CN109554349A - Pd-1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞 - Google Patents
Pd-1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种PD‑1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞。具体地,本发明涉及一种表达靶向肿瘤细胞标志物的CAR或外源TCR和靶向PD‑L1的融合蛋白,且PD‑1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞。实验表明,本发明的工程化免疫细胞,不受PD‑1信号通路的免疫抑制作用,通过靶向PD‑L1的融合蛋白协同激活免疫细胞,三者协同作用,免疫细胞活性更高,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果显著性增强,能同时杀伤表达CAR和/或外源TCR靶向的抗原的肿瘤细胞和表达PD‑L1的肿瘤细胞,防止肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,不易脱靶和复发。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于基因工程和免疫细胞治疗领域,涉及一种PD-1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞。
背景技术
细胞免疫治疗是一种新兴的、具有显著疗效的肿瘤治疗模式,是一种自身免疫抗癌的新型治疗方法。它是运用生物技术和生物制剂对从病人体内采集的免疫细胞进行体外培养和扩增后回输到病人体内的方法,来激发、增强机体自身免疫功能,从而达到治疗肿瘤的目的。
近年来,嵌合抗原受体基因修饰T(CAR-T)细胞作为“活的药物”在血液肿瘤治疗中取得了令人振奋的效果,成为肿瘤治疗新的发展方向。CAR的设计经历了以下过程:第一代CAR只有一个胞内信号组份CD3ζ或者FcγRI分子,由于胞内只有一个活化结构域,因此它只能引起短暂的T细胞增殖和较少的细胞因子分泌,而并不能提供长时间的T细胞增殖信号和持续的体内抗肿瘤效应,所以并没有取得很好地临床疗效。第二代CAR在原有结构基础上引入一个共刺激分子,如CD28、4-1BB、OX40、ICOS,与一代CAR相比功能有很大提高,进一步加强CAR-T细胞的持续性和对肿瘤细胞的杀伤能力。在二代CAR基础上串联一些新的免疫共刺激分子如CD27、CD134,发展成为三代和四代CAR。现在血液肿瘤的临床试验中应用最多的是第二代CAR。
CAR-T细胞在血液系统恶性肿瘤的治疗中显示出前所未有的疗效,如对晚期复发难治性急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)治疗的完全缓解(CR)可达到90%,对慢性淋巴细白血病(CLL)和部分B细胞淋巴瘤的CR达到50%以上。虽然CAR-T在治疗白血病和淋巴瘤上潜力很大,但在治疗很多实体瘤和一些血液瘤上效果欠佳。目前CAR-T细胞疗法在血液肿瘤的治疗过程中尚存在脱靶效应、毒副作用、体内持续时间短、复发率高等问题。CAR-T细胞在治疗实体瘤方面,其安全性和有效性述已得到证实,但疗效还有待提高。
血液瘤和实体瘤抑制T细胞功能的一个机制是通过免疫抑制微环境、肿瘤细胞和周围组织表达抑制性PD-1配体(PD-L1)。有研究表明,在小鼠上用抗体阻断PD-1后,CAR-T细胞功能得到增强。目前已成功开发出针对PD-1的治疗抗体,阻断肿瘤细胞对T细胞激活的抑制,使T细胞持续对肿瘤细胞进行杀伤,PD-1治疗抗体已经表现出对多种肿瘤强大的抗癌免疫反应。临床研究结果显示使用PD-1单抗的I期临床研究在非小细胞肺癌、肾细胞癌、恶性黑色素瘤患者中治疗有效率分别为18%、28%和27%。肿瘤缓解持续时间较长,20例患者的缓解持续时间超过1年,并且表达PD-L1的肿瘤患者更易于从PD-1单抗治疗中获益。PD-1抗体可以提高CAR-T细胞功能,但是注射抗体后全身阻断PD-1,增强了自体反应T细胞的激活,干扰体内正常T细胞,导致机体出现相关毒性,并且抗体的作用只是短暂的,停药后抗体阻断效果就会消失,有效抗体研发困难,抗体药物昂贵。
综上所述,本领域仍然需要进一步的研究,开发一种能更有效、特异性好、副作用小地治疗血液肿瘤和实体瘤的工程化免疫细胞。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种能更有效、特异性好、副作用小地治疗血液肿瘤和实体瘤的工程化免疫细胞(如CAR-T细胞)。
本发明涉及一种PD-1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞(如CAR-T细胞)及其制法和应用。
本发明的第一方面,提供了一种工程化的免疫细胞,所述工程化的免疫细胞为T细胞或NK细胞,并且所述的免疫细胞细胞具有以下特征:
(a)所述免疫细胞表达嵌合抗原受体CAR或外源TCR,所述CAR靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物,所述外源TCR靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物;
(b)所述免疫细胞表达靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白,所述融合蛋白具有(i)位于胞外的靶向PD-L1的胞外结合元件;(ii)跨膜元件;和(iii)位于胞内的、当胞外结合元件结合于PD-L1时激活所述免疫细胞的胞内元件;和
(c)所述免疫细胞中的PD-1基因表达是被沉默的。
在另一优选例中,所述的工程化的免疫细胞选自下组:
(i)嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T细胞);
(ii)嵌合抗原受体NK细胞(CAR-NK细胞);或
(iii)外源T细胞受体(TCR)T细胞(TCR-T细胞)。
在另一优选例中,提供了一种嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T细胞),所述CAR-T细胞具有以下特征:
(a)所述细胞表达嵌合抗原受体CAR,所述CAR靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物;
(b)所述细胞表达靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白,所述融合蛋白具有(i)位于胞外的靶向PD-L1的胞外结合元件;(ii)跨膜元件;和(iii)位于胞内的、当胞外结合元件结合于PD-L1时激活所述CAR-T细胞的胞内元件;和
(c)所述细胞中的PD-1基因表达是被沉默的。
在另一优选例中,所述的嵌合抗原受体CAR和所述的融合蛋白定位于所述CAR-T细胞的细胞膜。
在另一优选例中,所述的胞外结合元件来自PD-1蛋白。
在另一优选例中,所述的胞外结合元件来自靶向PD-L1的scFv。
在另一优选例中,所述的融合蛋白为含PD-1蛋白片段或靶向PD-L1的scFv的chPD-1,其中,所述chPD-1为靶向PD-L1配体并促进所述CAR-T细胞激活的结构。
在另一优选例中,所述“PD-1基因表达是被沉默的”指PD-1基因不表达或低表达。
在另一优选例中,所述“低表达”指所述免疫细胞PD-1基因的表达量G1与正常免疫细胞PD-1基因的表达量G0的比值,即G1/G0≤0.5,较佳地G1/G0≤0.3,更佳地≤0.2,更佳地≤0.1,最佳地为0。
在另一优选例中,所述“低表达”指所述CAR-T细胞PD-1基因的表达量G1与正常T细胞PD-1基因的表达量G0的比值,即G1/G0≤0.5,较佳地G1/G0≤0.3,更佳地≤0.2,更佳地≤0.1,最佳地为0。
在另一优选例中,所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的结构如式I所示:
L1-P-H1-TM1-C1-CD3ζ (I)
其中,
L1为无或信号肽序列;
P为PD-1胞外段或靶向PD-L1的scFv;
H1为无或铰链区;
TM1为跨膜结构域;
C1为共刺激信号分子;
CD3ζ为源于CD3ζ的胞浆信号传导序列;
所述“-”为连接肽或肽键。
在另一优选例中,所述L1选自下组的蛋白的信号肽:CD8、GM-CSF、CD4、CD137、或其组合。优选地,所述L1为CD8来源的信号肽。
在另一优选例中,所述P为PD-1胞外段。优选地,所述P的序列如SEQ ID NO.:10、11或12中第22-171位所示。
在另一优选例中,所述H1选自下组的蛋白的铰链区:CD8、CD28、CD137、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述TM1选自下组的蛋白的跨膜区:CD8、CD28、或其组合。优选地,所述TM1为CD8来源的跨膜区。
在另一优选例中,所述C1选自下组的蛋白的共刺激信号分子:CD28、4-1BB(CD137)、Dap10、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的结构选自下组:PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-Dap10-CD3ζ、PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD137-CD3ζ、或PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD28-CD3ζ。优选地,所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的结构选自下组:CD8L-PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-Dap10-CD3ζ、CD8L-PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD137-CD3ζ、或CD8L-PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD28-CD3ζ。
在另一优选例中,所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的序列如SEQ ID NO.:10、11或12所示。
在另一优选例中,所述CAR的结构如式II所示:
L2-scFv-H2-TM2-C2-CD3ζ (II)
其中,
L2为无或信号肽序列;
scFv为抗原结合结构域;
H2为无或铰链区;
TM2为跨膜结构域;
C2为共刺激信号分子;
CD3ζ为源于CD3ζ的胞浆信号传导序列;
所述“-”连接肽或肽键。
在另一优选例中,所述L2分别选自下组的蛋白的信号肽:CD8、GM-CSF、CD4、CD137、或其组合。优选地,所述L2为GM-CSF来源的信号肽。
在另一优选例中,所述scFv为靶向肿瘤抗原的抗体单链可变区序列。
在另一优选例中,所述scFv为靶向选自下组抗原的抗体单链可变区序列:CD19、CD20、CD22、CD123、CD4、CD40、CD47、CD133、CD138、CD33/IL3Ra、CD30、Mesothelin、EGFR、EGFR VIII、GPC2、GPC3、GPC4、BCMA、ErbB2、NKG2D ligands、LMP1、EpCAM、VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、Lewis-Y、ROR1、Claudin18.2、OX40、ICOS、NY-ESO、c-Met、PSMA、糖脂F77、GD-2、GD3、Her2、CEA、EphA2、FRα、FRγ、Muc1、Muc16、CD70/CD27、FAP、MAGE、B7-H3、TAG72、EBV、MG7、L1-CAM、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述scFv为靶向CD19的抗体单链可变区序列。
在另一优选例中,所述scFv为FMC63,序列如SEQ ID NO.:9第22-263位所示。
在另一优选例中,所述H2选自下组的蛋白的铰链区:CD8、CD28、CD137、或其组合。优选地,所述H2为CD8来源的铰链区。
在另一优选例中,所述TM2选自下组的蛋白的跨膜区:CD28、CD3epsilon、CD45、CD4、CD5、CD8、CD9、CD16、CD22、CD33、CD37、CD64、CD80、CD86、CD134、CD137、CD154、或其组合。优选地,所述TM2为CD8来源的跨膜区。
在另一优选例中,所述C2选自下组的蛋白的共刺激信号分子:OX40、CD2、CD7、CD27、CD28、CD30、CD40、CD70、CD134、4-1BB(CD137)、Dap10、CDS、ICAM-1、LFA-1(CD11a/CD18)、ICOS(CD278)、NKG2D、GITR、TLR2、或其组合。优选地,所述C2包括CD137来源的共刺激信号分子。
在另一优选例中,所述CAR的结构为L2-FMC63-CD8-CD137-CD3ζ。优选地,所述CAR的结构为GM-CSF-FMC63-CD8-CD137-CD3ζ。
在另一优选例中,所述CAR的序列如SEQ ID NO.:9所示。
本发明的第二方面,提供了一种制备本发明第一方面所述的工程化免疫细胞的方法,包括以下步骤:
(A)提供一待改造的免疫细胞;和
(B)对所述的免疫细胞进行改造,从而使得所述的免疫细胞表达所述的CAR或外源TCR,表达所述的靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白并且使得所述的免疫细胞中PD-1基因的表达沉默,从而获得本发明第一方面所述的免疫细胞。
在另一优选例中,提供了一种制备本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞的方法,包括以下步骤:
(A)提供一待改造的T细胞;和
(B)对所述的T细胞进行改造,从而使得所述的T细胞表达所述的CAR,表达所述的靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白并且使得所述的T细胞中PD-1基因的表达沉默,从而获得本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞。
在另一优选例中,在步骤(B)中,包括(B1)将表达所述CAR的第一表达盒导入所述T细胞;(B2)将表达所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的第二表达盒导入所述T细胞;和(B3)将表达用于沉默PD-1基因的第三表达盒导入所述T细胞,
其中,所述的步骤(B1)、(B2)和(B3)的次序无任何限定。
在另一优选例中,当步骤(A)中的待改造的T细胞已经表达某一CAR时,则在步骤(B)中,包括(B2)将表达所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的第二表达盒导入所述T细胞;和(B3)将表达用于沉默PD-1的第三表达盒导入所述T细胞;
其中,所述的步骤(B2)可在步骤(B3)之前、之后、同时、或交替进行。
在另一优选例中,所述的“次序无任何限定”指对于任何二个步骤而言,可以依次、同时、或以相反次序进行。
在另一优选例中,所述的步骤(B1)可在步骤(B2)之前、之后、同时、或交替进行。
在另一优选例中,所述的第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒位于相同或不同的载体上。
在另一优选例中,所述的第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒位于同一载体。
在另一优选例中,所述的载体为病毒载体。
在另一优选例中,所述的载体选自下组:DNA、RNA、质粒、慢病毒载体、腺病毒载体、逆转录病毒载体、转座子、其他基因转移系统、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述的第三表达盒包含CRISPR/Cas9(sgRNA和Cas9)、反义RNA、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述的sgRNA靶向PD-1,且sgRNA的序列如SEQ ID NO.:1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述的反义RNA包括miRNA、siRNA、shRNA、抑制性mRNA、或dsRNA。
本发明的第三方面,提供了一种制剂,所述制剂含有本发明第一方面所述的工程化免疫细胞,以及药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
在另一优选例中,提供了一种制剂,所述制剂含有本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞,以及药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。在另一优选例中,所述制剂为液态制剂。
在另一优选例中,所述制剂为注射剂。
在另一优选例中,所述制剂中所述CAR-T细胞的浓度为1×103-1×108个细胞/ml,较佳地1×104-1×107个细胞/ml。
本发明的第四方面,提供了本发明第一方面所述的工程化免疫细胞的用途,用于制备预防和/或治疗癌症或肿瘤的药物或制剂。
在另一优选例中,提供了本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞的用途,用于制备预防和/或治疗癌症或肿瘤的药物或制剂。
在另一优选例中,所述肿瘤选自下组:血液肿瘤、实体瘤、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述血液肿瘤选自下组:急性髓细胞白血病(AML)、多发性骨髓瘤(MM)、慢性淋巴细胞白血病(CLL)、急性淋巴白血病(ALL)、弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤(DLBCL)、或其组合。
在另一优选例中,所述实体瘤选自下组:胃癌、胃癌腹膜转移、肝癌、白血病、肾脏肿瘤、肺癌、小肠癌、骨癌、前列腺癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌、大肠癌、宫颈癌、卵巢癌、淋巴癌、鼻咽癌、肾上腺肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤、非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)、脑胶质瘤、宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌、间皮瘤、胰腺癌、或其组合。
本发明的第五方面,提供了一种用于制备本发明第一方面所述的工程化免疫细胞的试剂盒,所述试剂盒含有容器,以及位于容器内的:
(1)第一核酸序列,所述第一核酸序列含有用于表达所述CAR或外源TCR的第一表达盒;
(2)第二核酸序列,所述第二核酸序列含有用于表达所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的第二表达盒;和
(3)第三核酸序列,所述第三核酸序列含有用于沉默PD-1的第三表达盒或靶向PD-1的sgRNA。
在另一优选例中,提供了一种用于制备本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞的试剂盒,所述试剂盒含有容器,以及位于容器内的:
(1)第一核酸序列,所述第一核酸序列含有用于表达所述CAR的第一表达盒;
(2)第二核酸序列,所述第二核酸序列含有用于表达所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的第二表达盒;和
(3)第三核酸序列,所述第三核酸序列含有用于沉默PD-1的第三表达盒或靶向PD-1的sgRNA。
在另一优选例中,所述的第一、第二和第三核酸序列为独立的或相连的。
在另一优选例中,所述的第一、第二和第三核酸序列位于相同或不同的容器内。
在另一优选例中,所述的第一、第二和第三核酸序列中的任何二个或三个位于同一表达载体。
在另一优选例中,所述的试剂盒还含有:(4)第四核酸序列,所述第四核酸序列含有用于表达Cas9蛋白的表达盒;或Cas9蛋白。
应理解,在本发明范围内中,本发明的上述各技术特征和在下文(如实施例)中具体描述的各技术特征之间都可以互相组合,从而构成新的或优选的技术方案。限于篇幅,在此不再一一累述。
具体实施方式
本发明以CAR-T细胞为例,代表性地对本发明的工程化的免疫细胞进行详细说明。本发明的工程化的免疫细胞不限于上下文所述的CAR-T细胞,本发明的工程化的免疫细胞具有与上下文所述的CAR-T细胞相同或类似的技术特征和有益效果。具体地,当免疫细胞表达嵌合抗原受体CAR时,NK细胞等同于T细胞(或T细胞可替换NK细胞);当免疫细胞为T细胞时,TCR等同于CAR(或CAR可替换为TCR)。
本发明人经过广泛而深入地研究,经过大量的筛选,首次意外地发现一种表达靶向肿瘤细胞标志物的CAR和靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白,且PD-1基因表达沉默的CAR-T细胞。实验表明,本发明的CAR-T细胞,消除PD-1信号的免疫负反馈调节机制,通过靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白协同激活CAR-T细胞,三者协同作用,CAR-T细胞活性更高,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果显著性增强,能同时杀伤表达CAR靶向的抗原的肿瘤细胞和表达PD-L1的肿瘤细胞,防止肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,不易脱靶和复发,在此基础上完成了本发明。
本发明将CAR-T与针对免疫抑制性受体PD-1的抗肿瘤方法进行联合,同时为了进一步增强CAR-T细胞活性,防止CAR-T细胞治疗过程中肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,肿瘤本身高表达的PD-L1也可以作为靶点来进行肿瘤治疗,因此一种靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白(chPD-1)被开发出来用于靶向肿瘤细胞的PD-L1。这种靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白包含PD-1的胞外段、跨膜区、胞内信号共刺激区、CD3ζ激活区。相比PD-1与PD-L1结合后传递T细胞活化的抑制性信号,靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白与配体结合后向T细胞传递激活信号,释放更多促炎症因子,诱导T细胞产生抗肿瘤免疫力。靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白与PD-1表达沉默协调促进CAR-T的激活以及肿瘤杀伤功能。
术语
为了可以更容易地理解本公开,首先定义某些术语。如本申请中所使用的,除非本文另有明确规定,否则以下术语中的每一个应具有下面给出的含义。在整个申请中阐述了其它定义。
术语“约”可以是指在本领域普通技术人员确定的特定值或组成的可接受误差范围内的值或组成,其将部分地取决于如何测量或测定值或组成。
术语“给予”是指使用本领域技术人员已知的各种方法和递送系统中的任一种将本发明的产品物理引入受试者,包括静脉内,肌内,皮下,腹膜内,脊髓或其它肠胃外给药途径,例如通过注射或输注。
术语“抗体”(Ab)应包括但不限于免疫球蛋白,其特异性结合抗原并包含通过二硫键互连的至少两条重(H)链和两条轻(L)链,或其抗原结合部分。每条H链包含重链可变区(本文缩写为VH)和重链恒定区。重链恒定区包含三个恒定结构域CH1、CH2和CH3。每条轻链包含轻链可变区(本文缩写为VL)和轻链恒定区。轻链恒定区包含一个恒定结构域CL。VH和VL区可以进一步细分为称为互补决定区(CDR)的高变区,其散布有更保守的称为框架区(FR)的区域。每个VH和VL包含三个CDR和四个FR,从氨基末端到羧基末端按照以下顺序排列:FR1,CDR1,FR2,CDR2,FR3,CDR3,FR4。重链和轻链的可变区含有与抗原相互作用的结合结构域。
嵌合抗原受体(CAR)
如本文所用,嵌合免疫抗原受体(Chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)包括细胞外结构域、任选的铰链区、跨膜结构域、和细胞内结构域。胞外结构域包括任选的信号肽和靶-特异性结合元件(也称为抗原结合结构域)。细胞内结构域包括共刺激分子和ζ链部分。CAR在T细胞中表达时,胞外段可识别一个特异的抗原,随后通过胞内结构域转导该信号,引起细胞的活化增殖、细胞溶解毒性和分泌细胞因子如IL-2和IFN-γ等,影响肿瘤细胞,导致肿瘤细胞不生长、被促使死亡或以其他方式被影响,并导致患者的肿瘤负荷缩小或消除。抗原结合结构域优选与来自共刺激分子和ζ链中的一个或多个的细胞内结构域融合。优选地,抗原结合结构域与CD137信号传导结构域、和CD3ζ信号结构域组合的细胞内结构域融合。
如本文所用,“抗原结合结构域”“单链抗体片段”均指具有抗原结合活性的Fab片段,Fab’片段,F(ab’)2片段,或单一Fv片段。Fv抗体含有抗体重链可变区、轻链可变区,但没有恒定区,并具有全部抗原结合位点的最小抗体片段。一般的,Fv抗体还包含VH和VL结构域之间的多肽接头,且能够形成抗原结合所需的结构。抗原结合结构域通常是scFv(single-chain variable fragment)。scFv的大小一般是一个完整抗体的1/6。单链抗体优选是由一条核苷酸链编码的一条氨基酸链序列。作为本发明的优选方式,所述scFv包含特异性识别肿瘤高表达的抗原的抗体,较佳地为单链抗体。
在一个实施方式中,本发明CAR的结构为L-FMC63-CD8-CD137-CD3ζ。优选地,本发明CAR的序列如SEQ ID NO.:9所示。
MALPVTALLL PLALLLHAAR PDIQMTQTTS SLSASLGDRV TISCRASQDI SKYLNWYQQKPDGTVKLLIY HTSRLHSGVP SRFSGSGSGT DYSLTISNLE QEDIATYFCQ QGNTLPYTFG GGTKLEITGGGGSGGGGSGG GGSEVKLQES GPGLVAPSQS LSVTCTVSGV SLPDYGVSWI RQPPRKGLEW LGVIWGSETTYYNSALKSRL TIIKDNSKSQ VFLKMNSLQT DDTAIYYCAK HYYYGGSYAM DYWGQGTSVT VSSTTTPAPRPPTPAPTIAS QPLSLRPEAC RPAAGGAVHT RGLDFACDIY IWAPLAGTCG VLLLSLVITL YCKRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMRP VQTTQEEDGC SCRFPEEEEG GCELRVKFSR SADAPAYKQG QNQLYNELNL GRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEMG GKPRRKNPQE GLYNELQKDK MAEAYSEIGM KGERRRGKGH DGLYQGLSTA TKDTYDALHMQALPPR(SEQ ID NO.:9)
外源T细胞抗原受体
如本文所用,外源T细胞抗原受体(T cell receptor,TCR)为通过基因转移技术从肿瘤反应性T细胞中克隆出TCR的α链和β链,通过基因工程的手段,以慢病毒或逆转录病毒为载体,外源性转入到T细胞内的TCR。
外源TCR修饰的T细胞能够特异性识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞,并通过优化TCR与肿瘤性特异性抗原的亲和力,可以提高T细胞与肿瘤的亲和力,提高抗肿瘤效果。
嵌合抗原受体NK细胞(CAR-NK细胞)
如本文所用,术语“CAR-NK细胞”、“CAR-NK”、“本发明CAR-NK细胞”均指本发明第一方面所述的CAR-NK细胞。本发明CAR-NK细胞可用于治疗CD47高表达的肿瘤,如B细胞淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤、卵巢癌等。
自然杀伤(NK)细胞是一类主要的免疫效应细胞,通过非抗原特异性途径去保护机体免受病毒感染和肿瘤细胞的侵袭。通过工程化(基因修饰)的NK细胞可能获得新的功能,包括特异性识别肿瘤抗原的能力及具有增强的抗肿瘤细胞毒作用。
与自体CAR-T细胞相比,CAR-NK细胞还具有一下优点,例如:(1)通过释放穿孔素和颗粒酶直接杀伤肿瘤细胞,而对机体正常的细胞没有杀伤作用;(2)它们释放很少量的细胞因子从而降低了细胞因子风暴的危险;(3)体外极易扩增及发展为“现成的”产品。除此之外,与CAR-T细胞治疗类似。
融合蛋白
如本文所用,术语“融合蛋白”、“本发明融合蛋白”指靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白,具有(i)位于胞外的靶向PD-L1的胞外结合元件;(ii)跨膜元件;和(iii)位于胞内的、当胞外结合元件结合于PD-L1时激活所述CAR-T细胞的胞内元件。
在另一优选例中,所述chPD-1的结构选自下组:PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-Dap10-CDζ、PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD137-CDζ、或PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD28-CDζ。
在另一优选例中,所述chPD-1的序列如SEQ ID NO.:10、11或12所示。
在另一优选例中,所述chPD-1的结构为CD8L-PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-Dap10-CD3ζ(命名为chPD-1-Dap10),氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.:10所示(共328aa)。
MALPVTALLL PLALLLHAAR PPGWFLDSPD RPWNPPTFSP ALLVVTEGDN ATFTCSFSNTSESFVLNWYR MSPSNQTDKL AAFPEDRSQP GQDCRFRVTQ LPNGRDFHMS VVRARRNDSG TYLCGAISLAPKAQIKESLR AELRVTERRA EVPTAHPSPS PRPAGQFQTL VIWAPLAGTC GVLLLSLVIT LYCCMRPHGRPAQEDGRVYI NMPGRGRVKF SRSADAPAYQ QGQNQLYNEL NLGRREEYDV LDKRRGRDPE MGGKPRRKNPQEGLYNELQK DKMAEAYSEI GMKGERRRGK GHDGLYQGLS TATKDTYDAL HMQALPPR(SEQ ID NO.:10)
在另一优选例中,所述chPD-1的结构为CD8L-PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD137-CD3ζ(命名为chPD-1-CD137),氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.:11所示(共347aa)。
MALPVTALLL PLALLLHAAR PPGWFLDSPD RPWNPPTFSP ALLVVTEGDN ATFTCSFSNTSESFVLNWYR MSPSNQTDKL AAFPEDRSQP GQDCRFRVTQ LPNGRDFHMS VVRARRNDSG TYLCGAISLAPKAQIKESLR AELRVTERRA EVPTAHPSPS PRPAGQFQTL VIWAPLAGTC GVLLLSLVIT LYCKRGRKKLLYIFKQPFMR PVQTTQEEDG CSCRFPEEEE GGCELRVKFS RSADAPAYQQ GQNQLYNELN LGRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEM GGKPRRKNPQ EGLYNELQKD KMAEAYSEIG MKGERRRGKG HDGLYQGLST ATKDTYDALHMQALPPR(SEQ ID NO.:11)
在另一优选例中,所述chPD-1的结构为CD8L-PD-1胞外域-CD8TM-CD28-CD3ζ(命名为chPD-1-CD28),氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.:12所示(346aa)。
MALPVTALLL PLALLLHAAR PPGWFLDSPD RPWNPPTFSP ALLVVTEGDN ATFTCSFSNTSESFVLNWYR MSPSNQTDKL AAFPEDRSQP GQDCRFRVTQ LPNGRDFHMS VVRARRNDSG TYLCGAISLAPKAQIKESLR AELRVTERRA EVPTAHPSPS PRPAGQFQTL VIWAPLAGTC GVLLLSLVIT LYCRSKRSRLLHSDYMNMTP RRPGPTRKHY QPYAPPRDFA AYRSRVKFSR SADAPAYQQG QNQLYNELNL GRREEYDVLDKRRGRDPEMG GKPRRKNPQE GLYNELQKDK MAEAYSEIGM KGERRRGKGH DGLYQGLSTA TKDTYDALHMQALPPR(SEQ ID NO.:12)
免疫检查点
免疫检查点是指免疫系统中存在的一些抑制性信号通路,通过调节外周组织中免疫反应的持续性和强度避免组织损伤,并参与维持对于自身抗原的耐受。利用免疫检查点的抑制性信号通路抑制T细胞活性是肿瘤逃避免疫杀伤的重要机制。因此,通过不同的策略增强T细胞的激活对肿瘤免疫治疗具有重要意义。本发明通过阻断PD-1信号来增强T细胞激活。
如本文使用,术语“PD-1”包括人PD-1(hPD-1),hPD-1的变体(突变的hPD-1)、同种型和物种同源物,以及与hPD-1具有至少80%、85%、90%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%相同性的类似物。完整的hPD-1序列可以在GenBank登录号U64863下找到。
如本文使用,术语“程序性死亡配体-1(PD-L1)”是PD-1的两种细胞表面糖蛋白配体之一(另一种是PD-L2),其在结合PD-1时下调T细胞活化和细胞因子分泌。本文所用的术语“PD-L1”包括人PD-L1(hPD-L1),hPD-L1的变体、同种型和物种同源物,以及与hPD-L1具有至少一个共同表位的类似物。完整的hPD-L1序列可以在GenBank登录号Q9NZQ7下找到。
PD-1基因表达下调或沉默
如本文所用,“PD-1基因表达是被沉默的”指PD-1基因不表达或低表达。“低表达”指所述CAR-T细胞PD-1基因的表达量G1与正常T细胞PD-1基因的表达量G0的比值,即G1/G0≤0.5,较佳地G1/G0≤0.3,更佳地≤0.2,更佳地≤0.1,最佳地为0。
本发明中PD-1基因表达下调或沉默方法有CRISPR/Cas9、RNA干扰技术、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶TALENs(transcription activator-like(TAL)effector nucleases)和锌指核酸酶Zinc finger nucleases(ZFNs)。优选地,本发明通过CRISPR/Cas9、RNA干扰技术使PD-1基因下调或沉默。在本发明的一个实施例中,采用CRISPR/Cas9使PD-1基因下调或沉默。
CRISPR/Cas系统
CRISPR(clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats)/Cas(CRISPR-associated)系统是原核生物特有的一种天然免疫系统,用于抵抗病毒或外源性质粒的侵害。Ⅱ型CRISPR/Cas系统作为RNA直接介导的基因组编辑工具已经在许多真核生物和原核生物体内成功应用。CRISPR/Cas9系统的发展彻底改变了人们编辑DNA序列和调控目标基因表达水平的能力,从而为生物体的精确基因组编辑提供了有力的工具。简化后的CRISPR/Cas9系统由两部分组成:Cas9蛋白和sgRNA。其作用原理为sgRNA通过自身的Cas9把手与Cas9蛋白形成Cas9-sgRNA复合体,Cas9-sgRNA复合体中sgRNA的碱基互补配对区序列与目标基因的靶序列通过碱基互补配对原则进行配对结合,Cas9利用自身的核酸内切酶活性对目标DNA序列进行切割。与传统的基因组编辑技术相比,CRISPR/Cas9系统具有几大明显的优势:易用性、简便性、低成本、可编程性以及可同时编辑多个基因。
嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T细胞)
如本文所用,术语“CAR-T细胞”、“CAR-T”、“本发明CAR-T细胞”均指本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞,所述细胞内PD-1基因是被沉默的,并且可以靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物及PD-L1。靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白与PD-1表达沉默协调促进CAR-T的激活以及肿瘤杀伤功能,能更有效、特异性好、副作用小地治疗血液肿瘤和实体瘤。本发明CAR-T细胞具有以下特征:
(a)所述细胞表达嵌合抗原受体CAR,所述CAR靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物;
(b)所述细胞表达靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白,所述融合蛋白具有(i)位于胞外的靶向PD-L1的胞外结合元件;(ii)跨膜元件;和(iii)位于胞内的、当胞外结合元件结合于PD-L1时激活所述CAR-T细胞的胞内元件;和
(c)所述细胞中的PD-1基因表达是被沉默的。
在另一优选例中,所述“肿瘤的标志物”指肿瘤的特异性抗原。
CAR-T细胞较其它基于T细胞的治疗方式存在以下优势:(1)CAR-T细胞的作用过程不受MHC的限制;(2)鉴于很多肿瘤细胞表达相同的肿瘤抗原,针对某一种肿瘤抗原的CAR基因构建一旦完成,便可以被广泛利用;(3)CAR既可以利用肿瘤蛋白质抗原,又可利用糖脂类非蛋白质抗原,扩大了肿瘤抗原的靶点范围;(4)使用患者自体细胞降低了排异反应的风险;(5)CAR-T细胞具有免疫记忆功能,可以长期在体内存活。
表达盒
如本文所用,“表达盒”或“本发明表达盒”包括第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒。所述第一表达盒包含编码所述CAR的核酸序列。所述第二表达盒包含编码所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的核酸序列。所述第三表达盒包含用于沉默PD-1的核酸序列。在另一优选例中,本发明还包括用于表达Cas9蛋白的第四表达盒。
在一个实施方式中,所述第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒分别还包括启动子。在一个实施方式中,所述第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒分别还包括终止子。
在一个实施方式中,所述的第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒位于相同或不同的载体上。优选地,所述的第一表达盒、第二表达盒和第三表达盒位于同一载体。优选地,所述的载体选自下组:DNA、RNA、质粒、慢病毒载体、腺病毒载体、逆转录病毒载体、转座子、其他基因转移系统、或其组合。优选地,所述的载体为病毒载体。
在一个实施方式中,所述的第三表达盒包含CRISPR/Cas9(sgRNA和Cas9)、反义RNA、或其组合。优选地,所述的sgRNA靶向PD-1,且sgRNA的序列如SEQ ID NO.:1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、或其组合所示。优选地,所述的反义RNA包括miRNA、siRNA、shRNA、抑制性mRNA、或dsRNA。
载体
本发明还提供了含有本发明表达盒的载体。源于逆转录病毒诸如慢病毒的载体是实现长期基因转移的合适工具,因为它们允许转基因长期、稳定的整合并且其在子细胞中增殖。慢病毒载体具有超过源自致癌逆转录病毒诸如鼠科白血病病毒的载体的优点,因为它们可转导非增殖的细胞,诸如肝细胞。它们也具有低免疫原性的优点。
简单概括,通常通过可操作地连接本发明的表达盒或核酸序列至启动子,并将其并入表达载体。该载体适合于复制和整合真核细胞。典型的克隆载体包含可用于调节期望核酸序列表达的转录和翻译终止子、初始序列和启动子。
本发明的表达构建体也可利用标准的基因传递方案,用于核酸免疫和基因疗法。基因传递的方法在本领域中是已知的。见例如美国专利号5,399,346、5,580,859、5,589,466,在此通过引用全文并入。在另一个实施方式中,本发明提供了基因疗法载体。
所述表达盒或核酸序列可被克隆入许多类型的载体。例如,该表达盒或核酸序可被克隆入如此载体,其包括但不限于质粒、噬菌粒、噬菌体衍生物、动物病毒和粘粒。特定的感兴趣载体包括表达载体、复制载体、探针产生载体和测序载体。
进一步地,表达载体可以以病毒载体形式提供给细胞。病毒载体技术在本领域中是公知的并在例如Sambrook等(2001,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory,New York)和其他病毒学和分子生物学手册中进行了描述。可用作载体的病毒包括但不限于逆转录病毒、腺病毒、腺伴随病毒、疱疹病毒和慢病毒。通常,合适的载体包含在至少一种有机体中起作用的复制起点、启动子序列、方便的限制酶位点和一个或多个可选择的标记(例如,WO01/96584;WO01/29058;和美国专利号6,326,193)。
已经开发许多基于病毒的系统,用于将基因转移入哺乳动物细胞。例如,逆转录病毒提供了用于基因传递系统的方便的平台。可利用在本领域中已知的技术将选择的基因插入载体并包装入逆转录病毒颗粒。该重组病毒可随后被分离和传递至体内或离体的对象细胞。许多逆转录病毒系统在本领域中是已知的。在一些实施方式中,使用腺病毒载体。许多腺病毒载体在本领域中是已知的。在一个实施方式中,使用慢病毒载体。
额外的启动子元件,例如增强子,可以调节转录开始的频率。通常地,这些位于起始位点上游的30-110bp区域中,尽管最近已经显示许多启动子也包含起始位点下游的功能元件。启动子元件之间的间隔经常是柔性的,以便当元件相对于另一个被倒置或移动时,保持启动子功能。在胸苷激酶(tk)启动子中,启动子元件之间的间隔可被增加隔开50bp,活性才开始下降。取决于启动子,表现出单个元件可合作或独立地起作用,以起动转录。
合适的启动子的一个例子为即时早期巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子序列。该启动子序列为能够驱动可操作地连接至其上的任何多核苷酸序列高水平表达的强组成型启动子序列。合适的启动子的另一个例子为延伸生长因子-1α(EF-1α)。然而,也可使用其他组成型启动子序列,包括但不限于类人猿病毒40(SV40)早期启动子、小鼠乳癌病毒(MMTV)、人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)长末端重复(LTR)启动子、MoMuLV启动子、鸟类白血病病毒启动子、艾伯斯坦-巴尔(Epstein-Barr)病毒即时早期启动子、鲁斯氏肉瘤病毒启动子、以及人基因启动子,诸如但不限于肌动蛋白启动子、肌球蛋白启动子、血红素启动子和肌酸激酶启动子。进一步地,本发明不应被限于组成型启动子的应用。诱导型启动子也被考虑为本发明的一部分。诱导型启动子的使用提供了分子开关,其能够当这样的表达是期望的时,打开可操作地连接诱导型启动子的多核苷酸序列的表达,或当表达是不期望的时关闭表达。诱导型启动子的例子包括但不限于金属硫蛋白启动子、糖皮质激素启动子、孕酮启动子和四环素启动子。
被引入细胞的表达载体也可包含可选择的标记基因或报道基因中的任一个或两者,以便于从通过病毒载体寻求被转染或感染的细胞群中鉴定和选择表达细胞。在其他方面,可选择的标记可被携带在单独一段DNA上并用于共转染程序。可选择的标记和报道基因两者的侧翼都可具有适当的调节序列,以便能够在宿主细胞中表达。有用的可选择标记包括例如抗生素抗性基因,诸如neo等等。
报道基因用于鉴定潜在转染的细胞并用于评价调节序列的功能性。通常地,报道基因为以下基因:其不存在于受体有机体或组织或由受体有机体或组织进行表达,并且其编码多肽,该多肽的表达由一些可容易检测的性质例如酶活性清楚表示。在DNA已经被引入受体细胞后,报道基因的表达在合适的时间下进行测定。合适的报道基因可包括编码荧光素酶、β-半乳糖苷酶、氯霉素乙酰转移酶、分泌型碱性磷酸酶或绿色萤光蛋白基因的基因(例如,Ui-Tei等,2000FEBS Letters479:79-82)。合适的表达系统是公知的并可利用已知技术制备或从商业上获得。通常,显示最高水平的报道基因表达的具有最少5个侧翼区的构建体被鉴定为启动子。这样的启动子区可被连接至报道基因并用于评价试剂调节启动子-驱动转录的能力。
将基因引入细胞和将基因表达入细胞的方法在本领域中是已知的。在表达载体的内容中,载体可通过在本领域中的任何方法容易地引入宿主细胞,例如,哺乳动物(如人T细胞)、细菌、酵母或昆虫细胞。例如,表达载体可通过物理、化学或生物学手段转移入宿主细胞。
将多核苷酸引入宿主细胞的物理方法包括磷酸钙沉淀、脂质转染法、粒子轰击、微注射、电穿孔等等。生产包括载体和/或外源核酸的细胞的方法在本领域中是公知的。见例如Sambrook等(2001,Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual,Cold Spring HarborLaboratory,New York)。将多核苷酸引入宿主细胞的优选方法为磷酸钙转染。
将多核苷酸引入宿主细胞的生物学方法包括使用DNA和RNA载体。病毒载体,特别是逆转录病毒载体,已经成为最广泛使用的将基因插入哺乳动物例如人细胞的方法。其他病毒载体可源自慢病毒、痘病毒、单纯疱疹病毒I、腺病毒和腺伴随病毒等等。见例如美国专利号5,350,674和5,585,362。
将多核苷酸引入宿主细胞的化学手段包括胶体分散系统,诸如大分子复合物、纳米胶囊、微球、珠;和基于脂质的系统,包括水包油乳剂、胶束、混合胶束和脂质体。用作体外和体内传递工具(delivery vehicle)的示例性胶体系统为脂质体(例如,人造膜囊)。
在使用非病毒传递系统的情况下,示例性传递工具为脂质体。考虑使用脂质制剂,以将核酸引入宿主细胞(体外、离体(ex vivo)或体内)。在另一方面,该核酸可与脂质相关联。与脂质相关联的核酸可被封装入脂质体的水性内部中,散布在脂质体的脂双层内,经与脂质体和寡核苷酸两者都相关联的连接分子附接至脂质体,陷入脂质体,与脂质体复合,分散在包含脂质的溶液中,与脂质混合,与脂质联合,作为悬浮液包含在脂质中,包含在胶束中或与胶束复合,或以其他方式与脂质相关联。与组合物相关联的脂质、脂质/DNA或脂质/表达载体不限于溶液中的任何具体结构。例如,它们可存在于双分子层结构中,作为胶束或具有“坍缩的(collapsed)”结构。它们也可简单地被散布在溶液中,可能形成大小或形状不均一的聚集体。脂质为脂肪物质,其可为天然发生或合成的脂质。例如,脂质包括脂肪小滴,其天然发生在细胞质以及包含长链脂肪族烃和它们的衍生物诸如脂肪酸、醇类、胺类、氨基醇类和醛类的该类化合物中。
在本发明的一个优选地实施方式中,所述载体为慢病毒载体。
制剂
本发明提供了一种含有本发明第一方面所述的CAR-T细胞,以及药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。在一个实施方式中,所述制剂为液态制剂。优选地,所述制剂为注射剂。优选地,所述制剂中所述CAR-T细胞的浓度为1×103-1×108个细胞/ml,更优地1×104-1×107个细胞/ml。
在一个实施方式中,所述制剂可包括缓冲液诸如中性缓冲盐水、硫酸盐缓冲盐水等等;碳水化合物诸如葡萄糖、甘露糖、蔗糖或葡聚糖、甘露醇;蛋白质;多肽或氨基酸诸如甘氨酸;抗氧化剂;螯合剂诸如EDTA或谷胱甘肽;佐剂(例如,氢氧化铝);和防腐剂。本发明的制剂优选配制用于静脉内施用。
治疗性应用
本发明包括含本发明表达盒的慢病毒载体(LV)转导的细胞(例如,T细胞)进行的治疗性应用。转导的T细胞可靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物及PD-L1,协同激活T细胞,引起T细胞免疫应答,并且转导的T细胞消除PD-1信号的免疫负反馈调节机制,从而显著提高其对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效率。
因此,本发明也提供了刺激对哺乳动物的靶细胞群或组织的T细胞-介导的免疫应答的方法,其包括以下步骤:给哺乳动物施用本发明的CAR-T细胞。
在一个实施方式中,本发明包括一类细胞疗法,分离病人自体T细胞(或者异源供体),激活并进行基因改造产生CAR-T细胞,随后注入同一病人体内。这种方式患移植物抗宿主病概率极低,抗原被T细胞以无MHC限制方式识别。此外,一种CAR-T就可以治疗表达该抗原的所有癌症。不像抗体疗法,CAR-T细胞能够体内复制,产生可导致持续肿瘤控制的长期持久性。
在一个实施方式中,本发明的CAR-T细胞可经历稳固的体内T细胞扩展并可持续延长的时间量。另外,CAR介导的免疫应答可为过继免疫疗法步骤的一部分,其中CAR-修饰T细胞诱导对CAR中的抗原结合结构域特异性的免疫应答。例如,抗CD19CAR-T细胞引起抗表达CD19的细胞的特异性免疫应答。
可治疗的癌症包括没有被血管化或基本上还没有被血管化的肿瘤,以及血管化的肿瘤。癌症可包括非实体瘤(诸如血液学肿瘤,例如白血病和淋巴瘤)或可包括实体瘤。用本发明的CAR治疗的癌症类型包括但不限于癌、胚细胞瘤和肉瘤,和某些白血病或淋巴恶性肿瘤、良性和恶性肿瘤、和恶性瘤,例如肉瘤、癌和黑素瘤。也包括成人肿瘤/癌症和儿童肿瘤/癌症。
血液学癌症为血液或骨髓的癌症。血液学(或血原性)癌症的例子包括白血病,包括急性白血病(诸如急性淋巴细胞白血病、急性髓细胞白血病、急性骨髓性白血病和成髓细胞性、前髓细胞性、粒-单核细胞型、单核细胞性和红白血病)、慢性白血病(诸如慢性髓细胞(粒细胞性)白血病、慢性骨髓性白血病和慢性淋巴细胞白血病)、真性红细胞增多症、淋巴瘤、霍奇金氏疾病、非霍奇金氏淋巴瘤(无痛和高等级形式)、多发性骨髓瘤、瓦尔登斯特伦氏巨球蛋白血症、重链疾病、骨髓增生异常综合征、多毛细胞白血病和脊髓发育不良。
实体瘤为通常不包含囊肿或液体区的组织的异常肿块。实体瘤可为良性或恶性的。不同类型的实体瘤以形成它们的细胞类型命名(诸如肉瘤、癌和淋巴瘤)。实体瘤诸如肉瘤和癌的例子包括纤维肉瘤、粘液肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤间皮瘤、淋巴恶性肿瘤、胰腺癌卵巢癌。
本发明的CAR-T细胞也可用作对哺乳动物离体免疫和/或体内疗法的疫苗类型。优选地,哺乳动物为人。
对于离体免疫,以下中的至少一项在将细胞施用进入哺乳动物前在体外发生:i)扩展细胞,ii)将本发明表达盒引入细胞,和/或iii)冷冻保存细胞。
离体程序在本领域中是公知的,并在以下更完全地进行讨论。简单地说,细胞从哺乳动物(优选人)中分离并用含本发明表达盒的载体进行基因修饰(即,体外转导或转染)。本发明CAR-T细胞可被施用给哺乳动物接受者,以提供治疗益处。哺乳动物接受者可为人,和CAR-修饰的细胞可相对于接受者为自体的。可选地,细胞可相对于接受者为同种异基因的、同基因的(syngeneic)或异种的。
除了就离体免疫而言使用基于细胞的疫苗之外,本发明也提供了体内免疫以引起针对患者中抗原的免疫应答的组合物和方法。
通常地,如本文所述活化和扩展的细胞可用于治疗和预防无免疫应答的个体中产生的疾病。因此,本发明提供了治疗癌症的方法,其包括施用给需要其的对象治疗有效量的本发明的CAR-修饰的T细胞。
本发明的CAR-T细胞可被单独施用或作为药物组合物与稀释剂和/或与其他组分诸如IL-2、IL-17或其他细胞因子或细胞群结合施用。简单地说,本发明的药物组合物可包括如本文所述的靶细胞群,与一种或多种药学或生理学上可接受载体、稀释剂或赋形剂结合。
本发明的药物组合物可以以适于待治疗(或预防)的疾病的方式施用。施用的数量和频率将由这样的因素确定,如患者的病症、和患者疾病的类型和严重度——尽管适当的剂量可由临床试验确定。
当指出“免疫学上有效量”、“抗肿瘤有效量”、“肿瘤-抑制有效量”或“治疗量”时,待施用的本发明组合物的精确量可由医师确定,其考虑患者(对象)的年龄、重量、肿瘤大小、感染或转移程度和病症的个体差异。可通常指出:包括本文描述的T细胞的药物组合物可以以104至109个细胞/kg体重的剂量,优选105至106个细胞/kg体重的剂量(包括那些范围内的所有整数值)施用。T细胞组合物也可以以这些剂量多次施用。细胞可通过使用免疫疗法中公知的注入技术(见例如Rosenberg等,NewEng.J.of Med.319:1676,1988)施用。对于具体患者的最佳剂量和治疗方案可通过监测患者的疾病迹象并因此调节治疗由医学领域技术人员容易地确定。
对象组合物的施用可以以任何方便的方式进行,包括通过喷雾法、注射、吞咽、输液、植入或移植。本文描述的组合物可被皮下、皮内、瘤内、结内、脊髓内、肌肉内、通过静脉内(i.v.)注射或腹膜内施用给患者。在一个实施方式中,本发明的T细胞组合物通过皮内或皮下注射被施用给患者。在另一个实施方式中,本发明的T细胞组合物优选通过i.v.注射施用。T细胞的组合物可被直接注入肿瘤,淋巴结或感染位置。
在本发明的某些实施方式中,利用本文描述的方法或本领域已知的其他将T细胞扩展至治疗性水平的方法活化和扩展的细胞,与任何数量的有关治疗形式结合(例如,之前、同时或之后)施用给患者,所述治疗形式包括但不限于用以下试剂进行治疗:所述试剂诸如抗病毒疗法、西多福韦和白细胞介素-2、阿糖胞苷(也已知为ARA-C)或对MS患者的那他珠单抗治疗或对牛皮癣患者的厄法珠单抗治疗或对PML患者的其他治疗。在进一步的实施方式中,本发明的T细胞可与以下结合使用:化疗、辐射、免疫抑制剂,诸如,环孢菌素、硫唑嘌呤、甲氨喋呤、麦考酚酯和FK506,抗体或其他免疫治疗剂。在进一步的实施方式中,本发明的细胞组合物与骨髓移植、利用化疗剂诸如氟达拉滨、外部光束放射疗法(XRT)、环磷酰胺结合(例如,之前、同时或之后)而施用给患者。例如,在一个实施方式中,对象可经历高剂量化疗的标准治疗,之后进行外周血干细胞移植。在一些实施方式中,在移植后,对象接受本发明的扩展的免疫细胞的注入。在一个额外的实施方式中,扩展的细胞在外科手术前或外科手术后施用。
施用给患者的以上治疗的剂量将随着治疗病症的精确属性和治疗的接受者而变化。人施用的剂量比例可根据本领域接受的实践实施。通常,每次治疗或每个疗程,可将1×106个至1×1010个本发明经修饰的T细胞(如,CAR-T20细胞),通过例如静脉回输的方式,施用于患者。
本发明的主要优点
(1)本发明CAR-T细胞,消除PD-1信号的免疫负反馈调节机制,通过靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白协同激活CAR-T细胞,三者协同作用,CAR-T细胞活性更高,对肿瘤细胞的杀伤效果显著性增强,能同时杀伤表达CAR靶向的抗原的肿瘤细胞和表达PD-L1的肿瘤细胞,防止肿瘤细胞的免疫逃逸,不易脱靶和复发。
(2)本发明所设计的如表1所示的sgRNA序列,可以有效的实现沉默PD-1基因。
(3)相比使用抗体阻断PD-1免疫抑制作用,本发明CAR-T细胞中PD-1基因沉默,克服肿瘤免疫抑制的效果更好,在体内存活时间较长,并且可以避免自体反应T细胞的激活,不干扰体内正常T细胞,更安全、毒副作用更小。
下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。应理解,这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。下列实施例中未注明具体条件的实验方法,通常按照常规条件,例如Sambrook等人,分子克隆:实验室手册(New York:Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press,1989)中所述的条件,或按照制造厂商所建议的条件。除非另外说明,否则百分比和份数是重量百分比和重量份数。
材料与方法
1.从供体血液中分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)和扩增T细胞
使用Histopaque-1077(Sigma-Aldrich)进行密度梯度离心,从供体血液中分离单核细胞,富集T细胞,使用偶联anti-CD3/anti-CD28的磁珠激活培养和扩增T细胞。
2.细胞系和PBMC细胞培养方法:
Raji细胞(Burkitt’s淋巴瘤细胞,ATCC-CCL86);
K562细胞(人红白血病细胞系,ATCC-CCL243);
Raji-ffluc细胞系(使用萤火虫荧光素酶的慢病毒感染Raji细胞筛选后得到);
293T细胞(ATCC-CRL3216)。
Raji细胞、K562细胞、Raji-ffluc细胞系使用RPMI1640培养基培养,293T细胞使用DMEM培养基培养。所有培养基(RPMI1640和DMEM)均添加10%(v/v)胎牛血清和100U/ml的青霉素和链霉素,2mM谷氨酰胺,1mM丙酮酸钠。所有细胞均置于37℃,5%CO2恒温培养箱中培养。
T细胞和获得的CAR-T细胞,使用X-vivo15培养基(含5%FBS,2mM L-谷氨酰胺,1mM丙酮酸钠,300IU/ml rhIL2)培养。CAR-T细胞在培养过程中,每隔两天添加一次终浓度为300IU/ml的rhIL-2(ThermoFisher Scientific)。所有细胞均置于37℃,5%CO2恒温培养箱中培养。
实施例1制备PD-1基因敲除的T细胞
1.1设计sgRNA:
针对PD-1信号肽、胞内段或跨膜区的编码区设计sgRNA(20bp)进行PD-1基因敲除。合成Oligo1:5’-CACCG-(sgRNA序列)-3’和Oligo2:5’-AAAC-(sgRNA反向互补序列)-C-3’;使用超纯水溶解Oligo片段,浓度为100uM,Oligo1和Oligo2按如下体系(总体积10uL)混合后退火形成双链:1uL,Oligo1(100uM);1uL,Oligo2(100uM);8uL,H2O;PCR退火条件:95℃,5分钟,缓慢降温至室温1小时,1:200稀释退火双链。
1.2质粒酶切和胶回收:
酶切体系:2ug,pX330plasmid(Addgene plasmid#4223);1uL,BsmBI;2uL,10×缓冲液;加入超纯水将体积补至20uL。酶切条件:55℃,孵育1小时。酶切后产物使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶回收,回收大片段(约8kb)。
1.3 sgRNA-pX330克隆构建:
将Oligo1和Oligo2退火形成的双链DNA与酶切后的pX330使用T4连接酶连接,连接产物转化至大肠杆菌中,进行筛选(Amp)和挑克隆,摇菌后抽提质粒并测序验证。
1.4体外转录制备sgRNA:
以sgRNA-pX330作为模板,使用引物(正向引物:包含T7启动子和20bp靶序列,反向引物:来自sgRNA载体pX330plasmid骨架)PCR扩增sgRNA编码片段;
PCR扩增后的产物进行柱纯化,作为体外转录的模板,使用MEGAshortscript T7kit(Thermo Fisher Scientific)按厂家说明书操作进行体外转录,得到的RNA回收后用无RNase水溶解。本方案使用的靶向PD-1的sgRNA的序列如下表1中的SEQ ID NO.:1。
表1:靶向PD-1信号肽、胞内段或跨膜区的编码区的sgRNA序列
sgRNA-NGG(5’-3’) | |
SEQ ID NO.:1 | TCAGGCGGAGGTGAGCGGAAGGG |
SEQ ID NO.:2 | CTCAGGCGGAGGTGAGCGGAAGG |
SEQ ID NO.:3 | ACTGCTCAGGCGGAGGTGAGCGG |
SEQ ID NO.:4 | GCTCACCTCCGCCTGAGCAGTGG |
SEQ ID NO.:5 | CTTCTCCACTGCTCAGGCGGAGG |
SEQ ID NO.:6 | CTCCGCCTGAGCAGTGGAGAAGG |
SEQ ID NO.:7 | CGCCTTCTCCACTGCTCAGGCGG |
SEQ ID NO.:8 | CGCCTGAGCAGTGGAGAAGGCGG |
1.5电转敲除PD-1基因:
从供者血液分离的T细胞,使用偶联anti-CD3/anti-CD28的磁珠激活培养一天后进行电转敲除PD-1,细胞电转仪为4D-Nucleofector System N(Lonza),使用P3 PrimaryCell 4D-Nucleofector X Kit(V4XP-3024,Lonza),按照厂家说明书进行操作。将3mgsgRNA和3mg Cas9蛋白(Thermo Fisher Scientific)电转入1×10^6细胞,电转程序为EO-115。电转结束后,用2mL预热的T细胞培养基重悬细胞,转移至12孔板中。置于37℃,5%CO2恒温培养箱中培养。
每隔2-3天更换一半培养基,电转3天后通过磁珠分选PD-1敲除的T细胞,使用PE磁珠分选试剂盒(Stemcell Technologies),按照说明书进行PD-1表达沉默T细胞的富集,T细胞使用PE结合的PD-1抗体和能结合PE的磁珠孵育,置于磁场中进行分离,上清中即为PD-1表达沉默的T细胞,离心重悬得到所需细胞(PD-1敲除的T细胞),鉴定PD-1敲除效率后即可用于实施例2中病毒感染制备CAR-T细胞。
分离筛选后收集部分细胞使用错配酶法(surveyor assay,Integrated DNATechnologies)检测T细胞PD-1敲除效率。使用lysis buffer裂解细胞,1000个细胞/ul裂解液,首先置于50℃孵育1小时,90℃再孵育30分钟,裂解后加入PCR引物进行PD-1基因扩增,结束后进行凝胶电泳验证,验证后取3.5uLPCR产物,加入6ul 1×accuprime assaybuffer,运行以下程序:
95℃ 5min
95-85℃ -2℃/s
85-25℃ -0.1℃/s
Hold at 4℃
结束后加入0.5ul Nuclease S,42℃反应20min后进行凝胶电泳并拍照,根据PCR产物被错配酶分解的比例来分析PD-1的敲除效率。
结果显示,使用本方法可使T细胞PD-1基因敲除效率达到80%以上。
实施例2 CAR和chPD-1结构以及载体制备
CAR的分子结构依次包括:GM-CSF信号肽、FMC63scFv、CD8铰链区和跨膜区、CD137共刺激结构域和CD3ζ细胞内信号域(命名为CD19CAR),氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.:9所示。
chPD-1的分子结构依次包括:CD8信号肽、PD-1的胞外域、CD8跨膜区、CD137共刺激结构域、CD3ζ细胞内信号域(命名为chPD-1-CD137),氨基酸序列如SEQ ID NO.:11所示。
基因合成CD19CAR和chPD-1-CD137的基因序列,通过T2A肽连接,并克隆至FUW慢病毒载体骨架中,置于EF1α的启动子下,形成Fuw-EF1α-CD19CAR-T2A-chPD-1-CD137使CD19CAR和chPD-1-CD137基因能在细胞中共表达。
将Fuw-EF1α-CD19CAR-T2A-chPD-1-CD137,和慢病毒包膜质粒pMD2.G(Addgene,Plasmid#12259)和慢病毒包装质粒psPAX2(Addgene,Plasmid#12260)三个质粒使用Lipofectamine3000转入293T中制备慢病毒表达载体;在第二天和第三天收集病毒上清,超离进行浓缩(Merck Millipore)。
(a)将浓缩后的病毒感染实施例1中制备的PD-1敲除的T细胞,得到PD-1沉默并同时表达chPD-1-CD137的CD19CAR-T细胞{命名为PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞};(b)将浓缩后的病毒感染从供体血液分离T细胞得到表达chPD-1-CD137的CD19CAR-T细胞{命名为chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞};检测感染后的各细胞的CD19CAR和chPD-1-CD137表达情况。
结果表明,本方法制备的病毒载体感染供体血液分离T细胞、PD-1敲除的T细胞,两者CD19CAR和chPD-1-CD137共表达效率均可达到80%以上。
实施例3 PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞因子释放检测
将效应细胞PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞、chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞、CD19CAR-T细胞、T细胞与靶细胞(K562细胞,K562-CD19、K562-CD19PD-L1细胞)按1:1比例(细胞密度为10^6/ml)共培养,24小时后收集上清,使用ELISA试剂盒(Biolegend)按说明书操作检测CAR-T刺激后IL-2和IFN-γ释放水平。
结果表明,靶细胞K562-CD19PD-L1组,PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞分泌细胞因子IFN-γ和IL-2水平与chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞相似,高于CD19CAR-T细胞、T细胞。
实施例4基于流式的细胞毒性实验
用1μM Celltrace Violet(ThermoFisher Scientific)标记靶细胞(K562细胞,K562-CD19、K562-CD19PD-L1细胞),于37℃标记25min,加入10ml完全培养基终止标记,并用完全培养基清洗数次;Violet标记的靶细胞与效应细胞按不同比例共培养。共培养后24小时、48小时,加入FITC-AnnexinV和7-AAD(Biolegend)标记死细胞,使用流式细胞仪检测死亡靶细胞比例。
结果表明,在K562-CD19PD-L1细胞组中,PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞对靶细胞的杀伤效果显著高于CD19CAR-T细胞、PD-1(-)CD19CAR-T细胞、chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞。
实施例5体内药效研究
选取6-12周大的NOD-Prkdcscid Il2rgnull(NPG)小鼠,腹腔注射2×10^5K562-CD19PD-L1-ffluc细胞,50μL DPBS和50μL matrigel matrix(Corning)。两天后检测肿瘤移植物的负荷,分成肿瘤负荷相当的3组,分组后一天分别注射200uL DPBS/小鼠,5×10^6T细胞/小鼠,5×10^6CD19CAR-T细胞/小鼠,5×10^6PD-1(-)CD19CAR-T细胞/小鼠,5×10^6chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞/小鼠,5×10^6PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞/小鼠,CAR-T细胞处理七天后在不同时间点评估小鼠肿瘤负荷,腹腔注射3mg d-luciferin/小鼠反应四分钟,使用Xenogen IVIS Imaging System拍照,曝光30s。
结果表明,相对PD-1(-)CD19CAR-T细胞、chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T细胞、CD19CAR-T细胞组小鼠,PD-1(-)chPD-1(+)CD19CAR-T组小鼠肿瘤负荷减少更快,体内肿瘤稳定不继续进展,不易复发。
在本发明提及的所有文献都在本申请中引用作为参考,就如同每一篇文献被单独引用作为参考那样。此外应理解,在阅读了本发明的上述讲授内容之后,本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改,这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
序列表
<110> 亘喜生物科技(上海)有限公司
<120> PD-1基因表达沉默的工程化免疫细胞
<130> P2017-1512
<160> 12
<170> PatentIn version 3.5
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180 185 190
Cys Arg Ser Lys Arg Ser Arg Leu Leu His Ser Asp Tyr Met Asn Met
195 200 205
Thr Pro Arg Arg Pro Gly Pro Thr Arg Lys His Tyr Gln Pro Tyr Ala
210 215 220
Pro Pro Arg Asp Phe Ala Ala Tyr Arg Ser Arg Val Lys Phe Ser Arg
225 230 235 240
Ser Ala Asp Ala Pro Ala Tyr Gln Gln Gly Gln Asn Gln Leu Tyr Asn
245 250 255
Glu Leu Asn Leu Gly Arg Arg Glu Glu Tyr Asp Val Leu Asp Lys Arg
260 265 270
Arg Gly Arg Asp Pro Glu Met Gly Gly Lys Pro Arg Arg Lys Asn Pro
275 280 285
Gln Glu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Glu Leu Gln Lys Asp Lys Met Ala Glu Ala
290 295 300
Tyr Ser Glu Ile Gly Met Lys Gly Glu Arg Arg Arg Gly Lys Gly His
305 310 315 320
Asp Gly Leu Tyr Gln Gly Leu Ser Thr Ala Thr Lys Asp Thr Tyr Asp
325 330 335
Ala Leu His Met Gln Ala Leu Pro Pro Arg
340 345
Claims (10)
1.一种工程化的免疫细胞,其特征在于,所述工程化的免疫细胞为T细胞或NK细胞,并且所述的免疫细胞细胞具有以下特征:
(a)所述免疫细胞表达嵌合抗原受体CAR或外源TCR,所述CAR靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物,所述外源TCR靶向肿瘤细胞的标志物;
(b)所述免疫细胞表达靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白,所述融合蛋白具有(i)位于胞外的靶向PD-L1的胞外结合元件;(ii)跨膜元件;和(iii)位于胞内的、当胞外结合元件结合于PD-L1时激活所述免疫细胞的胞内元件;和
(c)所述免疫细胞中的PD-1基因表达是被沉默的。
2.如权利要求1所述的免疫细胞,其特征在于,所述的工程化的免疫细胞选自下组:
(i)嵌合抗原受体T细胞(CAR-T细胞);
(ii)嵌合抗原受体NK细胞(CAR-NK细胞);或
(iii)外源T细胞受体(TCR)T细胞(TCR-T细胞)。
3.如权利要求1所述的免疫细胞,其特征在于,所述“PD-1基因表达是被沉默的”指PD-1基因不表达或低表达;其中,所述“低表达”指所述免疫细胞PD-1基因的表达量G1与正常免疫细胞PD-1基因的表达量G0的比值,即G1/G0≤0.5,较佳地G1/G0≤0.3,更佳地≤0.2,更佳地≤0.1,最佳地为0。
4.如权利要求1所述的免疫细胞,其特征在于,所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的结构如式I所示:
L1-P-H1-TM1-C1-CD3ζ (I)
其中,
L1为无或信号肽序列;
P为PD-1胞外段或靶向PD-L1的scFv;
H1为无或铰链区;
TM1为跨膜结构域;
C1为共刺激信号分子;
CD3ζ为源于CD3ζ的胞浆信号传导序列;
所述“-”为连接肽或肽键。
5.如权利要求1所述的免疫细胞,其特征在于,所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的序列如SEQID NO.:10、11或12所示。
6.如权利要求1所述的免疫细胞,其特征在于,所述CAR的结构如式II所示:
L2-scFv-H2-TM2-C2-CD3ζ (II)
其中,
L2为无或信号肽序列;
scFv为抗原结合结构域;
H2为无或铰链区;
TM2为跨膜结构域;
C2为共刺激信号分子;
CD3ζ为源于CD3ζ的胞浆信号传导序列;
所述“-”连接肽或肽键。
7.一种制备权利要求1所述的工程化的免疫细胞的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(A)提供一待改造的免疫细胞;和
(B)对所述的免疫细胞进行改造,从而使得所述的免疫细胞表达所述的CAR或外源TCR,表达所述的靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白并且使得所述的免疫细胞中PD-1基因的表达沉默,从而获得权利要求1所述的免疫细胞。
8.一种制剂,其特征在于,所述制剂含有权利要求1所述的工程化的免疫细胞,以及药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂或赋形剂。
9.权利要求1所述的工程化的免疫细胞的用途,其特征在于,用于制备预防和/或治疗癌症或肿瘤的药物或制剂。
10.一种用于制备权利要求1所述的工程化的免疫细胞的试剂盒,其特征在于,所述试剂盒含有容器,以及位于容器内的:
(1)第一核酸序列,所述第一核酸序列含有用于表达所述CAR或外源TCR的第一表达盒;
(2)第二核酸序列,所述第二核酸序列含有用于表达所述靶向PD-L1的融合蛋白的第二表达盒;和
(3)第三核酸序列,所述第三核酸序列含有用于沉默PD-1的第三表达盒或靶向PD-1的sgRNA。
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