CN109641531B - 尤其用于车辆的驱动系统和用于加热驱动系统的方法 - Google Patents

尤其用于车辆的驱动系统和用于加热驱动系统的方法 Download PDF

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CN109641531B
CN109641531B CN201780053426.5A CN201780053426A CN109641531B CN 109641531 B CN109641531 B CN 109641531B CN 201780053426 A CN201780053426 A CN 201780053426A CN 109641531 B CN109641531 B CN 109641531B
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inverter
switch
fuel cell
secondary battery
cell unit
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CN109641531A (zh
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K·博伊利希
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/75—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells using propulsion power supplied by both fuel cells and batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/30—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells
    • B60L58/31—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for monitoring or controlling fuel cells for starting of fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L58/00—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles
    • B60L58/40—Methods or circuit arrangements for monitoring or controlling batteries or fuel cells, specially adapted for electric vehicles for controlling a combination of batteries and fuel cells
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/53—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/537—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters
    • H02M7/5387—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration
    • H02M7/53871—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only, e.g. single switched pulse inverters in a bridge configuration with automatic control of output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
    • H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
    • H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
    • H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
    • H02P29/00—Arrangements for regulating or controlling electric motors, appropriate for both AC and DC motors
    • H02P29/60—Controlling or determining the temperature of the motor or of the drive
    • H02P29/68—Controlling or determining the temperature of the motor or of the drive based on the temperature of a drive component or a semiconductor component
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/40—DC to AC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2200/00—Type of vehicle
    • B60Y2200/90—Vehicles comprising electric prime movers
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    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
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    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
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    • B60Y2400/112—Batteries
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
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    • B60Y2400/20—Energy converters
    • B60Y2400/202—Fuel cells
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60Y2400/604—AC Machines, e.g. asynchronous motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60Y2400/00—Special features of vehicle units
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种尤其用于车辆的驱动系统(10)，所述驱动系统包括用于产生电能的燃料电池单元(12)、用于存储电能的二次电池(14)、具有绕组(21，22，23)的电机(20)以及用于操控所述电机(20)的逆变器(30)。在此，所述逆变器(30)构造为三电平逆变器并且具有多个电子开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)和二极管(D1，D2，D3，D4，D5，D6，X1，X2，X3，X4，X5，X6，X7，X8，X9，X10，X12)以及一个正极(37)、一个负极(35)和一个中性极(36)，其中，所述燃料电池单元(12)与所述二次电池(14)串联连接并且所述燃料电池单元和所述二次电池与所述逆变器(30)的这些极(35，36，37)连接。本发明也涉及一种用于加热根据本发明的驱动系统(10)的方法，其中，如此操控所述逆变器(30)的开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)，使得在所述逆变器(30)的以下极(35，36，37)之间产生短路类型的电流路径：所述燃料电池单元(12)与所述极连接。

Description

尤其用于车辆的驱动系统和用于加热驱动系统的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种尤其用于车辆的驱动系统，该驱动系统包括用于产生电能的燃料电池单元、用于存储电能的二次电池、具有绕组的电机以及用于操控电机的逆变器。此外，本发明涉及一种用于加热根据本发明的驱动系统的方法。
背景技术
显示未来尤其在车辆(例如混动车辆或电动车辆)中将会越来越多地使用将新的储能技术与电驱动技术相结合的电子系统。为了将交流电供给到电机中，可以通过逆变器(也称为换流器，Invertor)将来自电池的直流电压变换成三相交流电压。
为车辆的电驱动系统产生电能的一种可能性是燃料电池。在此，燃料电池车辆通常附加地配备有用于存储电能的二次电池，以便例如为驱动暂时提高功率或能够实现回收制动能量。
由DE 10 2012 222 343 A1已知一种用于车辆的根据类别的驱动系统。该驱动系统包括用于产生电能的燃料电池单元、用于存储电能的二次电池、电机以及用于操控电机的逆变器。
车用的燃料电池尤其可以在低温的、尤其明显低于冰点的周围环境中开始运行。为了避免损坏燃料电池，已知在燃料电池的正常运行前设置加热阶段。在该加热阶段中，燃料电池装置的效率通常会下降，以便提高燃料电池的余热产生。
由DE 10 2012 218 584 A1已知一种燃料电池装置以及一种用于加热燃料电池装置的方法。在此，在燃料电池装置的接通部之间设置有可接入的电阻。如果接入该电阻器，那么产生用于加热燃料电池装置的热量。
由DE 10 2007 026 003 A1已知一种燃料电池系统以及一种用于冷启动燃料电池系统的方法。在此，在冷启动燃料电池系统的情况下接入电负载并且同时调整反应物输送。
由DE 600 05 836 T2已知一种用于在正常的运行温度以下启动固体聚合物电解质燃料电池的方法。在此，在启动时间段期间减少反应物的输送。
在DE 10 2008 029 155 A1中公开一种具有流动通道的燃料电池装置，该燃料电池装置具有用于加热的附加装置。这种用于加热的装置例如可以是红外加热设备或加热元件。
用于由直流电压产生三相交流电压的逆变器对于本领域技术人员是已知的。由《2014IEEE，Print ISBN：978-3-8007-3603-4》以及《SIMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OFTWO-LEVEL AND THREE-LEVEL INVERTERS BY MATLAB AND RT-LAB，俄亥俄州立大学2011》已知三电平逆变器(3-Level-Inverter)，其具有多个电子开关和二极管以及一个正极、一个负极和一个中性极。
发明内容
提出一种尤其用于车辆的驱动系统。该驱动系统包括用于产生电能的燃料电池单元、用于存储电能的二次电池、具有绕组的电机以及用于操控电机的逆变器。逆变器尤其具有三个相输出端并且电机具有三个绕组。相输出端与电机的绕组连接。
根据本发明，逆变器构造为三电平逆变器并且具有多个电子开关和二极管以及一个正极、一个负极和一个中性极。在此，燃料电池单元与二次电池串联连接，并且燃料电池单元和二次电池与逆变器的极连接。燃料电池单元例如与负极和中性极连接并且二次电池与中性极和正极连接。替代地，二次电池与负极和中性极连接，并且燃料电池单元与中性极和正极连接。
有利地，燃料电池单元和二次电池与逆变器的极如此连接，使得在正极处的电位高于在中性极处的电位并且在负极处的电位低于在中性极处的电位。燃料电池单元或二次电池的负端子例如与负极连接，并且燃料电池单元或二次电池的正端子与中性极连接。同样地，燃料电池单元或二次电池的负端子与中性极连接，并且燃料电池单元或二次电池的正端子与正极连接。
有利地，与逆变器的开关并联地分别连接有续流二极管。优选地，在逆变器的开关与逆变器的中性极之间设置有箝位二极管。
也提出一种用于加热根据本发明的电驱动系统的方法。在此，根据本发明如此操控逆变器的开关，使得在逆变器的以下极之间产生短路类型的电流路径：燃料电池单元与所述极连接。因此，在燃料电池单元的正端子与负端子之间产生短路类型的电流路径。由此，相对大的电流流过燃料电池单元和逆变器。由此产生热量并且加热驱动系统、尤其燃料电池单元。
根据本发明的一种有利的设计方案，如此操控逆变器的开关，使得仅逆变器的二极管和开关处在短路类型的电流路径中。
根据本发明的一种有利的扩展方案，在此如此操控逆变器的开关，使得周期性地产生和消除短路类型的电流路径。可以借助脉冲宽度调制(PWM)控制平均电流强度。
根据本发明的另一有利的设计方案，如此操控逆变器的开关，使得电机的至少一个绕组处在短路类型的电流路径中。通过电机的绕组的阻抗限界电流强度。
根据本发明一种有利的扩展方案，在此如此操控逆变器的开关，使得周期性地产生和消除短路类型的电流路径。一方面可以借助脉冲宽度调制(PWM)控制平均电流强度。附加地，在消除短路类型的电流路径的情况下在电机的绕组中产生感应电压。
特别优选地，与每个开关分别并联地如此连接有续流二极管，使得通过消除短路类型的电流路径在电机的绕组中产生的感应电压产生电流，该电流经由至少一个续流二极管流至二次电池。通过所述的电流给二次电池充电。
根据本发明的驱动系统以及根据本发明的方法有利地应用在燃料电池车辆(英语Fuel Cell Vehicle，FCV)中。
本发明的优点
根据本发明的驱动系统以及根据本发明的方法允许相对精确地控制驱动系统的、尤其燃料电池单元的加热阶段。在此，可以借助脉冲宽度调制有针对性地调节平均电流强度。也不需要附加的电路元件，例如负载电阻。在驱动系统本身中存在用于加热驱动系统所需的所有电路元件。
附图说明
根据附图和以下描述进一步阐述本发明的实施方式。附图示出：
图1示出驱动系统的示意图；并且
图2示出图1中的驱动系统的用于给二次电池充电的等效电路。
具体实施方式
在本发明的实施方式的以下描述中，相同的附图标记表示相同或相似的元件，其中，在一些单个情况下省去对这些元件的重复描述。附图仅示意性地表示本发明的主题。
在图1中示意性地示出驱动系统10。驱动系统10包括用于产生电能的燃料电池单元12和用于存储电能的二次电池14。燃料电池单元12以及二次电池14分别具有多个串联连接的电池。与燃料电池单元12并联连接有第一电容器16。与二次电池14并联连接有第二电容器18。
此外，驱动系统10包括电机20，该电机具有第一绕组21、第二绕组22和第三绕组23。在此，绕组21、22、23以星形电路连接并且与星形结点25连接。绕组21、22、23也可以以三角形电路连接。
驱动系统10也包括用于操控电机20的逆变器30。在此，逆变器30具有与第一绕组21连接的第一相输出端31、与第二绕组22连接的第二相输出端32和与第三绕组23连接的第三相输出端33。
此外，逆变器30包括负极35、中性极36和正极37。在此，燃料电池单元12的负端子与负极35连接，并且燃料电池单元12的正端子与中性极36连接。此外，二次电池14的负端子与中性极36连接，并且二次电池14的正端子与正极37连接。因此，燃料电池单元12与二次电池14也串联连接。
第一箝位二极管D1设置在中性极36与第一节点41之间。第二箝位二极管D2设置在中性极36与第二节点42之间。第三箝位二极管D3设置在中性极36与第三节点43之间。第四箝位二极管D4设置在中性极36与第四节点44之间。第五箝位二极管D5设置在中性极36与第五节点45之间。第六箝位二极管D6设置在中性极36与第六节点46之间。
在正极37与第一节点41之间布置有第一开关S1。在第一相输出端31与第一节点41之间布置有第二开关S2。在第一相输出端31与第二节点42之间布置有第三开关S3。在负极35与第二节点42之间布置有第四开关S4。
在正极37与第三节点43之间布置有第五开关S5。在第二相输出端32与第三节点43之间布置有第六开关S6。在第二相输出端32与第四节点44之间布置有第七开关S7。在负极35与第四节点44之间布置有第八开关S8。
在正极37与第五节点45之间布置有第九开关S9。在第三相输出端33与第五节点45之间布置有第十开关S10。在第三相输出端33与第六节点46之间布置有第十一开关S11。在负极35与第六节点46之间布置有第十二开关S12。
逆变器的开关S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、S6、S7、S8、S9、S10、S12涉及可以由未示出的操控单元操控的电子开关。优选地，所述开关S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、S6、S7、S8、S9、S10、S12实施为双极晶体管或具有绝缘的栅电极的双极晶体管(英语insulated gate bipolar transistor，IGBT，绝缘栅双极型晶体管)。
与第一开关S1并联连接有第一续流二极管X1。与第二开关S2并联连接有第二续流二极管X2。与第三开关S3并联连接有第三续流二极管X3。与第四开关S4并联连接有第四续流二极管X4。与第五开关S5并联连接有第五续流二极管X5。与第六开关S6并联连接有第六续流二极管X6。与第七开关S7并联连接有第七续流二极管X7。与第八开关S8并联连接有第八续流二极管X8。与第九开关S9并联连接有第九续流二极管X9。与第十开关S10并联连接有第十续流二极管X10。与第十一开关S11并联连接有第十一续流二极管X11。与第十二开关S12并联连接有第十二续流二极管X12。
为了加热驱动系统10，例如可以闭合第二开关S2、第三开关S3和第四开关S4。由此产生从中性极36经由第一箝位二极管D1、第二开关S2、第三开关S3和第四开关S4至负极35的短路类型的电流路径。在此，燃料电池单元12提供通过所产生的短路类型的电流路径的电流。
在此，例如可以以10kHz的频率周期性地闭合和打开第二开关S2、第三开关S3和第四开关S4，由此周期性地产生和消除短路类型的电流路径。在此，借助脉冲宽度调制(PWM)可以控制燃料电池单元12中的平均电流强度。
当例如闭合第六开关S6、第七开关S7和第八开关S8时，产生类似的短路类型的电流路径。当第十开关S10、第十一开关S11和第十二开关S12闭合时，也产生类似的短路类型的电流路径。
此外可设想，同时闭合第二开关S2、第三开关S3、第四开关S4、第六开关S6、第七开关S7、第八开关S8、第十开关S10、第十一开关S11和第十二开关S12。由此，产生从中性极36至负极35的三个并联运行的短路类型的电流路径。在此，燃料电池单元12提供通过所产生的短路类型的电流路径的电流。
为了加热驱动系统10，例如也可以闭合第二开关S2、第七开关S7和第八开关S8。由此产生从中性极36经由第一箝位二极管D1、第二开关S2、第一绕组21、第二绕组22、第七开关S7和第八开关S8至负极35的短路类型的电流路径。在这种情况下，第一绕组21和第二绕组22的阻抗限界燃料电池单元12通过所产生的短路类型的电流路径提供的电流的电流强度。
当替代第二开关S2例如闭合第六开关S6或第十开关S10时，并且当替代第七开关S7和第八开关S8闭合第十一开关S11和第十二开关S12或第三开关S3和第四开关S4时，产生类似的短路类型的电流路径。通过相应地选择要闭合的开关分别产生从中性极36至负极35的短路类型的电流路径，电机20的绕组21、22、23中的两个处于该电流路径中。如果绕组21、22、23以三角形电路连接，那么绕组21、22、23中的仅一个分别处在短路类型的电流路径中。
为了加热驱动系统10，第二开关S2例如也可以持续地保持闭合，并且周期性地闭合和打开第七开关S7和第八开关S8。由此，周期性地产生从中性极36经由第一箝位二极管D1、第二开关S2、第一绕组21、第二绕组22、第七开关S7和第八开关S8至负极35的短路类型的电流路径，并且又周期性地消除所述电流路径。
在消除所述的短路类型的电流路径的情况下，在第一绕组21中以及在第二绕组22中产生感应电压。所述感应电压产生电流，该电流经由第六续流二极管X6和第五续流二极管X5流至二次电池14。通过所述电流对二次电池14进行充电。
替代第二开关S2，第六开关S6或第十开关S10也可以保持闭合。通过相应地选择要闭合的开关分别产生从中性极36至负极35的短路类型的电流路径，电机20的绕组21、22、23中的两个处在该电流路径中。
替代第七开关S7和第八开关S8，例如可以周期性地闭合和打开第十一开关S11和第十二开关S12。在这种情况下，通过感应电压产生的电流经由第十续流二极管X10和第九续流二极管X9流至二次电池14。
替代第七开关S7和第八开关S8，例如也可以周期性地闭合和打开第三开关S3和第四开关S4。在这种情况下，通过感应电压产生的电流经由第二续流二极管X2和第一续流二极管X1流至二次电池14。
在图2中示出图1中的驱动系统10的用于给二次电池14充电的简化的等效电路。在此，未示出对于二次电池14的充电功能不重要的电路元件。通过相应的操控，驱动系统10在二次电池14充电时如升压斩波器或升压转换器那样地起作用。
如在图1中已经示出的那样，燃料电池单元12与二次电池14串联连接。燃料电池单元12的负端子与负极35连接，并且燃料电池单元12的正端子与中性极36连接。二次电池14的负端子与中性极36连接，并且二次电池14的正端子与正极37连接。
在中性极36与等效相输出端34之间布置有等效电感LX。在此，等效电感LX根据所选择的开关的情况等于第一绕组21和第二绕组22、或第二绕组22和第三绕组23、或第三绕组23和第一绕组21的电感的总和。等效相输出端34根据所选择的开关的情况相应于第一相输出端31、第二相输出端32或第三相输出端33。
在等效相输出端34与负极35之间设置有等效开关SX。等效开关SX根据所选择的开关的情况等于第七开关S7和第八开关S8、或第十一开关S11和第十二开关S12、或第三开关S3和第四开关S4。
在等效相输出端34与正极37之间设置有等效续流二极管XX。等效续流二极管XX根据所选择的开关的情况等于第六续流二极管X6和第五续流二极管X5、或第十续流二极管X10和第九续流二极管X9、或第二续流二极管X2和第一续流二极管X1。
本发明不局限于在此描述的实施例和在所述实施例中突出的方面。更确切地说，在通过权利要求说明的范围内能够实现在本领域技术人员的常规手段的范畴内的多种变型方案。

Claims (7)

1.一种用于加热驱动系统(10)的方法，所述驱动系统包括用于产生电能的燃料电池单元(12)、用于存储电能的二次电池(14)、具有绕组(21，22，23)的电机(20)以及用于操控所述电机(20)的逆变器(30)，所述逆变器(30)构造为三电平逆变器，并且设置有多个电子开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)和二极管(D1，D2，D3，D4，D5，D6，X1，X2，X3，X4，X5，X6，X7，X8，X9，X10，X12)以及一个正极(37)、一个负极(35)和一个中性极(36)，其中，所述燃料电池单元(12)与所述二次电池(14)串联连接，并且所述燃料电池单元和所述二次电池与所述逆变器(30)的这些极(35，36，37)连接，其特征在于，如此操控所述逆变器(30)的开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)，使得在所述逆变器(30)的与所述燃料电池单元(12)连接的极(35，36，37)之间产生短路类型的电流路径，其中，如此操控所述逆变器(30)的所述开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)，使得所述电机(20)的至少一个绕组(21，22，23)处在所述短路类型的电流路径中，其中，如此操控所述逆变器(30)的所述开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)，使得周期性地产生和消除所述短路类型的电流路径。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，将所述燃料电池单元(12)和所述二次电池(14)与所述逆变器(30)的所述极(35，36，37)如此连接，使得在所述正极(37)处的电位高于在所述中性极(36)处的电位，并且在所述负极(35)处的电位低于在所述中性极(36)处的电位。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，将续流二极管(X1，X2，X3，X4，X5，X6，X7，X8，X9，X10，X12)分别与所述开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)并联地连接，并且在所述开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)与所述中性极(36)之间设置有箝位二极管(D1，D2，D3，D4，D5，D6)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，如此操控所述逆变器(30)的所述开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)，使得仅所述逆变器(30)的二极管(D1，D2，D3，D4，D5，D6，X1，X2，X3，X4，X5，X6，X7，X8，X9，X10，X12)和开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)处在所述短路类型的电流路径中。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，与每个开关(S1，S2，S3，S4，S5，S6，S7，S8，S9，S10，S12)并联地分别如此连接有续流二极管(X1，X2，X3，X4，X5，X6，X7，X8，X9，X10，X12)，使得通过消除所述短路类型的电流路径在所述电机(20)的绕组(21，22，23)中产生的感应电压产生电流，所述电流经由至少一个续流二极管(X1，X2，X3，X4，X5，X6，X7，X8，X9，X10，X12)流至所述二次电池(14)。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，所述驱动系统(10)应用于车辆。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法的应用，用在燃料电池车辆(FCV)中。
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JP6872602B2 (ja) 2021-05-19
US10632859B2 (en) 2020-04-28
DE102016216324A1 (de) 2018-03-01
KR102412845B1 (ko) 2022-06-24
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US20190193581A1 (en) 2019-06-27

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