CN109601046A - 矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法 - Google Patents
矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，第一步，在矿渣粉碎时加入0.1％‑5％的腐植酸物质，制取小于0.5mm的人造土；第二步，按照载体菌肥与人造土1:20‑300的混合比例添加半焦菌肥或炉渣菌肥，制取人造土壤；第三步，在矿渣山表面先覆盖100‑2000mm的人造土层并压实，再覆盖100‑300mm的人造土壤层，然后种植花草树木，精心养护形成绿化覆盖层。
Description
1.技术领域
本发明提供的矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，涉及矿渣山治理，尤其涉及煤矸石山的治理与绿化处理。
2.背景技术
煤矿和选煤厂的剥离矸石、煤巷矸石、岩巷矸石、手选矸石、选煤厂尾矿等排放量约占煤炭总产量的10％～20％，随着采煤技术的发展，矸石产率将随着增加。目前中国矸石年排量1亿t以上，而综合利用率不到20％，现已堆存矸石14.77亿t形成矸石山，占地面积达1.33万ha，其自燃、爆喷、滑坡及矸石山的淋溶水均对矿区环境产生污染。在矸石山表面铺土、压实，隔绝空气进路，使矸石山内部空气消耗殆尽后熄灭，是防止自燃的有效方法。表面密封和压实法可以降低燃烧强度和污染物排放速率，主要用于控制矸石山火势和污染强度，需要及时维护。国内采用分层堆放矸石、分层压实的方法预防矸石山自燃取得了较好的效果，但目前通过外购土壤修复治理，运输成本高，优质土壤采土费用和难度较大，且绿化复垦效果较差、水土流失较为严重。另外雨水对矸石细粒的冲刷会形成大量的淤泥，污染水体；其中的硫氧化后与淋溶水形成酸，又将矸石中其它的有毒有害元素溶出，污染周围土壤及水体，排出的酸性水和溶出的铁及其它金属离子可使生物窒息、河水硬化、缩小动植物的繁殖区域，污染水源会带来严重后果。
例如神华宁煤集团，年消耗煤炭约3700万吨，副产气化炉渣和灰渣约480万吨(干渣)，但因宁夏区域经济欠发达、基本建设规模小等原因，地区建材用量少，长距离运输不划算，大量堆存的气化炉渣不得不进行付费填埋处理。一方面环保效益差，需要支付约2.3亿元的巨额填埋费，企业负担沉重；另一方面因雨水淋滤(淋溶和渗透)，炉渣中的有害元素溶出，渗入土壤，被植物吸收，可能会造成地表及地下水污染和影响人体健康。因此，亟需开展气化炉渣和灰渣综合利用技术研究，解决气化炉渣和灰渣的大规模资源化利用难题，成为神华宁煤集团实现环保效益和经济效益兼得的关键所在，对占固体废物重要比例煤的气化灰渣进行综合利用是整个煤化工项目实现循环经济的重要因素。
其他矿产资源在开采和分选过程也产生大量的矿渣，直接堆存于堆土场或放在尾矿库，使土地资源大量被占用，使土地资源不能得到有效利用。同时矿渣、尾矿泥沙裸露厂造成粉尘飞扬，给矿山及周围居民的生产生活带来极大的不便，造成生存环境质量的下降。矿渣堆于排土场内，在其前缘呈现高陡边坡，遇到暴雨极易造成边坡失稳，产生崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害，并为泥石流的形成提供物源。另外雨水淋洗液也产生了重金属离子的污染。
腐植酸作为腐殖质的主要组成部分，化学结构复杂，是一个复杂的含有羧基、酚基、酮基、酚羟基等活性官能团的混合物，是土壤有机质的最重要组分，是土壤团粒结构最重要的胶结剂。分子量较低的黄腐酸具有增容、解吸的作用，有利于重金属的活化，提高富集植物对各种重金属的吸收；大分子量的棕腐酸和黑腐酸具有离子交换、螯合、吸附的作用，有利于重金属吸附、还原、钝化和固定，降低重金属的迁移性。多年研究和实践证明，腐植酸具有改良土壤、增效肥料、刺激作物和微生物生长、提高作物抗逆性、提高作物产量和品质等作用，是来源广泛、价格低廉、生态环境相容性好的土壤改良修复绿色新材料和增效肥料节水保水新材料，用于生态修复治理不会造成肥力退化、破坏土壤结构和带来二次污染，成为近年来环境修复材料研究的热点。
3.发明内容
本发明的目的是为了克服现有矿渣山治理与绿化复垦技术的不足而发明的一种矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，利用腐植酸钝化吸附、还原、螯合钝化和固定矿渣中的Cr、As、Cd、Ni、Pb、Ba、Hg、Co、Se、Ag、Be等有害重金属元素和团粒化，实现矿渣脱毒，生产人造土；利用人造土与载体菌肥配合，持续生产活性腐植酸，实现输血型和造血型相结合，形成优质人造土壤；采用矿渣山分层分质覆盖，压实土层防止自燃，人造土壤的耕作层确保重金属离子的永久还原与络合固定、保墒保水保肥，提高绿化复垦的成活率与成长，有效防止水土流失与滑坡。
本发明的技术方案：
矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，第一步，在矿渣粉碎时加入0.1％-5％的腐植酸物质，制取小于0.5mm的人造土；第二步，按照载体菌肥与人造土1:20-300的混合比例添加半焦菌肥或炉渣菌肥，制取人造土壤；第三步，在矿渣山表面先覆盖100-2000mm的人造土层并压实，再覆盖100-300mm的人造土壤层，然后种植花草树木，精心养护形成绿化覆盖。
其中，腐植酸物质为腐植酸、腐植酸钾、腐植酸钠或生物质热解油等中的一种或多种，其中生物质热解油为农林废弃物快速热解液体产品或气化过程生成的生物油；
粉碎机为球磨机、圆锥破碎机、齿辊式破碎机、反击式破碎机，冲击式破碎机、锤式破碎机、旋回式破碎机、复合式破碎机、液压破碎机、深腔破碎机、辊式破碎机、西蒙斯圆锥破碎机、液压圆锥破碎机、颚式破碎机等中的一种；
载体菌肥是将3％-20％微生物菌肥均匀负载在生物半焦粉或气化炉渣上，低温干燥或晾干，形成半焦菌肥或炉渣菌肥；微生物菌肥为芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、米曲霉菌、根瘤菌、自生固氮菌、磷细菌、及活性酶、蛋白酶、植物激酶等中的一种或多种。
按照上述方案进行实施、试验，证明本发明矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法合理、操作简便安全，生产成本低，质量好，效率高，实现重金属的原位还原、络合固定和永久包裹阻断，杜绝二次污染和治理反弹，防止了自燃、水土流失和滑坡，提高了绿化覆盖成活率和生长，改善自然环境，修复快，效果好，修复后的退化土壤能够正常种树养花、种植各种农作物，透气性、保墒保肥性能良好，治理费用低，适用范围广泛，提高了经济社会效益，很好地达到了预定目的。
本发明将结合实施例来详细叙述本发明的特点。
4.具体实施方式
实施例，第一步，在矿渣加入圆锥破碎机的粉碎同时，加入0.1％-5％的腐植酸物质和少量的水，粉碎制取小于0.5mm的人造土颗粒，消除粉尘，利用腐植酸进行重金属的原位还原、钝化和固化，在矿渣粉碎的同时强化与腐植酸钠混合，形成大于0.25mm的水稳性团粒体；由于粉碎产生的新鲜界面上重金属与腐植酸钠充分接触，强化原位还原和络合固定反应。
第二步，按照半焦菌肥与人造土1:20-300的混合比例添加半焦菌肥或炉渣菌肥，混合均匀，载体菌肥持续生产活性腐植酸，实现输血型和造血型相结合，确保水稳性团粒体比例不减少，制取优质人造土壤，；
第三步，在矿渣山表面先覆盖100-2000mm的人造土层并压实，隔绝空气，防止自燃；再覆盖100-300mm的优质人造土壤层，耕作层确保重金属离子的永久还原与络合固定、保墒保水保肥；然后种植花草树木，提高绿化复垦的成活率与成长，有效防止水土流失与滑坡，精心养护形成绿化覆盖。矿渣山分层分质覆盖，降低了治理和绿化复垦成本，确保治理效果。
Claims (4)
1.矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，其特征是第一步，在矿渣粉碎时加入0.1％-5％的腐植酸物质，制取小于0.5mm的人造土；第二步，按照载体菌肥与人造土1:20-300的混合比例添加半焦菌肥或炉渣菌肥，制取人造土壤；第三步，在矿渣山表面先覆盖100-2000mm的人造土层并压实，再覆盖100-300mm的人造土壤层，然后种植花草树木，精心养护形成绿化覆盖。
2.根据权利要求1所述的矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，其特征在于腐植酸物质为腐植酸、腐植酸钾、腐植酸钠或生物质热解油等中的一种或多种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，其特征在于粉碎机为球磨机、圆锥破碎机、齿辊式破碎机、反击式破碎机，冲击式破碎机、锤式破碎机、旋回式破碎机、复合式破碎机、液压破碎机、深腔破碎机、辊式破碎机、西蒙斯圆锥破碎机、液压圆锥破碎机、颚式破碎机等中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的矿渣山腐植酸修复与绿化方法，其特征在于载体菌肥是将3％-20％微生物菌肥均匀负载在生物半焦粉或气化炉渣上，低温干燥或晾干，形成半焦菌肥或炉渣菌肥；微生物菌肥为芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母、米曲霉菌、根瘤菌、自生固氮菌、磷细菌、及活性酶、蛋白酶、植物激酶等中的一种或多种。
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