at the position close to the seedlings, not turning the soil, and not moving the seedling bodies, and then carrying out ridging and ridging operations, wherein the ridge bodies and the furrows are preferably 5 cm; the first intertillage is carried out 12 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted;
C. gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the first topdressing amount is 200kg/hm2The field management is implemented according to local recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes. The tobacco compound fertilizer is N: P2O5: K2O =12.5:0: 33.5. The field management comprises the effective leaf number of 18; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
2) The baking method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the specific steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace loading and baking, and a seven-step baking method is adopted.
A. Harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves; the fresh tobacco leaves are flue-cured tobacco varieties of Honghuadajinyuan; the fresh tobacco leaves are the lower leaves of tobacco plants; the specific expression of the proper maturity is that the leaf color of the tobacco leaves is light yellow, the main veins are white and bright, the branch veins are white, the leaf tips and the leaf margins roll down, the leaf surfaces are wrinkled, mature spots exist, and most of fuzz falls off.
The principle of the rod weaving is that the same rod is the same in quality and the same part is proper in density; the principle of furnace charging is that the same furnace is the same in quality and the furnace is fully charged. The tobacco density of the curing barn is 42kg/m3Loading the tobacco to more than 95% of the volume of the curing barn; the curing barn is an ascending type bulk curing barn.
B. Rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing stage comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to heat the dry bulb from 25 ℃ to 34 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the wet bulb from 26 ℃ to 33 ℃, stabilize the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature and bake for 20 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are baked for 22h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 42 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 24h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the bottom stage are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (in the intensive baking process, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 46 ℃ within 8h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the baking is carried out for about 22h, and the top stage tobacco leaves are completely yellowed after being baked; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of the dry bulb to 54 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of the wet bulb to 38 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb, baking for 8h until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn become yellow completely; at the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of the dry bulb is increased to 59 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is adjusted to 39 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 11h until the branches and the mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, big fire is burnt, big moisture is discharged, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 41 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67 ℃, the tobacco leaves are baked for 30h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the full curing barn are dried.
Example 2
A cultivation and collection curing method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting the seedlings under the film.
B. Intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 2 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
carrying out intertillage for the first time, hoeing 5cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land at the position close to the seedlings, not turning the soil, and not moving the seedling bodies, and then carrying out ridging and ridging operations, wherein the ridge bodies and the furrows are preferably 7 cm;
carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the inter-row deep hoe depth is 14cm, the inter-plant intertillage depth is 7cm, the hoe is thoroughly carried out and uniformly carried out, and then, ridging and earthing-up operation is carried out, so that the ridge surface is 25cm higher than the first ridging;
the first intertillage is carried out 15 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; the second cultivation is 30 days after transplantation, and the third cultivation is 38 days after transplantation.
C. Gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the first topdressing amount is 220kg/hm2The second topdressing amount is 260kg/hm2. The field management is implemented according to local recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes. The tobacco compound fertilizer is N: P2O5: K2O =12.5:0: 33.5. The field management comprises that the effective leaf number is 20; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
2) The baking method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the specific steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace loading and baking, and a seven-step baking method is adopted.
A. Harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves; the fresh tobacco leaves are flue-cured tobacco variety K326; the fresh tobacco leaves are the lower leaves, the middle leaves and the upper leaves of the tobacco plants; the specific expression of the proper maturity is that the leaf color of the tobacco leaves is light yellow, the main veins are white and bright, the branch veins are white, the leaf tips and the leaf margins roll down, the leaf surfaces are wrinkled, mature spots exist, and most of fuzz falls off.
The principle of the rod weaving is that the same rod is the same in quality and the same part is proper in density; the principle of furnace charging is that the same furnace is the same in quality and the furnace is fully charged. The tobacco density of the curing barn is 45kg/m3Loading the tobacco to more than 95% of the volume of the curing barn; the curing barn is an ascending type bulk curing barn.
B. Rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing stage comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to heat the dry bulb from 25 ℃ to 36 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the wet bulb from 27 ℃ to 34 ℃, stabilize the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature and bake for 22 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the temperature rising rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 20h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 43 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 22h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom of the oven are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (in the intensive baking process, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 49 ℃ within 10h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 37 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the baking is carried out for about 22h, and the top stage tobacco leaves are completely yellowed after being baked; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of the dry bulb to 56 ℃ at the rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of the wet bulb to 39 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb, baking for 8h until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn become yellow completely; at the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of the dry bulb is increased to 62 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is adjusted to 42 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 9h until the branches and the mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, the stem is burnt with big fire, the moisture is discharged greatly, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 43 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 68 ℃, the stem is baked for 20h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the stem drying and the wet bulb temperature are baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the full curing barn are dried.
Example 3
A cultivation and collection curing method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting the seedlings under the film.
B. Intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) carrying out intertillage for the first time, hoeing 4cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land at the position close to the seedlings, not turning the soil, and not moving the seedling bodies, and then carrying out ridging and ridging operations, wherein the ridge bodies and the furrows are preferably 6 cm;
2) carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the depth of the hoe between rows is 12cm, the depth of the intertillage between plants is 6cm, the hoe is thoroughly and uniformly hoed, and then ridging and earthing up are carried out to ensure that the ridge surface is 22cm higher than that of the first ridging;
3) carrying out third intertillage 10 days after the second intertillage, wherein the intertillage depth among plants is about 5 cm;
the first intertillage is carried out 13 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; the second cultivation was carried out 28 days after transplantation and the third cultivation was carried out 35 days after transplantation.
C. Gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the first topdressing amount is 205kg/hm2The second topdressing amount is 240kg/hm2. The field management is implemented according to local recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes. The tobacco compound fertilizer is N: P2O5: K2O =12.5:0: 33.5. The field management comprises the effective leaf number of 19; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
2) The baking method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the specific steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace loading and baking, and a seven-step baking method is adopted.
A. Harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves; the fresh tobacco leaves are flue-cured tobacco variety Yunyan 87; the fresh tobacco leaves are the middle leaves of tobacco plants; the specific expression of the proper maturity is that the leaf color of the tobacco leaves is light yellow, the main veins are white and bright, the branch veins are white, the leaf tips and the leaf margins roll down, the leaf surfaces are wrinkled, mature spots exist, and most of fuzz falls off.
The principle of the rod weaving is that the same rod is homogeneous, the same part is sparse and denseProper; the principle of furnace charging is that the same furnace is the same in quality and the furnace is fully charged. The tobacco density of the curing barn is 44 kg/m3Loading the tobacco to more than 95% of the volume of the curing barn; the curing barn is an ascending type bulk curing barn.
B. Rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing stage comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to heat the dry bulb from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the wet bulb from 26 ℃ to 33 ℃, stabilize the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature and bake for 21 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the temperature rising rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 2h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 42 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 23h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the bottom stage are completely yellow;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (in the intensive baking process, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 47 ℃ within 9h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for about 22h, and the tobacco leaves on the top stage are completely yellow; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of the dry bulb to 55 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of the wet bulb to 38 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb, baking for 9h until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn become yellow completely; at the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of the dry bulb is increased to 60 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is adjusted to 40 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 10h until the branches and the mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, big fire is fired, big moisture is discharged, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 42 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67 ℃, the tobacco leaves are baked for 25h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the full curing barn are dried.
Test example 1 comparison of serine content, economic value and sensory evaluation quality of cured tobacco leaves
Test group 1 was conducted as in example 1, test group 2 was conducted as in example 2, test group 3 was conducted as in example 3, and the control groups were conducted according to the local conventional cultivation and baking method, and the test results are shown in tables 1 and 2
TABLE 1 serine content and economic value of tobacco leaves in city guan county of Kunming City
TABLE 2 organoleptic quality of tobacco leaf smoking in Hunting Dian county, city, guan county, Kunming City
As is clear from tables 1 and 2, the protein content of example 1 (test group 1) of the present invention was 1.05% higher than control group sh, the serine content was 1.15% higher than control group sh, the first-class smoke ratio was 6.53% higher than control group sh, the middle-class smoke ratio was 4.29% lower than control group, the lower-class smoke ratio was 2.24% lower than control group sh, the average value was 2.92 yuan/kg higher than control group sh, the yield was 2080.65 yuan/ha higher than control group, and the score of test group 1 was 1.5 higher than control group.
Example 2 (test group 2) had a protein content of 1.16% higher than control group, a serine content of 1.24% higher than control group, a first-class smoke proportion of 12.7% higher than control group, a middle-class smoke proportion of 4.74% lower than control group, a lower-class smoke proportion of 11.96% lower than control group, a mean value of 3.28 yuan/kg higher than control group, a yield of 2791.69 yuan/ha higher than control group, and a test group 2 score of 1.5 higher than control group.
Example 3 (test group 3) had a protein content of 1.48% higher than control group, a serine content of 1.15% higher than control group, a first-class smoke proportion of 6.53% higher than control group, a middle-class smoke proportion of 4.29% lower than control group, a lower-class smoke proportion of 2.24% lower than control group, a mean value of 2.92 yuan/kg higher than control group, a yield of 2080.65 yuan/ha higher than control group, and a smoke rating of 2% higher than control group for test group 3.
Example 4
A cultivation and collection curing method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting the seedlings under the film.
B. Intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) carrying out intertillage for the first time, hoeing 5cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land at the position close to the seedlings, not turning the soil, and not moving the seedling bodies, and then carrying out ridging and ridging operations, wherein the ridge bodies and the furrows are preferably 5 cm;
2) carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the inter-row deep hoe depth is 13cm, the inter-plant intertillage depth is 7cm, the hoe is thoroughly carried out and uniformly carried out, and then, ridging and earthing-up operation is carried out, so that the ridge surface is higher than the first ridging by 23 cm;
3) carrying out third intertillage 15 days after the second intertillage, wherein the intertillage depth among plants is about 5 cm;
the first intertillage is carried out 14 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; the second cultivation was 29 days after transplantation and the third cultivation was 36 days after transplantation.
C. Gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the first topdressing amount is 200kg/hm2The second topdressing amount is 260kg/hm2. The field management is implemented according to local recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes. The tobacco compound fertilizer is N: P2O5: K2O =12.5:0: 33.5. The field management comprises the effective leaf number of 18; cultivation of plantsRow spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
2) The baking method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the specific steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace loading and baking, and a seven-step baking method is adopted.
A. Harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves;
B. rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing stage comprises a pre-yellowing stage, a middle yellowing stage and a post-yellowing stage, wherein the pre-yellowing stage is to raise the temperature of a dry bulb from 25 ℃ to 35 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the temperature of a wet bulb from 27 ℃ to 34 ℃, stabilize the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb and bake for 20 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the temperature rising rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 20h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 42 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 24h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the bottom stage are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (in the intensive baking process, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 47 ℃ within 8h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for about 22h, and the tobacco leaves on the top stage are completely yellow; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of the dry bulb to 54 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of the wet bulb to 39 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb, baking for 10h until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn become yellow completely; at the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of the dry bulb is increased to 59 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is adjusted to 42 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 10h until the branches and the mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, big fire is burnt, big moisture is discharged, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 42 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67 ℃, the tobacco leaves are baked for 24h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the full curing barn are dried.
Example 5
A cultivation and collection curing method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting the seedlings under the film.
B. Intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) carrying out intertillage for the first time, hoeing 3cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land at the position close to the seedlings, not turning the soil, and not moving the seedling bodies, and then carrying out ridging and ridging operations, wherein the ridge bodies and the furrows are preferably 6 cm;
2) carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the inter-row deep hoe depth is 11cm, the inter-plant intertillage depth is 6cm, the hoe is thoroughly carried out and uniformly carried out, and then, ridging and earthing-up operation is carried out, so that the ridge surface is 21cm higher than the first ridging;
3) carrying out third cultivation 12 days after the second cultivation, wherein the inter-plant cultivation depth is about 5 cm;
the first intertillage is carried out 13 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; the second cultivation is 30 days after transplantation, and the third cultivation is 36 days after transplantation.
C. Gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the first topdressing amount is 215kg/hm2The second topdressing amount is 255 kg/hm2. The field management is implemented according to local recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes. The tobacco compound fertilizer is N: P2O5: K2O =12.5:0: 33.5. The field management comprises that the effective leaf number is 18-20; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
2) The baking method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the specific steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace loading and baking, and a seven-step baking method is adopted.
A. Harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves;
B. rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing stage comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to heat the dry bulb from 25 ℃ to 36 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the wet bulb from 26 ℃ to 34 ℃, stabilize the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature and bake for 20 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the temperature rising rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 20h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 42 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 24h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the bottom stage are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (in the intensive baking process, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry-bulb temperature is increased to 48 ℃ within 8-10 h, the wet-bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃, the dry-bulb temperature and the wet-bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for about 22h, and the tobacco leaves on the top stage are completely yellow; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of the dry bulb to 56 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of the wet bulb to 38 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb, baking for 10h until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn become yellow completely; at the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of the dry bulb is increased to 62 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is adjusted to 39 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 9h until the branches and the mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, big fire is burnt, big moisture is discharged, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 43 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67 ℃, the tobacco leaves are baked for 26h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the full curing barn are dried.
Example 6
A cultivation and collection curing method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco comprises the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopts a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, and comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing.
A. Transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting the seedlings under the film.
B. Intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to the field, and gradually ridging till ridging is finished in the intertillage weeding process. The method specifically comprises the following steps:
1) carrying out intertillage for the first time, hoeing 5cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land at the position close to the seedlings, not turning the soil, and not moving the seedling bodies, and then carrying out ridging and ridging operations, wherein the ridge bodies and the furrows are preferably 5 cm;
2) carrying out secondary intertillage, wherein the inter-row deep hoe depth is 13cm, the inter-plant intertillage depth is 5cm, the hoe is thoroughly carried out and uniformly carried out, and then, ridging and earthing-up operation is carried out, so that the ridge surface is higher than the first ridging by 24 cm;
3) the third cultivation is carried out 10 to 15 days after the second cultivation, and the inter-plant cultivation depth is about 5 cm;
the first intertillage is carried out 14 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted; the second cultivation was carried out 28 days after transplantation and the third cultivation was carried out 36 days after transplantation.
C. Gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the first topdressing amount is 215kg/hm2The second topdressing amount is 245 kg/hm2. The field management is implemented according to local recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes. The tobacco compound fertilizer is N: P2O5: K2O =12.5:0: 33.5. The field management comprises the effective leaf number of 18; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
2) The baking method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the specific steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace loading and baking, and a seven-step baking method is adopted.
A. Harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves;
B. rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods, and are loaded into a curing barn for curing;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing stage comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing late stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to heat the dry bulb from 25 ℃ to 34 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the wet bulb from 26 ℃ to 33 ℃, stabilize the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature and bake for 21 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are baked for 22h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 43 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 22h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom of the oven are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein the fixing early stage is at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h (in the intensive baking process, the increase of serine from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage is large, the content of homoserine is increased by slowing down the heating rate from the yellowing later stage to the fixing early stage), the dry bulb temperature is increased to 48 ℃ within 9h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for about 22h, and the tobacco leaves on the top stage are completely yellow; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of the dry bulb to 56 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of the wet bulb to 38 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb, baking for 10h until the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn become yellow completely; at the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of the dry bulb is increased to 60 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet bulb is adjusted to 41 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulb and the temperature of the wet bulb are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 10h until the branches and the mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn are dried;
the stem drying period is that before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, big fire is burnt, big moisture is discharged, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 67 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 42 ℃, then the dry bulb temperature is stabilized at 67 ℃, the tobacco leaves are baked for 28h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked until the main veins of the tobacco leaves in the full curing barn are dried.
Test example 2 comparison of serine content, economic value and sensory evaluation quality of cured tobacco leaves
Test group 4 was conducted as in example 4, test group 5 was conducted as in example 5, test group 6 was conducted as in example 6, and the control groups were conducted according to the local conventional cultivation and baking method, and the test results are shown in tables 3 and 4.
TABLE 3 serine content and harmful substance content of Yunlong Xiang tobacco leaves in Kunming, Lu and Cui county
TABLE 4 sensory quality of tobacco leaf sensory evaluation in Yunlong Xiang county of Kunming City
As is clear from tables 3 and 4, in example 4 of the present invention (test group 4), the protein content was 1.42% higher than that of the control group, the serine content was 1.24% higher than that of the control group, the first-class smoke proportion was 4.73% higher than that of the control group, the middle-class smoke proportion was 3.8% lower than that of the control group, the lower-class smoke proportion was 0.93% lower than that of the control group, the average value was 1.92 yuan/kg higher than that of the control group, the yield was 3080.65 yuan/ha higher than that of the control group, and the smoke evaluation score of test group 4 was 1.5 higher than that of the control group.
Example 5 (test group 5) had a protein content of 1.11% higher than control group, a serine content of 1.53% higher than control group, a first-class smoke proportion of 6.7% higher than control group, a middle-class smoke proportion of 4.74% lower than control group, a lower-class smoke proportion of 1.96% lower than control group, a mean value of 2.28 yuan/kg higher than control group, a yield of 1851.69 yuan/ha higher than control group, and a test group 5 score of 0.5 higher than control group.
Example 6 (test group 6) had a protein content of 1.01% higher than control group, a serine content of 1.14% higher than control group, a first-class smoke proportion of 5.85% higher than control group, a medium-class smoke proportion of 2.03% higher than control group, a lower-class smoke proportion of 7.88% lower than control group, a mean value of 1.41 yuan/kg higher than control group, a yield of 1694.44 yuan/ha higher than control group, and a smoke rating of test group 6 of 1.2 higher than control group.
Claims (6)
1. A cultivation and baking method for increasing the serine content of flue-cured tobacco is characterized by comprising the following steps:
1) the cultivation method comprises the following steps: adopting a step-by-step ridging cultivation method, which comprises the specific steps of tobacco seedling transplanting, intertillage weeding, step-by-step ridging and step-by-step topdressing;
A. transplanting tobacco seedlings: transplanting seedlings under the film;
B. intertillage weeding and gradual ridging: carrying out intertillage weeding for 1-3 times after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted to a field, and gradually ridging till ridging is completed in the intertillage weeding process; carrying out primary intertillage 12-15 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, carrying out secondary intertillage 28-30 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, and carrying out tertiary intertillage 35-38 days after the tobacco seedlings are transplanted;
C. gradually topdressing: after the first intertillage and the second intertillage in the step B, topdressing is carried out by using the special compound fertilizer for tobacco, wherein the topdressing amount after the first intertillage is 200-220kg/hm2The topdressing amount after the second intertillage is 240-260 kg/hm2N: P of tobacco composite fertilizer2O5:K2O =12.5:0: 33.5; other field management is implemented according to locally recommended technical measures for producing high-quality cigarettes;
2) the baking method comprises the following steps: comprises the steps of harvesting, pole weaving, furnace charging and baking;
A. harvesting: harvesting fresh cured tobacco leaves;
B. rod weaving and furnace charging: the collected tobacco leaves are woven into rods and loaded into a lifting type bulk curing barn to be cured;
C. baking: baking the tobacco leaves after being charged in the furnace, and obtaining the baked tobacco leaves after a yellowing period, a color fixing period and a stem drying period, wherein:
the yellowing period comprises a yellowing early stage, a yellowing middle stage and a yellowing later stage, wherein the yellowing early stage is to increase the temperature of dry balls to 34-36 ℃ from 25 ℃ at a heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, adjust the temperature of wet balls to 33-34 ℃ from 26-27 ℃, stabilize the temperature of the dry balls and the temperature of the wet balls, and bake for 20-22 h; then, in the middle yellowing stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 38 ℃ and the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 35 ℃ at the heating rate of 1.5 ℃/h, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 20-22 h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed; then, in the later yellowing stage, the temperature of the dry pellets is increased to 42-43 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of the wet pellets is adjusted to 36 ℃, the temperature of the dry pellets and the temperature of the wet pellets are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 22-24 h, and the tobacco leaves on the bottom platform are completely yellowed;
the fixing period comprises a fixing early stage, a fixing middle stage and a fixing later stage, wherein in the fixing early stage, the dry bulb temperature is increased to 46-49 ℃ at a heating rate of 0.5 ℃/h for 8-10 h, the wet bulb temperature is adjusted to 36-37 ℃, the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature are stabilized, the tobacco leaves are baked for 22h, and the tobacco leaves baked to the topsides are completely yellow; then, in a color fixing middle period, raising the temperature of dry balls to 54-56 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the temperature of wet balls to 38-39 ℃, stabilizing the temperature of the dry balls and the temperature of the wet balls, baking for 8-10 h, and baking until the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are completely yellow; in the later stage of color fixing, the temperature of dry bulbs is increased to 59-62 ℃ at the heating rate of 1 ℃/h, the temperature of wet bulbs is adjusted to 39-42 ℃, the temperature of the dry bulbs and the wet bulbs is stabilized, and the tobacco leaves are baked for 9-11 h until branches and mesophyll of the tobacco leaves in the whole baking room are dried;
and in the stem drying period, before the dry bulb temperature is 60 ℃, burning a big fire, greatly discharging moisture, raising the dry bulb temperature to 67 ℃ at a heating rate of 1 ℃/h, adjusting the wet bulb temperature to 41-43 ℃, stabilizing the dry bulb temperature at 67-68 ℃, baking for 20-30 h, stabilizing the dry bulb temperature and the wet bulb temperature, and baking until the main pulse of the tobacco leaves in the whole curing barn is dried.
2. The cultivation and baking method for increasing the serine content of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation in step B of the cultivation method specifically comprises:
s1, intertillage for the first time, hoeing 3-5 cm around the tobacco plants shallowly, only breaking the crust of the land near the seedling without turning soil and moving the seedling body, and then carrying out ridging and hilling operations, wherein the ridge body and the furrow are preferably 5-7 cm;
s2, intertillage for the second time, hoeing deeply between rows by 10-14 cm and intertillage deeply between plants by 5-7 cm, thoroughly hoeing and uniformly hoeing, and then performing ridging and ridging operations to enable the ridge surface to be 21-25cm higher than that of the first ridging;
and S3, carrying out third cultivation 10 to 15 days after the second cultivation, wherein the inter-plant cultivation depth is 5 cm.
3. The cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the field management in step C of the cultivation method comprises the steps of effectively leaving the leaves 18-20; row spacing x plant spacing =110cm x 60 cm.
4. The cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the fresh tobacco leaves in step A of the baking method are any one or more of flue-cured tobacco varieties Hongda, K326, Yunyan 87 and Yunyan 85; the fresh tobacco leaves are any one or more of lower leaves, middle leaves and upper leaves of the tobacco plants; the specific expression of the proper maturity is that the leaf color of the tobacco leaves is light yellow, the main veins are white and bright, the branch veins are white, the leaf tips and the leaf margins roll down, the leaf surfaces are wrinkled, mature spots exist, and most of fuzz falls off.
5. The cultivation and baking method for increasing the serine content in flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the principle of rod-making in step B of the baking method is that the same rod is homogeneous, the same part is same, and the density is proper; the principle of furnace charging is that the same furnace is the same in quality and the furnace is fully charged.
6. The cultivation and baking method for improving the serine content of flue-cured tobacco according to claim 1, wherein the flue-curing barn in step B of the baking method has a tobacco density of 42-45 kg/m3And loading the tobacco to more than 95 percent of the volume of the curing barn.
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| CN106509970A (en) * | 2016-11-29 | 2017-03-22 | 中国烟草总公司广东省公司 | Flue-cured tobacco variety NC297 tobacco leaf curing method |
| CN109123745A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-01-04 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A kind of baking method improving tobacco leaf protein matter degradation rate |
| CN109328527A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-02-15 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A kind of gradually Root growth method of high effect culture tobacco root |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN106509970A (en) * | 2016-11-29 | 2017-03-22 | 中国烟草总公司广东省公司 | Flue-cured tobacco variety NC297 tobacco leaf curing method |
| CN109123745A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-01-04 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A kind of baking method improving tobacco leaf protein matter degradation rate |
| CN109328527A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-02-15 | 云南省烟草农业科学研究院 | A kind of gradually Root growth method of high effect culture tobacco root |
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