CN109476986B - 用于量子点的稳定苯乙烯聚合物 - Google Patents
用于量子点的稳定苯乙烯聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109476986B CN109476986B CN201780044889.5A CN201780044889A CN109476986B CN 109476986 B CN109476986 B CN 109476986B CN 201780044889 A CN201780044889 A CN 201780044889A CN 109476986 B CN109476986 B CN 109476986B
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Images
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
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Abstract
本公开提供了一种复合粒子,所述复合粒子包含:荧光半导体芯/壳纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体);和与芯/壳纳米粒子组合的稳定均聚物共聚物,所述稳定(共)聚合物包含苯乙烯单体单元并且用膦、胂或锑化氢基团官能化。
Description
背景技术
量子点增强膜(QDEF)用作LCD显示器的背光源的一部分。膜中的红色和绿色量子点将来自蓝色LED光源的光下变频以产生白色光。与典型的LCD显示器相比,这具有改善色域和降低能耗的优点
胶态量子点纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体)用有机配体和/或添加剂稳定以保持载体流体(或溶剂)中的分散稳定性。量子点配体还通过钝化表面陷阱来改善光致发光量子产率,针对聚集和降解进行稳定,并影响合成期间纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体)生长的动力学。因此,对于实现QDEF的最佳量子产率、可加工性和功能寿命而言,优化有机配体和/或添加剂是重要的。
发明内容
本公开提供了复合粒子,该复合粒子能够产生荧光并且适用于量子点增强膜中。
在一个方面,本公开提供了一种复合粒子,该复合粒子包含:荧光半导体芯/壳纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体);和与芯/壳纳米粒子组合的稳定的均聚物或共聚物,稳定(共)聚合物包含苯乙烯单体单元并且用膦、胂或锑化氢基团官能化。
在一个实施方案中,稳定共聚物具有下式:
其中
每个R1为烃基基团,该烃基基团包括烷基、芳基、烷芳基和芳烷基;
每个R3为烃基基团,该烃基基团包括烷基、芳基、烷芳基和芳烷基;
每个R6为H、烃基基团或官能团;
R7为二价烃基基团,该二价烃基基团选自亚烷基、亚芳基、亚烷芳基和亚芳烷基;
R8为引发剂的残基,该R8可为官能化或非官能化的;
Z为P、As或Sb;
下标a为1至100,优选地10至100;
下标b为0至100,并且可为1至100。
关于R8,引发剂的残基是引发聚合并且共价键合到(共)聚合物的部分。例如,当使用丁基锂时,R8为丁基基团。“Z”基团可为邻-、间-、或对-,并且优选地对-。
在一个实施方案中,稳定(共)聚合物具有下式:
其中
每个R1为烃基基团,该烃基基团包括烷基、芳基、烷芳基和芳烷基;
每个R2为烃基基团,该烃基基团包括烷基、芳基、烷芳基和芳烷基;
每个R3为烃基基团,该烃基基团包括烷基、芳基、烷芳基和芳烷基;
每个R4为烷基或乙烯基基团;
每个R5为烃基基团或官能团;
R7为二价烃基基团,该二价烃基基团选自亚烷基、亚芳基、亚烷芳基和亚芳烷基,
R8为引发剂的残基,该R8可为官能化或非官能化的;
Z为P、As或Sb;
下标a为1至20;
下标b为0至100,并且可为1至100;
下标c为0至1000;并且
下标d为0至1000,前提条件是c+d为至少一,并且优选地100至400。
关于R8,引发剂的残基是引发聚合并且共价键合到(共)聚合物的部分。例如,当使用丁基锂时,R8为丁基基团。“Z”基团可为邻-、间-、或对-,并且优选地对-。
在一个方面,本公开提供了一种复合粒子,该复合粒子包含:荧光半导体芯/壳纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体);和式I或II的稳定(共)聚合物。
在一个优选的实施方案中,荧光半导体芯/壳纳米粒子包括:InP芯;包覆芯的内壳,其中内壳包含硒化锌和硫化锌;和包覆内壳的外壳,其中外壳包含硫化锌。
如本文所用
“烷基”是指直链或支链、环状或非环状的饱和一价烃。
“亚烷基”是指直链或支链的不饱和二价烃。
“烯基”是指直链或支链的不饱和烃。
“芳基”是指一价芳族,诸如苯基、萘基等。
“亚芳基”是指多价芳族,诸如亚苯基、亚萘基等。
“亚芳烷基”是指具有附接到亚烷基的芳基基团的如上定义的基团,例如苄基、1-萘乙基等。
如本文所用,“(杂)烃基”包括烃基烷基、芳基、芳烷基和烷芳基基团,和杂烃基杂烷基和杂芳基基团,后者包含一个或多个悬链(链中)杂原子诸如醚或氨基基团。杂烃基可任选地包含一个或多个悬链(链中)官能团,该悬链官能团包括酯官能团、酰胺官能团、脲官能团、氨基甲酸酯官能团和碳酸酯官能团。除非另外指明,否则非聚合的(杂)烃基基团通常包含1个至60个碳原子。如本文所用的此类杂烃基的一些示例除上文针对“烷基”、“杂烷基”和“芳基”所述的那些外,还包括但不限于甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、4-二苯基氨基丁基、2-(2'-苯氧基乙氧基)乙基、3,6-二氧杂庚基、3,6-二氧杂己基-6-苯基。
如本文所用,术语“复合粒子”是指纳米粒子,该纳米粒子通常为芯/壳纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体)的形式,其在纳米粒子的表面上具有不通过普通溶解从表面去除的任何相关联的有机涂层或其它材料。此类复合粒子可用作“量子点”,该量子点由于使用半导体材料而在近紫外线(UV)到远红外线(IR)范围内具有可调发射。
术语“纳米粒子”是指具有在0.1纳米至1000纳米范围内,诸如0.1纳米至100纳米范围内或1纳米至100纳米范围内的平均粒径的粒子。术语“直径”不仅指大致球形的粒子的直径,而且还指沿结构的最短轴线的距离。用于测量平均粒径的合适技术包括例如扫描隧道显微镜法、光散射法和透射电子显微镜法。
纳米粒子的“芯”被理解为是指尚未施加壳的纳米粒子(优选地,纳米晶体)或者是指芯/壳纳米粒子的内部部分。纳米粒子的芯可具有均一的组成或者其组成可随芯内的深度变化。已知有许多材料用于芯纳米粒子中,并且在本领域中已知有许多方法用于将一个或多个壳施加到芯纳米粒子。芯具有与一个以上的壳不同的组成。芯通常具有与芯/壳纳米粒子的壳不同的化学组成。
附图说明
图1为包含量子点的例示性膜制品的边缘区域的示意性侧视立面图。
图2为形成量子点膜的例示性方法的流程图。
图3为包括量子点制品的显示器的一个实施方案的示意图。
具体实施方式
本公开提供了包含荧光半导体纳米粒子的复合粒子,该荧光半导体纳米粒子受到光化辐射激发时能发出荧光。这些复合粒子可以用在光学显示器的涂层和膜中。
荧光半导体纳米粒子在受到适当激发时发出荧光信号。荧光半导体纳米粒子在受到第一波长的光化辐射激发时发出第二波长光化辐射的荧光,该第一波长比第二波长短。在一些实施方案中,荧光半导体纳米粒子在暴露于电磁波谱紫外线区域中的波长的光时能发出电磁波谱可见光区域的荧光。在其它实施方案中,荧光半导体纳米粒子在电磁波谱的紫外线或可见光区域中受到激发时能发出红外线区域的荧光。在其它实施方案中,荧光半导体纳米粒子在受到紫外线区域中较短波长的光激发时能发出紫外线区域的荧光,在受到可见光区域中较短波长的光激发时能发出可见光区域的荧光,或者在受到红外线区域中较短波长的光激发时能发出红外线区域的荧光。荧光半导体纳米粒子通常能够发出下列波长范围内的荧光:诸如例如,在至多1200纳米(nm)、或至多1000nm、至多900nm、或至多800nm的波长下。例如,荧光半导体纳米粒子通常能够发出400纳米至800纳米范围内的荧光。
纳米粒子具有至少0.1纳米(nm)、或至少0.5nm、或至少1nm的平均粒径。纳米粒子具有至多1000nm、或至多500nm、或至多200nm、或至多100nm、或至多50nm、或至多20nm、或至多10nm的平均粒径。半导体纳米粒子,具体地尺寸在1nm至10nm范围内的半导体纳米粒子,已作为一类最具前景的先进材料用于前沿技术。
半导体材料包含周期表中2族至16族、12族至16族、13族至15族、14族至16族以及14族半导体(使用1至18这种现代族编号系统)的元素或复合物。一些合适的量子点包括金属磷化物、金属硒化物、金属碲化物或金属硫化物。示例性半导体材料包括但不限于Si、Ge、Sn、BN、BP、BAs、AlN、AlP、AlAs、AlSb、GaN、GaP、GaAs、GaSb、InN、InP、lnAs、InSb、AlN、AlP、AlAs、AlSb、GaN、GaP、GaAs、GaSb、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、BeS、BeSe、BeTe、MgS、MgSe、MgTe、GeS、GeSe、GeTe、SnS、SnSe、SnTe、PbO、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、CuF、CuCI、CuBr、CuI、Si3N4、Ge3N4、A12O3、(Ga,In)2(S,Se,Te)3、Al2CO、CaS、CaSe、CaTe、SrS、SrSe、SrTe、BaS、BaSe、BaTe、以及两种或更多种此类半导体的适当组合。这些半导体材料可用于芯、一个或多个壳层、或者两者。
在某些实施方案中,示例性金属磷化物量子点包括磷化铟和磷化镓,示例性金属硒化物量子点包括硒化镉、硒化铅和硒化锌,示例性金属硫化物量子点包括硫化镉、硫化铅和硫化锌,并且示例性金属碲化物量子点包括碲化镉、碲化铅和碲化锌。其它合适的量子点包括砷化镓和磷化铟镓。示例性半导体材料可从纽约特洛伊的Evident Thermoelectrics公司(Evident Thermoelectrics(Troy,NY))和加利福尼亚州米尔皮塔斯的纳米系统公司(Nanosys,Inc.,Milpitas,CA)商购获得。
用于本发明的纳米晶体(或其它纳米结构)可使用本领域技术人员已知的任何方法制造。合适的方法公开于美国专利6,949,206中(Whiteford,全文以引用方式并入本文)。用于本发明的纳米晶体(或其它纳米结构)可由任何合适的材料制成,该材料合适地为无机材料,并且更合适地为无机导电材料或半导体材料。合适的半导体材料包括其中所公开的那些,并且包括任何类型的半导体,包括12族至16族、13族至15族、14族至16族和14族半导体。
合适的半导体材料包括但不限于Si、Ge、Sn、Se、Te、B、C(包括金刚石)、P、BN、BP、BAs、AlP、AlAs、AlSb、GaN、GaP、GaAs、GaSb、InN、InP、InAs、InSb、AlN、AlP、ZnO、ZnS、ZnSe、ZnTe、CdS、CdSe、CdTe、HgS、HgSe、HgTe、BeS、BeSe、BeTe、MgS、MgSe、GeS、GeSe、GeTe、SnS、SnSe、SnTe、PbO、PbS、PbSe、PbTe、CuF、CuCl、CuBr、CuI、Si3N4、Ge3N4、Al2O3、(Ga,In)2(S,Se,Te)3、Al2CO、以及两种或更多种此类半导体的适当组合。
在某些方面,半导体纳米晶体或其它纳米结构可包含掺杂剂,该掺杂剂选自:p型掺杂剂或n型掺杂剂。可用于本发明的纳米晶体(或其它纳米结构)还可包含12族至16族或13族至15族半导体。12族至16族或13族至15族半导体纳米晶体和纳米结构的示例包括元素周期表12族中的元素,诸如Zn、Cd和Hg,与16族中的任何元素,诸如S、Se、Te、Po的任何组合;和元素周期表的13族中的元素诸如B、Al、Ga、In和Tl,与15族中的任何元素,诸如N、P、As、Sb和Bi的任何组合。
其它合适的无机纳米结构包括金属纳米结构。合适的金属包括但不限于Ru、Pd、Pt、Ni、W、Ta、Co、Mo、Ir、Re、Rh、Hf、Nb、Au、Ag、Ti、Sn、Zn、Fe等。
虽然可使用任何已知的方法来形成纳米晶体荧光体,但合适地使用用于控制无机纳米材料荧光体生长的溶液相胶体法。参见,Alivisatos,A.P.,“半导体簇、纳米晶体和量子点”,《科学》,第271卷,第993页,1996年(Alivisatos,A.P.,“Semiconductor clusters,nanocrystals,and quantum dots,”Science 271:933(1996));X.Peng、M.Schlamp、A.Kadavanich、A.P.Alivisatos,“具有光稳定性和电子可及性的高发光CdSe/CdS芯/壳纳米晶体的外延生长”,《美国化学会志》,第30卷,第7019-7029页,1997年(X.Peng,M.Schlamp,A.Kadavanich,A.P.Alivisatos,“Epitaxial growth of highly luminescentCdSe/CdS Core/Shell nanocrystals with photostability and electronicaccessibility,”J.Am.Chem.Soc.30:7019-7029(1997));以及C.B.Murray、D.J.Norris、M.G.Bawendi,“近单分散CdE(E=硫、硒、碲)半导体纳米晶体的合成和表征”,《美国化学会志》,第115卷,第8706页,1993年(C.B.Murray,D.J.Norris,M.G.Bawendi,“Synthesis andcharacterization of nearly monodisperse CdE(E=sulfur,selenium,tellurium)semiconductor nanocrystallites,”J.Am.Chem.Soc.115:8706(1993))。这种制造工艺技术利用了低成本可加工性,而不需要洁净室和昂贵的制造设备。在这些方法中,将高温下发生热解的金属前体快速注入到有机表面活性剂分子的热溶液中。这些前体在高温下分解并反应以使纳米晶体成核。在此初始成核期之后,通过向生长的晶体添加单体而开始生长期。结果得到了处于溶液中的独立式晶体纳米粒子,这些纳米粒子具有涂覆其表面的有机表面活性剂分子。
利用该方法,合成作为初始成核事件在数秒内发生,然后晶体在高温下生长数分钟。可对诸如温度、所存在表面活性剂的类型、前体材料和表面活性剂与单体的比率的参数进行修改,以便改变反应的性质和进程。温度控制成核事件的结构相、前体分解速率和生长速率。有机表面活性剂分子调解溶解性和对纳米晶体形状的控制。
在半导体纳米晶体中,光诱导的发射由纳米晶体的带边状态引起。来自纳米晶体的带边发射与源于表面电子态的辐射衰变通道和非辐射衰变通道竞争。X.Peng等人,《美国化学会志》,第30卷,第7019-7029页,1997年(X.Peng,et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.30:7019-7029(1997))。因此,表面缺陷诸如悬空键的存在提供了非辐射重组中心并促成降低的发射效率。钝化并去除表面陷阱态的有效且永久的方法是在纳米晶体的表面上外延生长无机壳材料。X.Peng等人,《美国化学会志》,第30卷,第7019-7029页,1997年(X.Peng,et al.,J.Am.Chem.Soc.30:7019-7029(1997))。可选择壳材料,使得电子能级相对于芯材料为I型(例如,具有较大的带隙以提供将电子和空穴局限于芯的潜在步骤)。因此,非辐射重组的概率可降低。
芯-壳结构是通过将包含壳材料的有机金属前体添加到包含芯纳米晶体的反应混合物而获得的。在这种情况下,不是在成核事件之后生长,而是芯起到成核的作用,并且从它们的表面生长壳。反应的温度保持较低以利于壳材料单体添加到芯表面,同时防止壳材料的纳米晶体的独立成核。反应混合物中存在表面活性剂以指导壳材料的受控生长并确保溶解性。当两种材料之间具有低晶格失配时,获得均匀且外延生长的壳。另外,球形形状起到将来自大曲率半径的界面应变能最小化的作用,从而防止形成可以劣化纳米晶体体系的光学特性的错位。
在合适的实施方案中,ZnS可用作使用已知合成方法的壳材料,从而产生高质量的发射。如上,若有必要,这种材料可容易地被取代,例如,如果改变了芯材料。附加的示例性芯和壳材料在本文中有所描述并且/或者在本领域中是已知的。
对于量子点的许多应用,在选择材料时通常考虑两个因素。第一个因素是吸收和发出可见光的能力。这一考虑使InP成为高度理想的基体材料。第二因素是材料的光致发光效率(量子产率)。一般来讲,12族至16族量子点(诸如硒化镉)具有比13族至15族量子点(诸如InP)更高的量子产率。此前制备的InP芯的量子产率一直非常低(<1%),并且因此,已通过制备以InP为芯并以具有更高带隙的另一种半导体化合物(例如ZnS)为壳的芯/壳结构,来设法改善量子产率。
因此,本公开的荧光半导体纳米粒子(即量子点)包括芯以及至少部分地围绕芯的壳。芯/壳纳米粒子可具有两个不同的层,即半导体或金属芯以及围绕绝缘或半导体材料的芯的壳。芯往往包含第一半导体材料,并且壳往往包含不同于第一半导体材料的第二半导体材料。例如,12族至16族(例如,CdSe)的第一半导体材料可存在于芯中,并且12族至16族(例如,ZnS)的第二半导体材料可存在于壳中。
在本公开的某些实施方案中,芯包含金属磷化物(例如,磷化铟(InP)、磷化镓(GaP)、磷化铝(AlP))、金属硒化物(例如,硒化镉(CdSe)、硒化锌(ZnSe)、硒化镁(MgSe))或金属碲化物(例如,碲化镉(CdTe)、碲化锌(ZnTe))。在某些实施方案中,芯包含金属磷化物(例如,磷化铟)或金属硒化物(例如,硒化镉)。在本公开的某些优选实施方案中,芯包含金属磷化物(例如,磷化铟)。
壳可为单层或多层。在一些实施方案中,壳为多层壳。壳可包含本文所述的芯材料中的任一种。在某些实施方案中,壳材料可为带隙能比半导体芯高的半导体材料。在其它实施方案中,合适的壳材料可相对于半导体芯具有良好的导带和价带偏移,并且在一些实施方案中,其导带可比芯的导带高,并且其价带可比芯的价带低。例如,在某些实施方案中,发出可见光区域能量的半导体芯,诸如例如CdS、CdSe、CdTe、ZnSe、ZnTe、GaP、InP或GaAs,或者发出近红外线区域能量的半导体芯,诸如例如InP、InAs、InSb、PbS或PbSe,可涂覆有具有紫外线区域带隙能的壳材料,诸如例如ZnS、GaN和镁的硫属元素化物(诸如MgS、MgSe和MgTe)。在其它实施方案中,在近红外线区域发射的半导体芯可涂覆有具有可见光区域带隙能的材料,诸如CdS或ZnSe。
芯/壳纳米粒子的形成可通过多种方法来进行。可用于制备半导体芯的合适的芯前体和壳前体在本领域中为已知的,并且可包含2族元素、12族元素、13族元素、14族元素、15族元素、16族元素、以及它们的盐形式。例如,第一前体可包括金属盐(M+X-),其包含金属原子(M+)(诸如例如Zn、Cd、Hg、Mg、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ga、In、Al、Pb、Ge、Si或in盐)和抗衡离子(X-),或有机金属物质,诸如例如二烷基金属络合物。涂覆的半导体纳米晶体芯和芯/壳纳米晶体的制备可见于例如Dabbousi等人,1997年,《物理化学杂志B》,第101卷,第9463页(Dabbousiet al.(1997)J.Phys.Chem.B 101:9463);Hines等人,1996年,《物理化学杂志》,第100卷,第468-471页(Hines et al.(1996)J.Phys.Chem.100:468-471);和Peng等人,1997年,《美国化学会志》,第119卷,第7019-7029页(Peng et al.(1997)J.Amer.Chem.Soc.119:7019-7029),以及美国专利8,283,412(Liu等人)和国际公布WO 2010/039897(Tulsky等人)。
在本公开的某些优选实施方案中,壳包含金属硫化物(例如,硫化锌或硫化镉)。在某些实施方案中,壳包含含锌的化合物(例如,硫化锌或硒化锌)。在某些实施方案中,多层壳包括包覆芯的内壳,其中内壳包含硒化锌和硫化锌。在某些实施方案中,多层壳包括包覆内壳的外壳,其中外壳包含硫化锌。
在一些实施方案中,壳/芯纳米粒子的芯包含金属磷化物,诸如磷化铟、磷化镓或磷化铝。壳包含硫化锌、硒化锌、或它们的组合。在一些更具体的实施方案中,芯包含磷化铟,并且壳为由内壳和外壳组成的多层,该内壳包含硒化锌和硫化锌两者,该外壳包含硫化锌。
壳(一层或多层)的厚度在实施方案中可有所不同,并且能够影响荧光波长、量子产率、荧光稳定性、以及纳米晶体的其它光稳定性特征。技术人员可选择适当的厚度以实现所需的特性,并且可修改制备芯/壳纳米粒子的方法以实现壳(一层或多层)的适当厚度。
本公开的荧光半导体纳米粒子(即,量子点)的直径可影响荧光波长。量子点的直径往往与荧光波长直接相关。例如,具有约2纳米至3纳米的平均粒径的硒化镉量子点往往发出可见光谱的蓝光或绿光区域的荧光,而具有约8纳米至10纳米的平均粒径的硒化镉量子点往往发出可见光谱的红光区域的荧光。
由于羧酸常常在合成InP/ZnS芯/壳粒子中用作表面活性剂,因此在分散于稳定剂之前,量子点可具有附接到其的酸官能配体。类似地,作为其制备的结果,CdSe量子点可用胺官能化配体来官能化。因此,量子点可用由纳米粒子的原始合成产生的那些表面改性添加剂或者配体官能化。
因此,量子点可用式III的配体进行表面改性:
R15-R12(X)n III
其中
R15为具有C2至C30个碳原子的(杂)烃基基团;
R12为烃基基团,该烃基基团包括亚烷基、亚芳基、亚烷芳基和亚芳烷基;
n为至少一;
X为配体基团,包括-CO2H、-SO3H、-P(O)(OH)2、-OP(O)(OH)、-OH和-NH2。
此类附加的表面改性配体可在用式I的稳定剂官能化时添加,或可由于合成附接到纳米粒子。此类附加表面改性剂以相对于稳定剂的量小于或等于本发明稳定共聚物的重量,优选地10重量%或更少的量存在。
可使用各种方法,用配体化合物对荧光半导体纳米粒子进行表面改性。在一些实施方案中,可使用类似于U.S.7,160,613(Bawendi等人)和U.S.8,283,412(Liu等人)中所述的那些工序来添加表面改性剂。例如,可以将配体化合物和荧光半导体纳米粒子在高温(例如,至少50℃、至少60℃、至少80℃或至少90℃)下加热较长时间(例如,至少1小时、至少5小时、至少10小时、至少15小时、或至少20小时)。
如果需要,可例如通过蒸馏、旋转蒸发、或通过纳米粒子的沉淀以及混合物的离心,然后进行液体滗析并留下经表面改性的纳米粒子,而去除合成过程的任何副产物或表面改性过程中使用的任何溶剂。在一些实施方案中,在表面改性之后将表面改性的荧光半导体纳米粒子干燥成粉末。在其它实施方案中,用于表面改性的溶剂与包含纳米粒子的组合物中使用的任何载体流体相容(即,可混溶)。在这些实施方案中,至少一部分用于表面改性反应的溶剂可包含在经表面改性的荧光半导体纳米粒子被分散于其中的载体流体中。
合适的溶剂或载体流体包括但不限于芳族烃(例如甲苯、苯或二甲苯)、脂族烃诸如烷烃(例如环己烷、庚烷、己烷或辛烷)、醇(例如甲醇、乙醇、异丙醇或丁醇)、酮(例如丙酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮或环己酮)、醛、胺、酰胺、酯(例如乙酸戊酯、碳酸亚乙酯、碳酸亚丙酯或乙酸甲氧基丙酯)、二醇(例如乙二醇、丙二醇、丁二醇、三乙二醇、二乙二醇、己二醇或乙二醇醚,诸如可以商品名DOWANOL从密歇根州米德兰的陶氏化学公司(DowChemical,Midland,MI)商购获得的那些)、醚(例如二乙醚)、二甲基亚砜、四甲基砜、卤代烃(例如二氯甲烷、氯仿或氢氟醚)、或它们的组合。
稳定剂改善了量子点的稳定性,该量子点用于量子点制品中。具体地,本发明稳定剂使量子点在载体流体的分散体中是稳定的,其中的液滴分散于聚合物基体中。稳定剂与量子点的组合可防止量子点粒子光降解。
稳定共聚物可通过使乙烯基芳族单体和环状硅氧烷阴离子聚合以形成活性聚合物来制备。此类单体包括乙烯基芳族化合物,诸如苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙烯基甲苯、叔丁基苯乙烯、甲氧基苯乙烯、三甲基甲硅烷基苯乙烯及其异构体。活性聚合物通过在惰性有机稀释剂的存在下使单体与碱金属烃或醇盐接触而方便地制备。理想地,可依次添加单体以制备苯乙烯-有机硅嵌段共聚物。
当嵌段共聚物使用活性阴离子聚合技术制备时,简化的结构A-M可表示活性A嵌段,其中M为增长阴离子片段。A嵌段是第一单体组合物的聚合产物,该第一单体组合物包含“Z”官能化苯乙烯单体。可将包含用于形成B嵌段的单体的第二单体组合物(例如,第二单体组合物可包含环状硅氧烷单体添加到A-M,从而导致活性二嵌段结构A-B-M的形成。添加另一种第一单体组合物(其包含根据式I的单体)并且后续消除活性阴离子位点可导致三嵌段结构A-B-A的形成。
用于阴离子聚合的引发剂可为碱金属烃或醇盐中的任一种,其产生单官能化活性聚合物,即,仅聚合物的一端包含反应性离子。此类引发剂包括锂、钠或钾的烃,例如包含以碳为中心的阴离子,并且由至多20个碳原子或更多,并且优选地至多8个碳原子构成。例示性碱金属烃包括乙基钠、丙基钠、丁基钾、辛基钾、苄基钾、苄基钠、苯基钠、乙基锂、丁基锂、仲丁基锂、异丁基锂、叔丁基锂和2-乙基己基锂。仲丁基锂是优选的引发剂。
可使用官能化阴离子引发剂。一种此类引发剂为对(双-三甲基甲硅烷基氨基)苯基锂。US 5331058(Shephard)和US 5391663(Bening)描述了官能化引发剂,其具有结构R31R32R33Si-O-A'-Li,其中R31、R32和R33优选地为具有1至10个碳原子的烷基、烷氧基、芳基或烷芳基基团,并且A'优选地为具有至少2个碳原子的支链或直链桥连基团。R1、R2和R3优选地不全部为CH3。桥连基团(A')最优选地为具有3至10个碳原子的直链烷基。
还可参见公开于以下参考文献中的引发剂体系:Jagur-Grodzinski,J.,2002年,由活性阴离子聚合获得的官能化聚合物,《高分子科学杂志,高分子化学》,第40卷,第2116-2133页(Jagur-Grodzinski,J.(2002),Functional polymers by living anionicpolymerization.J.Polym.Sci.A Polym.Chem.,40:2116-2133.)doi:10.1002/pola.10291;H.L.Hsieh、R.P.Quirk,“阴离子聚合,原理和实际应用”,马塞尔·德克公司,纽约,1996年(H.L.Hsieh,R.P.Quirk,“Anionic Polymerization,principles andpractical applications”Marcel Dekker,Inc.,New York,1996);R.P.Quirk、S.H.Jang,使用官能化烷基锂引发剂阴离子合成官能化弹性体的最新进展,《橡胶化学技术》,1996年,第69卷(第3期),第444-461页(R.P.Quirk,S.H.Jang,Recent advances in anionicsynthesis of functionalized elastomers using functionalizedalkylithiuminitiators,Rubb.Chem.Thechnol.,1996,69(3),444-461);Y.S.Yu、R.R.Faft、Ph.Teyssié,“仲丁基锂/间二异丙烯基苯二加合物作为非极性溶剂中阴离子聚合引发剂的效率”,《大分子》,1994年,第27卷,第5957-5963页(Y.S.Yu,R.R.Faft,Ph.Teyssié,“Efficiency of the sec-Butyllithium/m-DiisopropenylbenzeneDiadduct as an Anionic Polymerization initiator in Apolar Solvents”,Macromolecules,1994,27,5957-5963);F.Bandermann、H.D.Speikamp、L.Weigel,“双官能化阴离子引发剂:关键性研究和综述”,《大分子化学》,1985年,第186卷,第2017-2024页(F.Bandermann,H.D.Speikamp,L.Weigel,“Bifunctional anionic initiators:Acritical study and overview”,Makromol.Chem.1985,186,2017-2024);以及RachidMatmour、Arvind S.More、Prakash P.Wadgaonkar和Yves Gnanou,“由烃溶性和无添加剂的二碳阴离子引发剂制备的高性能聚(苯乙烯-b-二烯-b-苯乙烯)三嵌段共聚物”,《美国化学会志》,2006年,128卷(第25期),第8158-8159页(Rachid Matmour,Arvind S.More,PrakashP.Wadgaonkar,and Yves Gnanou,“High performance poly(styrene-b-diene-b-styrene)triblock copolymers from a hydrocarbon-soluble and additive-freedicarbanionic initiator”,J.Am.Chem.Soc.2006,128(25),8158-8159)。1994年7月12日授权的并且题目为“可溶性阴离子聚合引发剂及其制备”的美国专利5,329,005公开了单锂基胺引发剂。
引发剂的量通常指示活性聚合物的分子量。如果使用一小部分引发剂,则相对于单体的量,活性聚合物的分子量一般将大于使用小比例引发剂时的分子量。通常,引发剂浓度可在约0.01至约0.1摩尔活性碱金属每摩尔单体,或更高的范围内变化。
所用的聚合温度取决于所聚合的单体、所用的溶剂和采用的聚合技术类型。对于活性阴离子聚合反应,温度通常为约-80℃至约40℃。一般来讲,聚合反应在受控的条件下进行,以便排除可能破坏引发剂或活性阴离子的物质。通常,聚合反应在惰性气氛(诸如氮气、氩气、氦气、或它们的组合)中进行。当反应为活性阴离子聚合时,无水条件可能是必要的。
使用阴离子聚合方法制备的活性聚合物链可以多种方式封端,以产生官能团封端的聚合物。该反应描述于U.S.3,842,059中。在终止反应的情况下,通过在聚合温度下将封端反应物添加到活性聚合物链来进行封端反应。取决于封端的预期结果,可使用相对于引发剂量的过量或化学计量当量。在预期聚合物偶联的情况下,试剂量应当是精确的,因为封端反应优选在摩尔基础上发生。虽然以下试剂中的许多反应接近完成,但并不需要将所有聚合物链端均官能化以在本体材料中实现独特的特性。
在技术文献中,报道了偶联剂的许多示例[H.L.Hsieh,《橡胶化学和技术》,1976年,第49卷(第5期),第1305页](H.L.Hsieh,Rubber Chem.And Tech.,1976,49(5),1305)。向生长的聚合物链中添加合适的亲电试剂将导致增长阴离子的亲核攻击。此类亲电试剂的示例包括产生末端羧酸的二氧化碳、产生末端胺的有机亚胺、产生末端醇的小分子醛和酮。类似地,包含受保护的官能团的庞大亲电试剂,例如取代的二苯乙烯1-(4-甲氧基苯基)-1-苯乙烯通常用于封端反应中。还可将包含卤素离去基团(即,F、Cl、Br、I)的有机小分子用于聚合物链的封端。除了它们的同类类似物之外,此类小分子的示例是对氯甲基苯乙烯、2,2,5,5-四甲基-1-(3-氯丙基)-1-氮杂-2,5-二硅杂环戊烷和1-溴-3-(叔丁基二甲基)硅氧基丙烷。应变环状有机物的开环也通常用于在官能化同时的聚合物链封端。环氧乙烷、取代的环氧化物、硫杂环丙烷、六元硅氧烷、氮丙啶、取代的氮丙啶和磺内酯是已经用于该目的的许多应变环状物中的一些的示例。
除了官能团安装之外,还通常用封端试剂来实现聚合物链的偶联。这些偶联剂一般具有式R1 0-2R2 0-2AX2-4,其中A为主族原子,X为一些卤素,R1和R2为烷基、芳基、烷芳基或芳烷基基团。R取代基可具有官能团,诸如二氯乙烯基甲基硅烷。二-、三-和四-卤代有机硅烷、二溴二甲苯和二溴甲烷是经常用于产生具有或不具有支链的聚合物链的未官能化偶联剂。
增长阴离子的性质决定可使用何种封端试剂。本领域的技术人员认识到了以碳为中心的阴离子和以其它主族元素为中心的阴离子之间的固有反应性差异。因此,一些较少反应性的封端试剂将与其中增长阴离子基于碳的聚合物链反应,然而较少反应性的试剂将不能终止,例如聚(环氧乙烷)、以氧为中心的阴离子的情况。在一个更具体的示例中,产生聚合物末端的甲基丙烯酸酯官能团的封端剂,3-(二甲基)碘甲硅烷基-1-丙基甲基丙烯酸酯,将彻底终止以氧为中心的阴离子,但将参与以碳为中心的阴离子的交换反应,如聚苯乙烯的情况。卤代硅烷通常用于终止以氧为中心的阴离子。例如,氧杂阴离子可用碘代硅烷或碘代硅氧烷诸如碘代三甲基硅烷或六甲基二硅氧烷封端,以提供三甲基甲硅烷基端基。活性阴离子可用氨基烷基二甲基碘代二硅氧烷或氨基烷基二甲基碘代硅烷封端以提供烷基氨基端基。氯乙烯基二甲基硅烷可用于提供末端乙烯基硅烷基团。
稳定化荧光半导体纳米粒子可分散于溶液、悬浮液或分散体中,该溶液、悬浮液或分散体包含(a)任选的载体流体和(b)聚合物粘结剂、聚合物粘结剂的前体、或它们的组合。稳定化纳米粒子可分散于任选的载体流体中,其然后分散于聚合物粘结剂中,从而形成次级载体流体中的纳米粒子的液滴,其继而分散于聚合物粘结剂中。
聚合物粘结剂期望地提供阻挡特性,以排除氧气和湿气。如果水和/或氧气进入量子点制品,量子点就可能降解,并且最终在受到紫外线或蓝光照射激发时无法发光。减缓或消除沿层合物边缘的量子点降解对于延长较小电子设备中的显示器(诸如,用于例如手持式设备和平板电脑的显示器)的使用寿命而言特别重要。
聚合物粘结剂或树脂期望地提供阻挡特性,以排出在固化时的氧气和湿气。如果水和/或氧气进入量子点制品,量子点就可能降解,并且最终在受到紫外线或蓝光照射激发时无法发光。减缓或消除沿层合物边缘的量子点降解对于延长较小电子设备中的显示器(诸如,用于例如手持式设备和平板电脑的显示器)的使用寿命而言特别重要。
示例性聚合物粘结剂包括但不限于聚硅氧烷、含氟弹性体、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚己内酯、聚己内酰胺、聚氨酯、聚醚、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺和聚甲基丙烯酰胺、以及它们的混合物。
聚合物粘结剂或树脂的合适前体包括用于制备上面所列聚合物材料的任何前体材料。示例性前体材料包括可聚合成聚丙烯酸酯的丙烯酸酯、可聚合形成聚甲基丙烯酸酯的甲基丙烯酸酯、可聚合形成聚丙烯酰胺的丙烯酰胺、可聚合形成聚甲基丙烯酰胺的甲基丙烯酰胺、可聚合形成聚酯的环氧树脂和二羧酸、可聚合形成聚醚的二环氧化物、可聚合形成聚氨酯的异氰酸酯和多元醇、或可聚合形成聚酯的多元醇和二羧酸。
在一些实施方案中,诸如CdSe,聚合物粘结剂为可热固化的环氧-胺组合物,其任选地还包含可辐射固化的丙烯酸酯,如申请人共同未决的WO 2015/095296(Eckert等人)中所述的;硫醇-环氧树脂,如US 62/148209(Qiu等人,于2015年4月16日提交的)中所述的,硫醇-烯烃-环氧树脂,如US 62/148212(Qui等人,于2015年4月16日提交的)中所述的;硫醇-烯烃树脂,如US 62/080488(Qui等人,于2014年11月17日提交的)中所述的,以及硫醇有机硅,如WO 2015/138174(Qiu等人,于2015年9月17公布的)中所述的。
在一些优选的实施方案中,聚合物粘结剂为具有以下通式的可辐射固化的低聚物
R低聚-(L1-Z1)d,其中
R低聚基团包括氨基甲酸酯、聚氨酯、酯、聚酯、聚醚、聚烯烃、聚丁二烯和环氧化物;
L1为连接基团;
Z1为可自由基聚合的侧链基团,诸如(甲基)丙烯酰基、乙烯基或炔基,并且优选地为(甲基)丙烯酸酯,并且
d大于1,优选地为至少2。
位于低聚物链段和烯键式不饱和端基之间的连接基团L1包括二价或更高价的基团(选自亚烷基、亚芳基、杂亚烷基、或它们的组合)和任选的二价基团(选自羰基、酯、酰胺、磺酰胺、或它们的组合)。L1可为未取代的,也可被烷基、芳基、卤素、或它们的组合取代。L1基团通常具有不超过30个碳原子。在一些化合物中,L1基团具有不超过20个碳原子、不超过10个碳原子、不超过6个碳原子或不超过4个碳原子。例如,L1可以是亚烷基、被芳基基团取代的亚烷基、或与亚芳基结合的亚烷基,或者是烷基醚或烷基硫醚连接基团。
可自由基聚合的侧链官能团Z1可选自乙烯基、乙烯基醚、乙炔基和(甲基)丙烯酰基,该(甲基)丙烯酰基包括丙烯酸酯基团、甲基丙烯酸酯基团、丙烯酰胺基团和甲基丙烯酰胺基团。
低聚物基团R低聚可选自聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯、聚氨酯、聚环氧化物、聚酯、聚醚、聚硫化物、聚丁二烯、氢化聚烯烃(包括氢化聚丁二烯、异戊二烯和乙烯/丙烯共聚物)和聚碳酸酯低聚物链。
如本文所用,“(甲基)丙烯酸酯化低聚物”是指一种聚合物分子,该聚合物分子具有至少两个侧链(甲基)丙烯酰基基团并且由凝胶渗透色谱法测定的重均分子量(Mw)为至少1,000g/mol、并且通常小于50,000g/mol。
(甲基)丙烯酰基环氧低聚物是环氧树脂的多官能团(甲基)丙烯酸酯和酰胺,诸如双酚A环氧树脂的(甲基)丙烯酸酯。可商购获得的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化环氧化物的示例包括由以下商品名已知的那些:EBECRYL 600(分子量为525的双酚A环氧二丙烯酸酯)、EBECRYL605(具有25%三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯的EBECRYL 600)、EBECRYL 3700(分子量为524的双酚A二丙烯酸酯)和EBECRYL 3720H(具有20%二丙烯酸己二醇酯的分子量为524的双酚A二丙烯酸酯),其购自新泽西州伍德兰帕克的氰特工业公司(Cytec Industries,Inc.,WoodlandPark,NJ);和PHOTOMER 3016(双酚A环氧丙烯酸酯)、PHOTOMER 3016-40R(环氧丙烯酸酯和40%三丙二醇二丙烯酸酯共混物)、和PHOTOMER 3072(改性的双酚A丙烯酸酯等),其购自俄亥俄州辛辛那提的巴斯夫公司(BASF Corp.,Cincinnati,OH),以及Ebecryl 3708(改性的双酚A环氧二丙烯酸酯),其购自新泽西州伍德兰帕克的氰特工业公司(Cytec Industries,Inc.,Woodland Park,NJ)。
(甲基)丙烯酸酯化氨基甲酸酯是羟基封端的异氰酸酯扩链多元醇、聚酯或聚醚的多官能团(甲基)丙烯酸酯。(甲基)丙烯酸酯化氨基甲酸酯低聚物可按例如下述方式合成:使二异氰酸酯或其它多价异氰酸酯化合物与多价多元醇(包括聚醚多元醇和聚酯多元醇)反应,以生成异氰酸酯封端的氨基甲酸酯预聚物。聚酯多元醇可由多元酸(例如,对苯二甲酸或马来酸)与多元醇(例如,乙二醇或1,6-已二醇)反应形成。用于制备丙烯酸酯官能化氨基甲酸酯低聚物的聚醚多元醇可选自例如聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇、聚(四氢呋喃)、聚(2-甲基-四氢呋喃)、聚(3-甲基-四氢呋喃)等。另选地,丙烯酸酯化聚氨酯低聚物连接的多元醇可为聚碳酸酯多元醇。
随后,可使具有羟基基团的(甲基)丙烯酸酯与预聚物的末端异氰酸酯基团反应。芳族和优选的脂族异氰酸酯两者可用来与氨基甲酸酯反应,以获得低聚物。用于制备(甲基)丙烯酸酯化低聚物的二异氰酸酯的示例是2,4-甲苯二异氰酸酯、2,6-甲苯二异氰酸酯、1,3-苯二甲基二异氰酸酯、1,4-苯二甲基二异氰酸酯、1,6-己基二异氰酸酯、异佛乐酮二异氰酸酯等。用于制备丙烯酸酯化低聚物的羟基封端的丙烯酸酯的示例包括但不限于2-羟乙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、2-羟丙基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、α-羟基丁基丙烯酸酯、聚乙二醇(甲基)丙烯酸酯等。
(甲基)丙烯酸酯化氨基甲酸酯低聚物可为例如丙烯酸酯官能度为至少二并且通常小于约六的任何氨基甲酸酯低聚物。合适的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化氨基甲酸酯低聚物也可商购获得,诸如例如由以下商品名已知的那些:PHOTOMER 6008、6019、6184(脂族氨基甲酸酯三丙烯酸酯),其购自汉高公司(Henkel Corp.);EBECRYL 220(分子量为1000的六官能芳族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯)、EBECRYL 284(用12%的二丙烯酸1,6-己二醇酯稀释的分子量为1200的脂族氨基甲酸酯二丙烯酸酯)、EBECRYL 4830(用10%的二丙烯酸四乙二醇酯稀释的分子量为1200的脂族氨基甲酸酯二丙烯酸酯)、和EBECRYL 6602(用40%的三羟甲基丙烷乙氧基三丙烯酸酯稀释的分子量为1300的三官能芳族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯),其购自UCB化学公司(UCB Chemical);以及SARTOMER CN1963、963E75、945A60、963B80、968和983,其购自宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(Sartomer Co.,Exton,PA)。
这些材料的特性可以根据异氰酸酯类型、多元醇改性剂类型、反应性官能团和分子量的选择而变化。二异氰酸酯广泛用于氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯合成,并可划分为芳族二异氰酸酯和脂族二异氰酸酯。芳族二异氰酸酯用于制造芳族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯,该芳族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯的成本显著低于脂族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯,但往往在白色或浅色基材上容易明显发黄。脂族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯包括脂族二异氰酸酯,该脂族二异氰酸酯与具有相同官能度、相似多元醇改性剂和相似分子量的芳族氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸酯相比,表现出略大的柔性。
可固化组合物可包含官能化聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物,其可得自以下物质的反应产物:(a)50重量份至99重量份的(甲基)丙烯酸酯单体单元,其可均聚或共聚为聚合物(b)1重量份至50重量份的具有可自由基聚合的侧链官能团的单体单元。此类材料的示例可以商品名Elvacite 1010、Elvacite 4026和Elvacite 4059购自田纳西州科尔多瓦的璐彩特国际公司(Lucite International(Cordova,TN))。
(甲基)丙烯酸酯化聚(甲基)丙烯酸酯低聚物可包含丙烯酸聚合物或烃类聚合物与多官能团(甲基)丙烯酸酯稀释剂的共混物。合适的聚合物/稀释剂共混物包括例如可商购获得的产品,诸如EBECRYL 303、745和1710,所有这些产品均购自新泽西州伍德兰帕克的氰特工业公司(Cytec Industries,Inc.,Woodland Park,NJ)。
可固化组合物可包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯低聚物,该低聚物可得自羧基或羟基官能化聚丁二烯。所谓羧基或羟基官能化聚丁二烯,意在指包含游离的-OH或-COOH基团的聚丁二烯。羧基官能化聚丁二烯是已知的,它们已例如在U.S.3,705,208(Nakamuta等人)中所述,并且可以商品名Nisso PB C-1000(纽约州纽约的日曹美国公司(NissoAmerica,New York,NY))商购获得。羧基官能化聚丁二烯也可通过羟基官能化聚丁二烯(即,具有游离羟基基团的聚丁二烯)与环酐反应而获得,诸如例如已在U.S.5,587,433(Boeckeler)、U.S.4,857,434(Klinger)和U.S.5,462,835(Mirle)中所述。
适用于根据本发明的工艺的羧基和羟基官能化聚丁二烯除包含羧基和/或羟基基团外,还包含衍生自丁二烯聚合的单元。聚丁二烯(PDB)通常包含比率为a/b/c的1-4顺式单元/1-4反式单元/1-2单元,其中a、b和c在0至1的范围内,其中a+b+c=1。官能化聚丁二烯的数均分子量(Mn)优选地为200Da至10000Da。Mn更优选地为至少1000。Mn更优选地不超过5000Da。—COOH或-OH官能度通常为1.5至9,优选地为1.8至6。
示例性羟基和羧基聚丁二烯包括但不限于:由阿托菲纳公司(Atofina)商业化的Poly BD R-20LM(羟基官能化PDB,a=0.2,b=0.6,c=0.2,Mn 1230)和Poly BD R45-HT(羟基官能化PDB,a=0.2,b=0.6,c=0.2,Mn 2800)、可得自纽约州纽约的日曹美国公司(Nisso America,New York,NY)的Nisso-PB G-1000(羟基官能化PDB,a=0,b<0.15,c>0.85,Mn 1250-1650)、Nisso-PB G-2000(羟基官能化PDB,a=0,b<0.15,c>0.85,Mn 1800-2200)、Nisso-PB G-3000(羟基官能化PDB,a=0,b<0.10,c>0.90,Mn 2600-3200)、Nisso-PBC-1000(羧基官能化PDB,a=0,b<0.15,c>0.85,Mn 1200-1550)。
当使用从羟基官能化聚丁二烯与环酐反应得到的羧基官能化聚丁二烯时,该环酐优选地包括邻苯二甲酸酐、六氢邻苯二甲酸酐、戊二酸酐、琥珀酸酐、十二烯基琥珀酸酐、马来酸酐、偏苯三酸酐、均苯四酸酐。还可使用酸酐的混合物。按聚丁二烯中存在的每摩尔当量—OH基团计,由羟基官能化聚丁二烯制备羧基官能化聚丁二烯时所用的酸酐的量通常为至少0.8摩尔当量、优选地至少0.9摩尔当量、并且更优选地至少0.95摩尔当量。
作为羧基官能化聚丁二烯的反应产物的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯低聚物可使用(甲基)丙烯酸酯化单环氧化物制备。(甲基)丙烯酸酯化单环氧化物是已知的。可使用的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化单环氧化物的示例为(甲基)丙烯酸缩水甘油酯,诸如丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、丙烯酸4-羟丁酯缩水甘油醚、双酚A二缩水甘油醚单丙烯酸酯。(甲基)丙烯酸酯化单环氧化物优选地选自丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯。另选地,作为羟基官能化聚丁二烯的反应产物的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯低聚物可使用(甲基)丙烯酸酯或卤化物制备。
可使用的一些(甲基)丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯例如包括由美国宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(Sartomer Company,Exton,PA.,USA)制造的Ricacryl 3100和Ricacryl3500,以及购自纽约州纽约的日曹美国公司(Nisso America,New York,NY)的Nisso TE-2000。另选地,可使用其它甲基丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯。这些物质包括由改性的、酯化的液体聚丁二烯二醇构成的液体聚丁二烯树脂的二甲基丙烯酸酯。这些物质以商品名CN301、CN303和CN307购得,由美国宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(Sartomer Company,Exton,PA.,USA)制造。不管将哪种甲基丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯用于本发明的实施方案,甲基丙烯酸酯化聚丁二烯每条链都可以包含约2至约20个甲基丙烯酸酯基团。
另选地,丙烯酸酯官能化低聚物可以是聚酯丙烯酸酯低聚物、丙烯酸酯化丙烯酸类低聚物、丙烯酸酯化环氧低聚物、聚碳酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物或聚醚丙烯酸酯低聚物。可用的环氧丙烯酸酯低聚物包括来自宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(Sartomer Co.(Exton,PA))的CN2003B。可用的聚酯丙烯酸酯低聚物包括来自宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(Sartomer Co.(Exton,PA))的CN293、CN294、和CN2250、2281、2900,以及来自佐治亚州士麦那的UCB化学品公司(UCB Chemicals(Smyrna,GA))的EBECRYL 80、657、830和1810。合适的聚醚丙烯酸酯低聚物包括来自宾夕法尼亚州埃克斯顿的沙多玛公司(Sartomer Co.(Exton,PA))的CN501、502和551。可用的聚碳酸酯丙烯酸酯低聚物可根据U.S.6,451,958(特拉华州威明顿的沙多玛技术公司(Sartomer Technology CompanyInc.,Wilmington,DE))制备。
在包含(甲基)丙烯酸酯化低聚物的每个实施方案中,可固化粘结剂组合物任选地但优选地包含稀释剂单体,其量足以降低可固化组合物的粘度使得可固化组合物可被涂覆在基材上。在一些实施方案中,组合物可包含至多约70重量%的稀释剂单体,以将低聚组分的粘度降至小于10000厘泊并改善可加工性。
可用的单体有利地可溶于或可混溶于可与其高度聚合的(甲基)丙烯酸酯化低聚物。可用的稀释剂为单烯键式不饱和单体和多烯键式不饱和单体,诸如(甲基)丙烯酸酯或(甲基)丙烯酰胺。合适的单体通常具有不大于450g/mol的数均分子量。稀释剂单体有利地在用于固化组合物的辐射波长下具有最小吸光度。此类稀释剂单体可包括例如丙烯酸正丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸己酯、丙烯酸2-乙基-己酯、丙烯酸异辛酯、己内酯丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸异癸酯、丙烯酸十三烷基酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲氧基-聚乙二醇-单甲基丙烯酸酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸四氢糠酯、丙烯酸乙氧基-乙氧基乙酯和乙氧基化丙烯酸壬酯。尤其优选的是丙烯酸2-乙基-己酯、丙烯酸乙氧基-乙氧基乙酯、丙烯酸十三烷基酯和乙氧基化丙烯酸壬酯。具有一个烯键式不饱和基团且对应均聚物的玻璃化转变温度为适用于本发明的50℃或50℃以上温度的高Tg单体,包括例如N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基己内酰胺、丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酰吗啉、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯和丙烯酰胺。
此外,稀释剂单体平均可包含两个或更多个可自由基聚合基团。也可存在具有三个或更多个此类反应性基团的稀释剂。此类单体的示例包括:C2至C18亚烷基二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、C3至C18亚烷基三醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、其聚醚类似物等,诸如1,6-己二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三羟甲基丙烷三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三甘醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯、季戊四醇三(甲基)丙烯酸酯、三丙二醇二(甲基)丙烯酸酯以及二-三羟甲基丙烷四丙烯酸酯。
合适的优选稀释剂单体包括例如(甲基)丙烯酸苄酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯;(甲基)丙烯酸苯氧基-2-甲基乙酯;(甲基)丙烯酸苯氧基乙氧基乙酯、1-萘氧基丙烯酸乙酯;丙烯酸2-萘氧基乙酯;丙烯酸苯氧基2-甲基乙酯;丙烯酸苯氧基乙氧基乙酯;丙烯酸2-苯基苯氧基乙酯;丙烯酸4-苯基苯氧基乙酯;以及丙烯酸苯酯。
优选的稀释剂单体包括(甲基)丙烯酸苯氧基乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸苄酯和三环癸烷二丙烯酸二甲醇酯。丙烯酸苯氧乙酯可以商品名“SR339”从沙多玛公司(Sartomer)商购获得;以商品名“Etermer 210”从永恒化工株式会社(Eternal Chemical Co.Ltd.)商购获得;以及以商品名“TO-1166”从东亚合成株式会社(Toagosei Co.Ltd)商购获得。丙烯酸苄酯可从日本大阪市的大阪有机化学公司(Osaka Organic Chemical,Osaka City,Japan)商购购得。三环癸烷二丙烯酸二甲醇酯可以商品名“SR833-S”从沙多玛公司(Sartomer)商购获得。
此类任选的单体(一种或多种)可以至少约5重量%的量存在于可聚合组合物中。任选的单体(一种或多种)通常总计不超过可固化组合物的约70重量%。在一些实施方案中,稀释剂单体的总量在约10重量%至约50重量%的范围内。
当使用了可自由基固化的聚合物粘结剂时,可固化组合物还包含介于约0.1重量%和约5重量%范围内的量的光引发剂。
可用的光引发剂包括已知可用于光固化自由基多官能(甲基)丙烯酸酯的那些。示例性光引发剂包括苯偶姻及其衍生物,诸如α-甲基苯偶姻;α-苯基苯偶姻;α-烯丙基苯偶姻;α-苄基苯偶姻;苯偶姻醚,诸如苯偶酰二甲基缩酮(例如,来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“IRGACURE 651”)、苯偶姻甲醚、苯偶姻乙醚、苯偶姻正丁基醚;苯乙酮及其衍生物,诸如2-羟基-2-甲基-1-苯基-1-丙酮(例如,来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“IRGACURE 1173”)和1-羟基环己基苯基酮(例如,来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“IRGACURE 184”);2-甲基-1-[4-(甲硫基)苯基]-2-(4-吗啉基)-1-丙酮(例如来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“IRGACURE 907”);2-苄基-2-(二甲基氨基)-1-[4-(4-吗啉基)苯基]-1-丁酮(例如,来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“IRGACURE 369”),和氧化膦衍生物,诸如乙基-2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基苯基膦酸酯(例如,来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“TPO-L”)和购自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,FlorhamPark,NJ)的IRGACURE 819(苯基双(2,4,6-三甲基苯甲酰基)氧化膦)。
其它可用的光引发剂包括例如新戊偶姻(pivaloin)乙醚、茴香偶姻乙醚、蒽醌(例如,蒽醌、2-乙基蒽醌、1-氯蒽醌、1,4-二甲基蒽醌、1-甲氧基蒽醌或苯并蒽醌)、卤代甲基三嗪、二苯甲酮及其衍生物,碘鎓盐和锍盐、钛络合物诸如双(η5-2,4-环戊二烯-1-基)-双[2,6-二氟-3-(1H-吡咯-1-基)苯基]钛(例如,来自新泽西州弗洛勒姆帕克的巴斯夫公司(BASF,Florham Park,NJ)的“IRGACURE 784”);卤代甲基-硝基苯(例如4-溴甲基硝基苯)、单酰基膦和双酰基膦(例如“IRGACURE 1700”、“IRGACURE 1800”、“IRGACURE 1850”和“IRGACURE 4265”)。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物粘结剂为可通过为已知经受阳离子聚合的那些过程固化或聚合的环氧化合物,并且包括1,2-、1,3-和1,4-环醚(也被称为1,2-、1,3-和1,4-环氧化物)。合适的环氧粘结剂可包括例如描述于美国专利6,777,460中的那些环氧粘合剂。具体地,可用的环醚包括脂环族环氧化物,诸如环己烯氧化物、乙烯基环己烯氧化物、乙烯基环己烯二氧化物、以及购自新泽西州利堡镇的大赛璐(美国)公司(Daicel(U.S.A.)Inc.,Fort Lee,NJ)的CELLOXIDE系列型粘结剂,或者购自新泽西州梅塔钦的新纳希公司(Synasia Inc.,Metuchen,NJ)的SYNA-EPOXY系列环氧树脂,诸如3,4-环氧基环己基甲基-3,4-环氧基环己烷羧酸酯、双-(3,4-环氧基环己基)己二酸酯和2-(3,4-环氧基环己基-5,5-螺-3,4-环氧基)环己烯-间二噁烷;还包括缩水甘油醚型环氧粘结剂,诸如环氧丙烷、表氯醇、氧化苯乙烯、缩水甘油、购自德克萨斯州休斯顿的锐意卓越产品有限公司(Resolution Performance Products,Houston,TX)的EPON、EPONEX和HELOXY系列类型的环氧粘结剂,其包括双酚A的二缩水甘油醚和该材料的扩链型式,诸如EPON 828、EPON 1001、EPON 1004、EPON 1007、EPON 1009和EPON 2002或来自其它制造商的其等同物,EPONEX1510、双酚A的氢化的二缩水甘油醚、HELOXY 67、1,4-丁二醇的二缩水甘油醚、HELOXYTM107、环己烷二甲醇的二缩水甘油醚或来自其它制造商的其等同物,二环戊二烯二氧化物,环氧化植物油诸如以VIKOLOX和VIKOFLEX粘结剂购自宾夕法尼亚州费城的阿托菲纳公司(Atofina,Philadelphia,PA)的环氧化亚麻籽油和大豆油,环氧化KRATON LIQUIDPOLYMERS,诸如购自德克萨斯州休斯顿的科腾聚合物(Kraton Polymers,Houston,TX)的L-207,环氧化聚丁二烯,诸如来自宾夕法尼亚州费城的阿托菲纳公司(Atofina,Philadelphia,PA)的POLY BD粘结剂,1,4-丁二醇二缩水甘油醚、苯酚甲醛的聚缩水甘油醚,以及例如DENTM环氧化线性酚醛树脂粘结剂,诸如购自密歇根州米德兰的陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical Co.,Midland,MI)的DEN 431和DEN 438,环氧化甲酚酚醛树脂粘结剂,诸如购自瑞士巴塞尔的Vantico AG公司(Vantico AG,Basel,Switzerland)的ARALDITE ECN1299,间苯二酚二缩水甘油醚和环氧化聚苯乙烯/聚丁二烯共混物,诸如Epofriendz粘结剂,诸如购自新泽西州利堡镇的大赛璐美国公司(Daicel USA Inc.,Fort Lee,NJ)的EPOFRIEND A1010,以及间苯二酚二缩水甘油醚。
更高分子量的多元醇包括分子量(Mn)范围为200至20,000的聚环氧乙烷聚合物和聚环氧丙烷聚合物,诸如购自密歇根州米德兰的陶氏化学公司(Dow Chemical Co.,Midland,MI)的CARBOWAX聚环氧乙烯材料,分子量范围为200至5,000的己内酯多元醇,诸如购自陶氏公司(Dow)的TONE多元醇材料,分子量范围为200至4,000的聚四亚甲基醚二醇,诸如购自杜邦公司(DuPont)的TERATHANE材料和购自巴斯夫公司(BASF)的POLYTHF 250,聚乙二醇,诸如购自陶氏公司(Dow)的PEGTM 200,羟基封端的聚丁二烯粘结剂,诸如购自宾夕法尼亚州费城的阿托菲纳公司(Atofina,Philadelphia,PA)的POLY BD材料,苯氧基粘结剂,诸如可从南卡罗来那州罗克希尔的Phenoxy Associate公司(Phenoxy Associates,RockHill,S.C.)商购获得的那些,或者由其它制造商供应的等同材料。
本发明还涵盖可共混在一起的一种或多种环氧粘结剂。本发明还涵盖可共混在一起的一种或多种一元醇或多元醇。不同类型的粘结剂和醇可以任何比例存在。
本发明还涵盖使用乙烯基醚单体作为可阳离子固化材料。含乙烯基醚的单体可为甲基乙烯基醚、乙基乙烯基醚、叔丁基乙烯基醚、异丁基乙烯基醚、三甘醇二乙烯基醚(RAPT-CURE DVE-3,购自新泽西州韦恩的国际特种产品公司(International SpecialtyProducts,Wayne,NJ)、1,4-环己烷二甲醇二乙烯基醚(RAPI-CURE CHVE,国际特种产品公司(International Specialty Products)、三羟甲基丙烷三乙烯基醚(购自新泽西州橄榄山的巴斯夫公司(BASF Corp.,Mount Olive,NJ),以及购自北卡罗来纳州格林斯博罗的摩弗莱公司(Morflex,Greensboro,N.C.)的VECTOMER二乙烯基醚粘结剂,诸如,VECTOMER 2010、VECTOMER 2020、VECTOMER4010和VECTOMER 4020,或者来自其它制造商的其等同物。本发明还涵盖使用一种以上的乙烯基醚粘结剂的共混物。
本发明还涵盖使用与一种或多种乙烯基醚粘结剂共混的一种或多种环氧粘结剂。不同类型的粘结剂可以任何比例存在。
优选的环氧粘结剂包括CELLOXIDE或SYNA-EPOXY类型的粘结剂,尤其是3,4-环氧环己基甲基-3,4-环氧环己烷羧酸酯、双-(3,4-环氧环己基)己二酸酯和2-(3,4-环氧环己基-5,5-螺-3,4-环氧基)环己烯-间二氧六环,以及双酚A EPON型粘结剂,包括2,2-双-对(2,3-环氧丙氧基)苯基丙烷和该材料的扩链型式,以及类型EPONEX 1510和HELOXY 107和68的粘结剂。还可用于本发明的是如2002年2月21日公布的美国公布的专利申请2002/0022709中所述的这些环氧化物的纯化型式。
当制备包含环氧单体的组合物时,可添加羟基功能性材料。羟基功能性组分可以材料的混合物或共混物存在,并可包含含一羟基和多羟基的材料。优选地,羟基功能性材料至少是二醇。当使用时,该羟基功能性材料在固化期间可有助于扩链和阻止环氧化物的过度交联,例如增加固化组合物的韧性。
当存在时,可用的羟基功能性材料包括脂肪族、脂环族或烷醇取代的芳烃一元醇或具有约2至约18个碳原子和二至五个羟基基团、优选地二至四个羟基基团的多元醇,或它们的组合。可用的一元醇可包括甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇、2-丙醇、2-甲基-2-丙醇、1-丁醇、2-丁醇、1-戊醇、新戊醇、3-戊醇、1-己醇、1-庚醇、1-辛醇、2-苯氧乙醇、环戊醇、环己醇、环己基甲醇、3-环己基-1-丙醇、2-降莰烷甲醇和四氢化糠醇。
本发明中可用的多元醇包括具有约2至约18个碳原子和二至五个羟基基团、优选地二至四个羟基基团的脂族、脂环族或烷醇取代的芳烃多元醇或它们的混合物。可用的多元醇的示例包括1,2-乙二醇、1,2-丙二醇、1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,3-丁二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-1,6-己二醇、1,5-戊二醇、1,6-己二醇、1,8-辛二醇、新戊二醇、甘油(glycerol)、三羟甲基丙烷、1,2,6-己三醇、三羟甲基乙烷、季戊四醇、对环己二醇、甘露醇、山梨糖醇、二甘醇、三甘醇、四甘醇、甘油(glycerine)、2-乙基-2-(羟甲基))-1,3-丙二醇、2-乙基-1,3-戊二醇、1,4-环己烷二甲醇、1,4-苯二甲醇以及聚烷氧基化的双酚A衍生物。可用的多元醇的其它示例公开于美国专利4,503,211中。
同一单体中具有可阳离子聚合部分和可自由基聚合部分两者的双官能单体也可用于本发明,诸如例如甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯和丙烯酸2-羟乙酯。
本发明还涵盖添加可自由基聚合的单体,诸如丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯。此类单体的添加拓宽了可获得的物理特性和加工选项的范围。当存在两种或更多种可聚合单体时,其可以任何比例存在。
合适的阳离子光引发剂选自有机鎓阳离子,例如描述于《用于自由基阳离子和阴离子光聚合的光引发剂》,第二版,J.V.Crivello和K.Dietliker,约翰·威利父子出版公司,1998年,第275至298页(photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic&AnionicPhotopolymerization,2nd Edition,J.V.Crivello&K.Dietliker,John Wiley and Sons,1998,pp.275to298)和美国专利4,250,311、3,708,296、4,069,055、4,216,288、5,084,586、5,124,417中所述的那些并且此类说明以引用方式并入本文,包括以脂族或芳族基团IVA—VIIA(CAS版本)为中心的鎓盐,优选地以I、S、P和C为中心的鎓盐,诸如选自氧化锍、二芳基碘鎓、三芳基锍、碳鎓和鏻鎓的那些,并且最优选地以I和S为中心的鎓盐,诸如选自氧化锍、二芳基碘鎓和三芳基锍的那些,其中“芳基”是指未取代的芳族部分或具有至多四个独立选择的取代基的取代的芳族部分。
在一些实施方案中,聚合物粘结剂为可热固化的环氧-胺组合物,其任选地还包含可辐射固化的丙烯酸酯,如申请人的共同未决的WO 2015095296中所述的(Eckert等人);硫醇-环氧树脂,如US 62/148209(Qiu等人,于2015年4月16日提交的)中所述的,硫醇-烯烃-环氧树脂,如US 62/148212(Qui等人,于2015年4月16日提交的)中所述的;硫醇-烯烃树脂,如US 62/080488(Qui等人,于2014年11月17日提交的)中所述的,以及硫醇有机硅,如WO2015/138174(Qiu等人,于2015年9月17提交的)中所述的。
量子点层可具有任何可用量的量子点,并且在一些实施方案中,量子点层可包含基于量子点层(点、任选的液体载体和聚合物粘结剂)的总重量计0.1重量%至10重量%、优选地0.1重量%至1重量%的量子点。分散组合物还可包含表面活性剂(即,均化剂)、聚合引发剂和如本领域中已知的其它添加剂。
一般来讲,将稳定化量子点、稳定剂、聚合物粘结剂和任选的载体流体混合,并且经受高剪切混合,以制备配体官能化量子点在聚合物基体中的分散体。对基体进行选择,使得具有有限的相容性并且量子点在基体中形成单独的非聚集相。因为量子点通常在有机溶剂中制备和配体官能化,所以量子点分散于粘结剂树脂中,然后涂覆并且通过热、自由基、或两者固化以锁定在分散结构中,并从分散的量子点排除氧气和水。
可固化组合物可用优选地在250纳米至500纳米波长中的激活紫外线或可见光辐射进行照射,以聚合组分。紫外光源可具有以下两种类型:1)相对低强度的光源诸如背光源,其在280纳米至400纳米的波长范围内提供通常为10mW/cm2或更低的光强(如根据美国国家标准与技术研究院(United States National Institute of Standards andTechnology)认可的方法测量,例如用弗吉尼亚州斯特林的电子仪表与技术公司(Electronic Instrumentation&Technology,Inc.,Sterling,VA)制造的UVIMAPTM UM365L-S辐射计测量),和2)相对高强度的光源诸如中压和高压汞灯、无电极汞灯、发光二极管、汞-氙灯、激光等,其在320nm至390nm的波长范围内提供通常介于10mW/cm2和5000mW/cm2之间的强度(如根据美国国家标准与技术研究院(United States National Institute ofStandards and Technology)认可的方法测量,例如用弗吉尼亚州斯特林的电子仪表与技术公司(Electronic Instrumentation&Technology,Inc.,Sterling,VA)制造的PowerPuckTM辐射计测量)。
参见图1,量子点制品10包括第一阻挡层32、第二阻挡层34和位于第一阻挡层32与第二阻挡层34之间的量子点层20。量子点层20包括分散于基体24中的多个量子点22。
阻挡层32、阻挡层34可由任何可用的材料形成,该可用的材料可保护量子点22免于暴露在环境污染物(诸如例如,氧气、水和水蒸气)中。合适的阻挡层32、阻挡层34包括但不限于聚合物膜、玻璃膜和介电材料膜。在一些实施方案中,用于阻挡层32、阻挡层34的合适材料包括例如聚合物,诸如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET);氧化物,诸如氧化硅、氧化钛、氧化铝(例如,SiO2、Si2O3、TiO2或Al2O3);以及它们的合适的组合。
更具体地,阻挡膜可选自多种构造。阻挡膜通常选择为使得它们具有应用所要求的规定水平的氧和水透过率。在一些实施方案中,阻挡膜的水蒸气透过率(WVTR)在38℃和100%相对湿度下小于约0.005g/m2/天;在一些实施方案中,在38℃和100%相对湿度下小于约0.0005g/m2/天;并且在一些实施方案中,在38℃和100%相对湿度下小于约0.00005g/m2/天。在一些实施方案中,柔性阻挡膜的WVTR在50℃和100%相对湿度下小于约0.05g/m2/天、0.005g/m2/天、0.0005g/m2/天或0.00005g/m2/天,或者在85℃和100%相对湿度下甚至小于约0.005g/m2/天、0.0005g/m2/天、0.00005g/m2/天。在一些实施方案中,阻挡膜的氧气透过率在23℃和90%相对湿度下小于约0.005g/m2/天;在一些实施方案中,在23℃和90%相对湿度下小于约0.0005g/m2/天;并且在一些实施方案中,在23℃和90%相对湿度下小于约0.00005g/m2/天。
示例性的可用阻挡膜包括通过原子层沉积、热蒸发、溅射和化学气相沉积法制备的无机膜。可用的阻挡膜通常为柔性且透明的。在一些实施方案中,可用的阻挡膜包含无机物/有机物。包含多层无机物/有机物的柔性超阻挡膜在例如U.S.7,018,713(Padiyath等人)中有所描述。此类柔性超阻挡膜可具有设置在聚合物膜基材上的第一聚合物层,该聚合物膜基材用由至少一个第二聚合物层隔开的两个或更多个无机阻挡层包覆。在一些实施方案中,阻挡膜包括一个无机阻挡层,该无机阻挡层插入设置在聚合物膜基材上的第一聚合物层、和第二聚合物层224之间。
在一些实施方案中,量子点制品10的每个阻挡层32、阻挡层34包括不同材料或组合物的至少两个亚层。在一些实施方案中,此类多层阻挡构造可更有效地减少或消除阻挡层32、阻挡层34中的针孔缺陷对准,从而提供更有效的屏蔽以避免氧气和湿气渗入基体24中。量子点制品10可包含任何合适的材料,或阻挡材料的组合,以及在量子点层20的一侧或两侧上的任意合适数量的阻挡层或亚层。阻挡层和亚层的材料、厚度和数量将取决于具体应用,并且将被合适地选择以使阻挡保护和量子点22亮度最大化,同时使量子点制品10的厚度最小化。在一些实施方案中,每个阻挡层32、阻挡层34本身为层合膜,诸如双重层合膜,其中每个阻挡膜层足够厚,以在辊对辊或层合制造工艺中消除褶皱。在一个例示性实施方案中,阻挡层32、阻挡层34为其暴露表面上具有氧化物层的聚酯膜(例如,PET)。
量子点层20可包括量子点或量子点材料22的一个或多个群体。在将来自蓝光LED的蓝基色光降频转换为由量子点发出的二次光时,示例性量子点或量子点材料22发出绿光和红光。可控制红光、绿光和蓝光的各自的部分来实现由结合了量子点制品10的显示装置发射的白光的所期望白点。用于量子点制品10中的示例性量子点22包括但不限于具有ZnS壳的InP或CdSe。用于本文所述量子点制品中的合适量子点包括但不限于芯/壳发光纳米晶体,包括CdSe/ZnS、InP/ZnS、PbSe/PbS、CdSe/CdS、CdTe/CdS或CdTe/ZnS。在示例性实施方案中,发光纳米晶体包括外部配体涂层,并且发光纳米晶体分散于聚合物基体中。量子点和量子点材料22可从例如加利福尼亚州米尔皮塔斯的纳米系统公司(Nanosys Inc.,Milpitas,CA)商购获得。量子点层20可具有任何可用量的量子点22,并且在一些实施方案中,量子点层20可包含基于量子点层20的总重量计0.1重量%至1重量%的量子点。
在一个或多个实施方案中,量子点层20可任选地包含散射小珠或散射粒子。这些散射小珠或散射粒子具有不同于基体材料24的折射率,折射率差值为至少0.05或至少0.1。这些散射小珠或散射粒子可包括例如:聚合物,诸如有机硅、丙烯酸类、尼龙等;或无机材料,诸如TiO2、SiOx、AlOx等;以及它们的组合。在一些实施方案中,量子点层20中包含散射粒子可增加通过量子点层20的光程长度,并且改善量子点的吸收和效率。在许多实施方案中,散射小珠或散射粒子具有1微米至10微米,或2微米至6微米的平均粒度。在一些实施方案中,量子点材料20可任选地包含填料诸如热解法二氧化硅。
在一些优选的实施方案中,散射小珠或散射粒子是由俄亥俄州哥伦布的迈图特种化学品公司(Momentive Specialty Chemicals Inc.,Columbus,Ohio)分别以2.0、3.0、4.5和6.0微米粒度提供的Tospearltm 120A、130A、145A和2000B球形有机硅树脂。
量子点层20的基体24可由聚合物粘结剂或粘结剂前体形成,该聚合物粘结剂或粘结剂前体附着到形成阻挡层32、阻挡层34的材料以形成层合构造,并且还形成了量子点22的保护性基体。在一个实施方案中,通过固化或硬化粘合剂组合物来形成基体24,该粘合剂组合物包含环氧胺聚合物和任选的可辐射固化的甲基丙烯酸酯化合物。
参见图2,在另一个方面,本公开涉及一种形成量子点膜制品100的方法,该方法包括将包含量子点的粘合剂组合物涂覆在第一阻挡层102上,并将第二阻挡层设置在量子点材料104上。在一些实施方案中,方法100包括使可辐射固化的聚合物粘结剂聚合(例如,辐射固化)以形成完全或部分固化的量子点材料106,并且使粘结剂组合物任选地热聚合以形成固化的聚合物粘结剂108。对于可热固化的聚合物粘合剂,省略步骤106。
在一些实施方案中,可通过加热来固化或硬化粘结剂组合物。在其它实施方案中,粘合剂组合物也可通过施加辐射诸如例如紫外(UV)光进行固化或硬化。固化或硬化步骤可以包括UV固化、加热、或两者。在一些并非旨在限制的示例性实施方案中,UV固化条件可包括施加约10mJ/cm2至约4000mJ/cm2的UVA,更优选地约10mJ/cm2至约200mJ/cm2的UVA。加热和UV光也可以单独施加或组合施加,以提高粘结剂组合物的粘度,这可允许在涂覆和加工线上更容易处理。
在一些实施方案中,粘结剂组合物可在层合在叠置的阻挡膜32、阻挡膜34之间后进行固化。因此,粘结剂组合物粘度的提高在层合之后立刻锁定了涂层的质量。通过在涂覆或层合之后立刻固化,在一些实施方案中,固化的粘结剂使粘度增大至某个值,此时粘结剂组合物充当压敏粘合剂(PSA),以在固化期间将层合物保持在一起,并大大减少固化期间的缺陷。在一些实施方案中,粘结剂的辐射固化与传统的热固化相比,可更好地控制涂覆、固化和幅材处理。
一旦粘结剂组合物至少部分地固化,就形成聚合物网络,这为量子点22提供保护性支承基体24。
侵入(包括边缘侵入)被定义为由于湿气和/或氧气侵入基体24而造成量子点性能损失。在各种实施方案中,固化基体24中湿气和氧气的边缘侵入量为在85℃下保持1周之后小于约1.25mm,或在85℃下保持1周之后小于约0.75mm,或在85℃下保持1周之后小于约0.5mm。在各种实施方案中,至固化基体中的氧气渗透率小于约80(cc.密耳)/(m2天),或小于约50(cc.密耳)/(m2天)。在各种实施方案中,固化基体的水蒸气透过率应当小于约15(20g/m2.密耳.天),或小于约10(20g/m2.密耳.天)。
在各种实施方案中,量子点层20的厚度为约80微米至约250微米。
图3为包括本文所述的量子点制品的显示装置200的一个实施方案的示意图。该示意图仅作为示例提供,并不旨在进行限制。显示装置200包括具有光源204(诸如例如发光二极管(LED))的背光源202。光源204沿发射轴235发光。光源204(例如,LED光源)发出的光通过输入边缘208进入中空光循环腔210中,该中空光循环腔上具有背反射器212。背反射器212可主要为镜面反射型、漫射型或它们的组合,并且优选地为高度反射型。背光源202还包括量子点制品220,该量子点制品包括其中分散有量子点222的保护性基体224。保护性基体224的两个表面由聚合物阻挡膜226、阻挡膜228界定,该聚合物阻挡膜可包括单层或多层。
显示装置200还包括前反射器230,该前反射器包括多个定向再循环膜或层,这些定向再循环膜或层是光学膜,其表面结构在更接近显示器轴的方向上重新导向偏轴光,这可增加通过显示装置轴向传播的光量,这提高了观看者所看到的图像的亮度和对比度。前反射器230还可包括其它类型的光学膜,诸如偏振片。在一个非限制性示例中,前反射器230可包括一个或多个棱镜膜232和/或增益漫射器。棱镜膜232可具有沿轴伸长的棱镜,其可相对于光源204的发射轴235平行或垂直取向。在一些实施方案中,棱镜膜的棱镜轴可以交叉。前反射器230还可包括一个或多个偏振膜234,该偏振膜可包括多层光学偏振膜、漫反射偏振膜等。由前反射器230发射的光进入液晶(LC)面板280。背光结构和膜的多个示例可见于例如U.S.8,848,132(O’Neill等人)中。
实施例
以下材料均得自商业来源,并按原样使用:
一般考虑:
聚合物合成和量子点溶液制备在Ar气氛下在MBraun Labmaster SP手套箱中进行。标准惰性气氛、无空气技术用于阴离子聚合、量子点操纵和量子点溶液配混。甲苯由在Ar下通过活性氧化铝柱来纯化。D3通过在惰性气氛下在氢化钙上熔融并搅拌至少24小时来干燥,此后通过将D3真空转移到干净、干燥的接收烧瓶中来获得干燥单体。通过冷冻泵解冻循环脱气,然后在氢化钙上搅拌至少48小时,此后将干燥的单体蒸馏到干净、干燥的接收烧瓶中来制备4VBC。
量子产率测量:
荧光比色皿来自NSG Precision Cells公司(NSG Precision Cells),型号63-ES10。
在滨松绝对PL量子产率光谱仪(Hamamatsu Absolute PL Quantum YieldSpectrometer)C11347上进行量子产率测量。将440nm的激发波长用于所有测量。内置程序用于分析发射光谱以计算所需的光谱量。内置校正程序用于校正自吸收的发射光谱以产生校正的量子产率。确定校正光谱曲线中峰值最大值的峰位置。
在进行发射测量之后,使用Cary 60紫外-可见光光谱仪来检查每个样品的吸收,以确保样品表现良好。
实施例1(Ex-1):聚[(二苯基膦)苯乙烯](PDPPS)的合成
在惰性气氛下,将DPPS(3.1g)添加到具有30mL干甲苯的100mL Schlenk弹中。在剧烈搅拌的同时,快速注入仲丁基锂(0.6mL,在环己烷中1.4M),从而导致从无色到樱桃红色的立即颜色变化。将该弹密封并将反应在室温下搅拌过夜。在约16小时之后,添加脱气甲醇以终止反应,从而导致聚合反应立即漂白。然后在减压下去除苯,并且将所得的浅黄色固体重新溶于15mL THF中。通过从甲醇中沉淀,然后过滤和干燥,来分离聚合物(2.92g)。NMR指示DPPS乙烯基共振的完全消耗并且在1H-NMR谱中存在新的宽峰。1H-NMR(CDCl3):7.18(d,br.,12H),6.80-6.17(m,br.,2H),2.38-1.17(m,br.,3H).31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):-6.60(s,br.)。
实施例2(Ex-2):乙烯基封端的聚[(二苯基膦)苯乙烯]的合成
以类似于Ex-1中所述的方法制备和分离。在聚合阶段结束时,在快速搅拌下添加1.0mL的4-VBC,从而导致从樱桃红色至浅黄色的颜色变化。将聚合物分离为白色固体。1H-NMR(CDCl3):7.18(d,br.),6.80-6.17(m,br.),5.59(d,br.),5.13(d,br.),2.38-1.17(m,br.)。31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):-6.61(s,br.)
实施例3(Ex-3):在存在PDPPS均聚物的情况下量子点的量子产率测量
在使用前,在60℃下在Schlenk线上在高真空下将添加剂干燥至少24小时。在25mL闪烁小瓶中称量指定量的添加剂。对于不同样品的用量示于表1中。比较例1表示对照实验,其中不使用添加剂来稳定不是“天然”配体的量子点溶液。比较例2询问了除了“天然”配体之外,DPPS单体用于稳定量子点的有效性。
然后经由移液管将甲苯(10mL)连同甲苯空白一起添加到每个小瓶。将小瓶封盖并搅拌以溶解内容物。然后添加量子点溶液(50uL),并且再次手动混合每个小瓶。然后,将4ml的每种测试溶液移取到单独的荧光比色皿中。将每个比色皿用橡胶隔片密封,并且然后将所有比色皿从手套箱中移除以进行量子产率测量,然后进行紫外-可见光吸收测量。
对于溶液量子产率测量,以随机顺序将样品CE-1A、CE-1B、CE-2A、CE-2B、EX-3A和EX-3B中的每一者测量三次并与样品CE-1C、CE-2C和EX-3C的单次读数组合以提供表2中记录的平均值。
*FWHM=半高全宽
实施例4(Ex-4):聚[(二苯基膦)苯乙烯-嵌段-(二甲基硅氧烷)](PDPPS-PDMS)的
合成
将DPPS(0.6g)添加到具有搅拌棒的Schlenk弹中并溶于6mL甲苯中。然后在快速搅拌的同时,添加仲丁基锂(0.30mL,在环己烷中1.4M),从而导致立即变色成樱桃红色。将反应密封并搅拌过夜。在经过18小时之后,添加D3(0.15g),从而导致从樱桃红色到浅褐色的逐渐的颜色变化。四小时之后,添加附加的D3(9.0g),然后添加12mL THF。将聚合密封并且搅拌附加的36小时。然后在标准气氛下添加三甲基甲硅烷基氯(0.1mL,纯),从而导致浅褐色溶液变澄清到无色。在将粗反应混合物置于高真空下之后,获得9.45g粘稠、白色、浑浊的油(PDPPS-PDMS)。对于该实施例,1H-NMR指示每DPPS单体约添加11次D3。1H-NMR(CDCl3):7.18(d,br.,12H),6.80-6.17(m,br.,2H),2.38-1.17(m,br.,3H),0.067(s,198H)。31P{1H}-NMR(CDCl3):-6.60(s,br.)。
琥珀酸封端的有机硅(SACS)的制备
向配备有搅拌棒的500mL圆底烧瓶中添加108.94g的SATS,然后添加6.7g的蒸馏水和78.43g的甲苯。将所得的悬浮液搅拌并在氮气气氛下回流。继续回流直至酸酐水解成对应的酸(使用Nicolet iS-50FT-IR监测反应)。将悬浮液冷却至室温,并向其中添加四勺硫酸镁。搅拌悬浮液以去除过量水。然后通过Whatmann滤纸过滤悬浮液,然后使用真空蒸发去除甲苯。获得为浅黄色粘稠油形式的96.93g的SACS。
实施例5:在存在PDPPS-PDMS共聚物的情况下量子点的量子产率测量
用PDPPS-PMDS制备绿色InP点组合物
向配备有搅拌棒的250mL schlenk烧瓶中添加4g的PDPPS-PDMS和2g的SACS。将烧瓶连接到schlenk线,并且在水浴中在真空下将低聚物脱气2小时。在惰性气氛中,然后将21.1g的绿色InP/DDSA/甲苯添加到Schlenk烧瓶。将烧瓶密封并从手套箱中移除。将烧瓶再次引入到schlenk线,并且在高真空下蒸发甲苯。将烧瓶从schlenk线断开并置于手套箱内。在释放手套箱内的真空之后,添加1.7g的PDMS,然后用无水甲苯冲洗烧瓶的内部。将烧瓶在手套箱内部合适地密封,并从手套箱中取出。将烧瓶重新引入到Schlenk线并置于水浴上。将甲苯在高真空下蒸发,同时在水浴上搅拌溶液1至2小时。将点浓缩物转移到预先称重的玻璃广口瓶中之后,获得9g的点浓缩物。点浓缩物的最终光密度为约27。配方描述于表3中。
具有PDPPS-PDMS聚合物的绿色InP点组合物的量子产率研究
10mL甲苯中的稀释量子点溶液通过将所需量的量子点浓缩物称量或移取到20mL小瓶中来制备。点浓缩物的量和特性列于下表4中。然后,将4ml的测试溶液移取到单独的荧光比色皿中。仅容纳甲苯的一个比色皿为空白。将每个比色皿用橡胶隔片密封,并且然后将所有比色皿从手套箱中移除以进行量子产率测量。量子产率测量值列于表4中。
*FWHM=半高全宽
Claims (15)
2.根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,其中下标b为1至100。
3.根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,所述复合粒子还包含结合到下式的纳米粒子的表面的表面改性配体:
R15-R12(X)n III
其中
R15为具有C2至C30个碳原子的(杂)烃基基团;
R12为烃基基团,所述烃基基团包括亚烷基、亚芳基、亚烷芳基和亚芳烷基;
n为至少一;
X为配体基团,包括-CO2H、-SO3H、-P(O)(OH)2、-OP(O)(OH)、-OH和-NH2。
4.根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,其中所述芯包含InP、CdS或CdSe。
5.根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,其中所述壳包含含镁化合物或含锌化合物。
6.根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,其中所述壳为多层壳。
7.根据权利要求6所述的复合粒子,其中所述多层壳包括包覆所述芯的内壳,其中所述内壳包含硒化锌和硫化锌。
8.根据权利要求6所述的复合粒子,其中所述多层壳包括包覆所述内壳的外壳,其中所述外壳包含硫化锌或MgS。
9.一种组合物,所述组合物包含根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,所述组合物还包含次级载体流体。
10.一种组合物,所述组合物包含根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,所述复合粒子分散于所述稳定(共)聚合物和任选的次级载体流体的液滴中,所述液滴分散于聚合物粘结剂中。
11.根据权利要求10所述的组合物,其中所述聚合物粘结剂包括聚硅氧烷、含氟弹性体、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚己内酯、聚己内酰胺、聚氨酯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、环氧树脂和聚甲基丙烯酰胺。
12.一种制品,所述制品包含根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,所述复合粒子分散于两个阻挡膜之间的固化的聚合物粘结剂中。
13.根据权利要求12所述的制品,其中所述聚合物粘结剂包括聚硅氧烷、含氟弹性体、聚酰胺、聚酰亚胺、聚己内酯、聚己内酰胺、聚氨酯、聚乙烯醇、聚氯乙烯、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚酯、聚碳酸酯、聚丙烯酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚丙烯酰胺、环氧树脂和聚甲基丙烯酰胺。
14.一种制品,所述制品包含根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,所述复合粒子分散于两个阻挡膜之间的未固化的聚合物粘结剂中。
15.一种组合物,所述组合物包含根据权利要求1所述的复合粒子,所述复合粒子进一步分散于未固化的聚合物粘结剂中。
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