CN109695254A - A kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested and its construction method - Google Patents

A kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested and its construction method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109695254A
CN109695254A CN201910171719.4A CN201910171719A CN109695254A CN 109695254 A CN109695254 A CN 109695254A CN 201910171719 A CN201910171719 A CN 201910171719A CN 109695254 A CN109695254 A CN 109695254A
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China
Prior art keywords
column
counterfort
bottom plate
grid baffle
blocking component
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Pending
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CN201910171719.4A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
朱益军
黄天元
涂杰文
邵明利
丁海军
张海鹏
赵明杰
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Zhejiang Communications Construction Group Co Ltd
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Zhejiang Communications Construction Group Co Ltd
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Priority to CN201910171719.4A priority Critical patent/CN109695254A/en
Publication of CN109695254A publication Critical patent/CN109695254A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02Retaining or protecting walls
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01GHORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G9/00Cultivation in receptacles, forcing-frames or greenhouses; Edging for beds, lawn or the like
    • A01G9/02Receptacles, e.g. flower-pots or boxes; Glasses for cultivating flowers
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01CCONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C3/00Foundations for pavings
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02DFOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0233Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being anchors

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)

Abstract

A kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested, including bottom plate and column, column are fixedly connected on bottom plate;The column side is equipped with several grooves being obliquely installed, and is equipped with compatible grid baffle in groove;Several grid baffles are equipped between the adjacent column, several grid baffles are layered along the short transverse of column and are laid with;Greening groove is formed between the adjacent grid baffle;Counterfort is equipped between the bottom plate and column, column and counterfort are equipped with the reserving hole channel that can pass through anchor cable;Compared with prior art, the Component compositions assembly such as the grid baffle placed by bottom plate, column, counterfort and inclination can be in the Flower-pot structure for forming a succession of open type in slope surface that rises steeply, and every layer of oblique cutting plate realizes continuous and closed earth-retaining function, the wall back soil body can be prevented to be lost, it is placed layer by layer by grid baffle simultaneously, each Flower-pot structure on earth-retaining component alien invasion can carry on the back soil body breath with wall and communicate, soil body moisture and the easy sustainable supplying of nutrient in flowerpot.

Description

A kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested and its construction method
Technical field
The invention belongs to civil construction project technical field, the road shoulder soil blocking component that can be afforested more particularly, to one kind and its Construction method.
Background technique
Currently, being related to a large amount of slope supporting technical problem in building, traffic, Garden Engineering construction.With environmental protection and Ecological protection consciousness improves, conventional concrete, the masonry marshallings retaining structure such as grout block piece stone can greening technique increasingly by Concern, and have made great progress.But vertical type is protected, since ratio of slope is restricted by landform, stone-laying barricade is still The main body of basal slope protection " albefaction ", it is very intractable on greening treatment.Therefore, upright protection works how to be allowed to reserve to side slope of rising steeply The green space of " ventilative " is no doubt particularly significant.
How to make stronger barricade, safety, economy and implement it is more convenient, how to make barricade not only met engineering safety requirement but also Satisfaction can afforest requirement, this is the current important goal for adapting to national environmental protection policy.It is related at present raw according to CNKI search result The technology of state technique of design and construction is still extremely limited to, and the substantial design and arrangement and method for construction for slope ecological recovery are still It is very in short supply.Through inquiring, Ecological Retaining Wall technical patent such as Rong Xun retaining wall block common at present, building block cross section is in court on the whole Under bell mouth shape, can build when indwelling ecology hole, but the hole and wall back the soil body directly link up, wall back the soil body vulnerable to It washes away, and green colored hole is less than normal, is unsuitable for shrub growth.
On December 30th, 2002, Inst of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhang Luqing;Yang Zhifa;Zhu Jiewang etc. is mentioned A kind of " stratified net-mesh reinforced stone-gabion for slope reinforcement " out, the technology have it is good can greening function.But steel The service life of muscle gabion is limited, and for galvanizing steel gabion technology according to China's national situation, cost is fairly expensive.
On April 14th, 2004, Cheng Weiguo propose a kind of " dust block " that the barricade of the concrete block masonry has preferable mutually embedding Property, the impact of good load can be resisted, but face wall does not have can afforest characteristic.
On December 30th, 2004, Japanese Okamitsu Tachihiko Corp. propose one kind " reinforced earth retaining wall employing anchor slab for slope reinforcement ", but The anchor slab does not have and can afforest characteristic.
On November 12nd, 2005, Mortarless Technologies LLC, U.S. Bu Laien A Jim Press propose a kind of " width Increased retaining wall blocks ".
On November 21st, 2005, the road Ohio, USA W is gloomy;RA MacDonald proposes a kind of " connect with surface The retaining wall block connect ".
On 06 30th, 2006, a kind of " Ecological Retaining Wall afforested " of proposition was mainly used for the greening of execavated rockmass barricade, The safety of structure, durability are good, but slope protection bricklaying trace is up for advanced optimizing.
On September 3rd, 2007, Cheng Weiguo proposes " a kind of planting type soil block ", its main feature is that front end is provided with through top surface It is with bottom surface and recessed along the plant growth hole that block left and right directions extends and L-type side, the recessed spelling in L-type side on the adjacent dust block in upper layer two Connect the integral concave inward structure of structure, under be one small-sized planting hole of building block for greening, but since planting hole size limits, root According to performance, afforestation effect is still not ideal enough.
On 01 25th, 2008, Cheng Weiguo proposed " a kind of wall surface dust block ",
Block side is in " hull " type, and block top surface is in T-shape, is assembled layer by layer by building block, it can be achieved that face wall afforests function Energy.But bulk shape is exquisiter, and concrete block prefabricated construction difficulty is bigger.
Return true proposition " a kind of barricade and its construction method of anti-displacement " on December 25th, 2008.But this antiskid is arranged More application is applied in current engineering, connector durability is key problem in technology, and cost is relatively expensive.
In American-European and Japan, the guard technology for also thering is more supporting and retaining system to combine with greening at present, such as by international monopoly technology Japan " Ji Ao " Ecological Retaining Wall of protection, Italian MACCAFERRI Ecological Retaining Wall, U.S.'s SUREBLOCK ecological block etc.. But Master Cost is relatively high, involves great expense.
It is therefore proposed that a kind of ecological vestige that is economical and effective, can replacing stone-laying barricade completely is to be highly desirable 's.
Summary of the invention
The present invention is to provide a kind of road shoulder earth-retaining earth-retaining structure afforested to overcome above-mentioned defect in the prior art Part and its construction method.
In order to reach the goals above, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is that: the road shoulder soil blocking component that can afforest of one kind, packet Bottom plate and at least two root posts are included, at least two root posts are fixedly connected on bottom plate;If the column is equipped with and is obliquely installed Dry groove, groove is interior to be equipped with compatible grid baffle;Several grid baffles, several grid gears are equipped between the adjacent column Plate is arranged along the short transverse of column;Greening groove is formed between the adjacent grid baffle;It is equipped between the bottom plate and column Counterfort, anchor cable is connected on column, and anchor cable passes through counterfort.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the counterfort is located at column side, and counterfort and grid baffle are positioned at vertical The opposite sides of column.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the counterfort be set square structure, two sides of counterfort respectively with bottom Plate is connected with column, and vertical two-by-two between counterfort, bottom plate and column.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the two neighboring side of groove connection column, groove and column it Between form 30 ° to 45 ° of angle.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the adjacent column is equipped with several binders, and several binders are along column Short transverse is horizontally disposed.
A kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested and its construction method, which comprises the following steps:
Step A: site operation setting-out flattens ground, by structural design drawing requirement binding bottom plate, the reinforcing bar of column and counterfort Cage, reinforcement placing cage carry out one-piece casting, health to bottom plate, column and counterfort respectively;
Step B: multiple tracks reserving hole channel is reserved on column, reserves the through-hole being connected with reserving hole channel on counterfort;
Step C: being arranged binder between adjacent columns, and binder is fixedly connected with column;
Step D: the grid baffle of prefabricated oblique cutting, after bottom plate, column and counterfort reach design strength, layering lifting lattice Grid baffle forms greening groove between the adjacent grid baffle in stem height direction;
Step E: one layer of grid baffle of every installation, the back for carrying out grid baffle in time are banketed, and the depth of fill to grid is kept off When plate highest point, then one layer of grid baffle is installed, successively gone, until completing all grid baffle installations;
Step F: it fills out to plough in greening groove and plants soil, sow careless shrub seeds.As a preferred solution of the present invention, institute It states.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the stem height is consistent with the ground depth of fill, and the height of counterfort Also consistent with stem height.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, 30 ° to 45 ° of angle, lattice are formed between the grid baffle and column The minimum point of grid baffle is close to Roadbed Soil, and the highest point of grid baffle is far from Roadbed Soil.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the column is equipped with anchor cable, and anchor cable passes through reserving hole channel and through-hole.
As a preferred solution of the present invention, the cultivated plant soil in the greening groove is connected with Roadbed Soil.
The invention has the advantages that compared with prior art: the grid placed by bottom plate, column, counterfort and inclination The assembly of the Component compositions such as baffle can be in the Flower-pot structure for forming a succession of open type in slope surface that rises steeply, and every layer of oblique cutting plate is real Continuous and closed earth-retaining function is showed, the wall back soil body can have been prevented to be lost, while placing layer by layer by grid baffle, earth-retaining component Each Flower-pot structure on alien invasion can carry on the back soil body breath with wall and communicate, and have enough filled slopes, native in flowerpot Body moisture and the easy sustainable supplying of nutrient.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is structural schematic diagram of the invention;
Fig. 2 is equal shaft side figures of the invention;
Fig. 3 is the use schematic diagram of embodiment 1;
Fig. 4 is the use schematic diagram of embodiment 2;
Appended drawing reference in figure: road surface structare layer 1, ground 2, Roadbed Soil 3, bottom plate 4, column 5, groove 6, binder 7, greening Slot 8, counterfort 9, through-hole 10, anchor cable 11, reserving hole channel 12, grid baffle 13.
Specific embodiment
It elaborates with reference to the accompanying drawing to the embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in Figs. 1-2, a kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested, including bottom plate 4 and Duo Gen two root posts 5 are at least more Root post 5 is fixedly connected on bottom plate 4, and the quantity of column 5 is designed according to the length of required soil blocking component, all columns 5 Be located along the same line, be fixedly connected between bottom plate 4 and column 5, and securely connected using bolt, the height of column 5 and The height of road surface structare layer 1 is consistent, and counterfort 9, counterfort 9 and bottom plate 4 and the fixed company of column 5 are equipped between bottom plate 4 and column 5 It connects, the setting of counterfort 9 is so that have better stability between bottom plate 4 and column 5.
Column 5 is equipped with the multiple grooves 6 being obliquely installed, and groove 6 is connected with the two neighboring side of column 5, groove 6 30 ° to 45 ° of angle is formed between column 5, multiple grooves 6 are arranged along the short transverse of column 5, the quantity of groove 6 according to Actual needs and angular dimension are designed, and groove 6 is for placing grid baffle 13, and the bottom and side of grid baffle 13 are simultaneously It offsets with column 5, so that having preferable stability between grid baffle 13 and column 5.
Groove 6 is located on the two sides of column 5, and groove 6 has certain depth, the width and grid baffle 13 of groove 6 Consistency of thickness, the distance between confronting grooves 6 of adjacent columns 5 are adapted with the length of grid baffle 13, grid baffle 13 It is layered and is laid with along the short transverse of column 5, groove 6 for placing grid baffle 13, put under gravity by grid baffle 13 It is placed in groove 6, the inclined-plane of grid baffle 13 is realized under the action of column 5 and grid baffle 13 and satisfied the need towards Roadbed Soil 3 Base banket 3 earth-retaining effect.
Tilted-putted grid baffle 13 is equipped in groove 6, grid baffle 13 connects adjacent two root posts 5, along height side To adjacent grid baffle 13 between formed greening groove 8;It is filled with to plough in greening groove 8 and plants soil, it is northern with grid baffle 13 to plough plant soil Roadbed Soil 3 be connected, and have enough filled slopes, soil body moisture and the easy sustainable supplying of nutrient in greening groove 8, So as to ensure moisture and the soil nutrient source of greening groove 8 for a long time, and the soil body in greening groove 8 be not easy to be lost again or by It corrodes.By the greening of greening groove 8, make entire barricade that beautiful landscape be presented.
Embodiment 1
As shown in figure 3, in actual use, the ground 2 of setting soil blocking component needed for being first embedded in bottom plate 4 It is interior, at most root post 5 is fixedly installed on bottom plate 4, counterfort 9 is set between column 5 and bottom plate 4;Counterfort 9, bottom plate 4 and column 5 generally use prefabricated method manufacture, are carried out securely by bolt to bottom plate 4 and column 5, and when bottom plate 4 is concave-convex not in ground 2 When in the case where flat, site operation setting-out flattens ground 2, by structural design drawing requirement binding bottom plate 4, column 5 and counterfort 9 Steel reinforcement cage, reinforcement placing cage carry out one-piece casting, health to bottom plate 4, column 5 and counterfort 9 respectively, so that bottom plate 4 and column 5 It is integrally formed, bottom plate 4 and column 5 have better stability, it is ensured that can also be realized in the case where ground 2 is uneven pair The earth-retaining of Roadbed Soil 3 acts on.
The height and 5 height of column of counterfort 9 are consistent, and the top of column 5 is concordant with road surface structare layer 1, and counterfort 9 is set square Two sides of structure, counterfort 9 are connected with bottom plate 4 and column 5 respectively, and hang down two-by-two between counterfort 9, bottom plate 4 and column 5 Directly, so that having better connectivity and bigger contact area between counterfort 9, bottom plate 4 and column 5.
Groove 6 later between the reserved multiple tracks groove 6 being obliquely installed in the shaft two sides of column 5, adjacent columns 5 is opposite Setting, groove 6 deviate from Roadbed Soil 3, are in 45 ° of angle between groove 6 and column 5, and groove 6 is arranged back to roadbed earth-retaining 3, and Groove 6 is not connected to roadbed earth-retaining 3.
Grid baffle 13 is placed between adjacent columns 5, and greening is formed between the adjacent grid baffle 13 of short transverse Slot 8 bankets inside greening groove 8, and greening groove 8 is connected with the Roadbed Soil 3 at 13 back of grid baffle, adjacent grid baffle 13 Between there are gaps, the width and thickness of grid baffle 13 is configured according to the size of groove 6, so that grid baffle 13 is being put When being placed in groove 6, groove 6 is fitted closely with grid baffle 13, and the grid baffle 13 of different height forms the barricade of soil blocking component.
The grid baffle 13 of prefabricated oblique cutting, after bottom plate 4, column 5 and counterfort 9 reach design strength, layering lifting lattice Grid baffle 13, the formation greening groove 8 between the adjacent grid baffle 13 of 5 short transverse of column, one layer of grid baffle 13 of every installation, The back for carrying out grid baffle 13 in time is banketed, and when the depth of fill to grid 13 highest point of baffle, then installs one layer of grid gear Plate 13, successively goes, and installs until completing all grid baffles 13.
Since grid baffle 13 is connected by placing with groove 6;When being broken or damaging occur in grid baffle 13, can pass through It replaces grid baffle 13 and second consolidation is carried out to soil blocking component, to improve the utilization rate and durability of soil blocking component.
Multiple tracks reserving hole channel 12 is reserved on column 5, is reserved the through-hole 10 being connected with reserving hole channel 12 on counterfort 9, is used It is locked in the anchoring of second consolidation, when grid baffle 13 needs replacing, anchor cable 11 is placed in reserving hole channel 12 and through-hole 10, Anchor cable 11 is located in Roadbed Soil 3, mitigates Roadbed Soil 3 to the pressure of soil blocking component, and improve the stability of soil blocking component, leads to It crosses replacement grid baffle 13 and reinforces soil blocking component again, binder 7, binder 7 and the fixed company of column 5 are set between adjacent columns 5 It connects, the stability between adjacent columns 5 is improved, to improve the overall stability of soil blocking component.
Groove 6 is arranged along the short transverse of column 5, and 13 two sides of grid baffle offset with adjacent columns 5, the same column 5 Adjacent two pieces of grid baffles 13 are placed in two sides, and the length of grid baffle 13 is configured according to the distance between column 5, so that lattice The lighter in weight of grid baffle 13 is easily installed dimension of the grid baffle 13 to the lifting of grid baffle 13 and later period to grid baffle 13 Shield and replacement.
The minimum point of grid baffle 13 is close to Roadbed Soil 3, and the highest point of grid baffle 13 is far from Roadbed Soil 3, grid The inclined direction opening of baffle 13 outwardly, prevents the loss of 3 soil of Roadbed Soil, it is ensured that the stability of road surface structare layer 1.
Embodiment 2
As shown in figure 4, embodiment 2 is on the basis of embodiment 1, when road surface structare layer 1 and 3 height of Roadbed Soil are lower When, when the intensity for the soil blocking component that column 5, bottom plate 4 and grid baffle 13 form meets earth-retaining intensity actually required, do not need Counterfort 9 is added, to reduce the production cost of soil blocking component, while improving the construction efficiency of soil blocking component.
The foregoing description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, as defined herein General Principle can be realized in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention;Therefore, of the invention It is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, and is to fit to and the principles and novel features disclosed herein phase one The widest scope of cause.
Although appended drawing reference in figure is used more herein: road surface structare layer 1, ground 2, Roadbed Soil 3, bottom plate 4 are stood Column 5, groove 6, binder 7, greening groove 8, counterfort 9, through-hole 10, anchor cable 11, reserving hole channel 12, the equal terms of grid baffle 13, but simultaneously A possibility that being not excluded for using other terms;The use of these items is only for be more convenient to describe and explain sheet of the invention Matter;Being construed as any additional limitation is disagreed with spirit of that invention.

Claims (10)

1. the road shoulder soil blocking component that one kind can afforest, which is characterized in that including bottom plate (4) and column (5), column (5) is fixed to be connected It is connected on bottom plate (4);Column (5) side is equipped with several grooves (6) being obliquely installed, and is equipped with and is adapted in groove (6) Grid baffle (13);Several grid baffles (13) are equipped between the adjacent column (5), several grid baffles (13) are along column (5) short transverse, which is layered, to be laid with;Greening groove (8) are formed between the adjacent grid baffle (13);The bottom plate (4) and column (5) counterfort (9) are equipped between, column (5) and counterfort (9) are equipped with the reserving hole channel (10) that can pass through anchor cable (11).
2. the road shoulder soil blocking component that one kind according to claim 1 can afforest, which is characterized in that the counterfort (9) is located at Column (5) side, and counterfort (9) and grid baffle (13) are located at the opposite sides of column (5).
3. the road shoulder soil blocking component that one kind according to claim 2 can afforest, which is characterized in that the counterfort (9) is three Two sides of angle-style or trapezium structure, counterfort (9) are connected with bottom plate (4) and column (5) respectively, and counterfort (9), bottom plate (4) vertical two-by-two between column (5).
4. the road shoulder soil blocking component that one kind according to claim 1 can afforest, which is characterized in that the groove (6) and vertical 30 ° to 45 ° of angle is formed between column (5).
5. the road shoulder soil blocking component that one kind according to claim 1 can afforest, which is characterized in that the adjacent column (5) It is equipped with several binders (7), several binders (7) are horizontally disposed along the short transverse of column.
6. road shoulder soil blocking component and its construction method that one kind can afforest, which comprises the following steps:
Step A: site operation setting-out flattens ground (2), by structural design drawing requirement binding bottom plate (4), column (5) and counterfort (9) steel reinforcement cage, reinforcement placing cage carry out one-piece casting, health to bottom plate (4), column (5) and counterfort (9) respectively;
Step B: reserving multiple tracks reserving hole channel (13) on column (5), reserves on counterfort (9) and to be connected with reserving hole channel (13) Through-hole (10);
Step C: being arranged binder (7) between adjacent columns (5), and binder (7) is fixedly connected with column (5);
Step D: the grid baffle (13) of prefabricated oblique cutting, after bottom plate (4), column (5) and counterfort (9) reach design strength, Layering lifting grid baffle (13) forms greening groove (8) between the adjacent grid baffle (13) of column (5) short transverse;
Step E: one layer of grid baffle (13) of every installation, the back for carrying out grid baffle (13) in time are banketed, the depth of fill to lattice When grid baffle (13) highest point, then one layer of grid baffle (13) is installed, successively gone, until completing all grid baffles (13) Installation;
Step F: it fills out to plough in greening groove (8) and plants soil, sow careless shrub seeds.
7. Study on Reinforced Embankments Using soil blocking component and its construction method that one kind according to claim 6 can afforest, which is characterized in that The column (5) is highly banketed (3) not higher than ground, and the height of counterfort (9) is not higher than column (5) height.
8. road shoulder soil blocking component and its construction method that one kind according to claim 6 can afforest, which is characterized in that described When stem height is not more than 6m, counterfort (9) can be cancelled.
9. road shoulder soil blocking component and its construction method that one kind according to claim 6 can afforest, which is characterized in that described It is reserved on column (5) and can be used for the reserving hole channel (10) that anchor cable (11) passes through.
10. road shoulder soil blocking component and its construction method that one kind according to claim 6 can afforest, which is characterized in that institute The cultivated plant soil stated in greening groove (8) is connected with Roadbed Soil (3).
CN201910171719.4A 2019-03-07 2019-03-07 A kind of road shoulder soil blocking component afforested and its construction method Pending CN109695254A (en)

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CN111206615A (en) * 2020-02-24 2020-05-29 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 Ecological assembly retaining wall and construction method thereof
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CN112458814A (en) * 2020-12-11 2021-03-09 孙萌 Road design roadbed reinforced structure
CN112458814B (en) * 2020-12-11 2022-04-19 孙萌 Road design roadbed reinforced structure
CN114263209A (en) * 2021-12-27 2022-04-01 浙江交工集团股份有限公司 Reusable assembly type greening retaining wall template system and assembly method

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