CN109468238A - 一株防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的间型假丝酵母菌株及其应用 - Google Patents
一株防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的间型假丝酵母菌株及其应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一株防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的间型假丝酵母菌株及其应用,属于水果采后生物防治技术领域。该酵母鉴定为间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia),保藏编号为:CCTCC M 2018584。本发明先将间型假丝酵母C17制成冻干粉,使用时用无菌水悬浮并调整酵母浓度至1×108cells/mL,将水蜜桃在菌液中浸泡10min后取出,自然晾干。用菌液浸泡之后,桃果实褐腐发病率和自然腐烂率显著降低,并延缓桃果实可溶性固形物,总酸及Vc含量的降低;抑制果实失重率和果皮细胞膜透性的增加;提高多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的酶活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一株间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17,该菌株可以控制水蜜桃采后褐腐 病,属于水果采后生物防治技术领域。
背景技术
桃(Prunus persica L.)属蔷薇科(Rosaceae)桃亚属(Amygdalus)果树,其果实有着丰富的营养 价值,而水蜜桃更是桃中佳品,因其皮薄汁多,酸甜可口,而深受消费者的青睐。但水蜜桃 的成熟期主要集中在6-8月份,高温多雨,采后生理代谢旺盛,果实采摘后2-3天即开始腐 烂,5-7天则完全腐烂,这给水蜜桃采后的储藏,运输和销售带来了极大的困难。在发达国家 每年因腐烂造成的损失达到25%,而发展中国家则高达50%,而研究表明,病原微生物的侵 染是造成腐烂的主要原因。褐腐病是导致水蜜桃采后腐烂的主要病害之一,该病害是由链核 盘菌引起,危害较大的有3种:核果链核盘菌(Monilinia laxa)﹑美澳型核果链核盘菌 (M.fructicola)和果生链核盘菌(M.fructigena),其中美澳型核果链核盘菌在我国为优势种,分布 广,危害大。
一直以来,控制水蜜桃采后病害主要依靠物理方法和化学的方法。常见的物理方法有热 处理、低温贮藏、压力调节、气调、紫外照射、超声等。虽然物理方法在采后病害的防治上 有着不错的效果,可以有效的减少果实采后的腐烂,且对环境没有危害;但是由于其操作繁 琐,技术要求高,设备资金投入高而不能广泛应用到生产实践中。常见化学方法是使用化学 杀菌剂,因其杀菌谱广,见效快,操作简便和价格低廉等特点而被广泛应用。生产上用来防 治桃腐烂的杀菌剂主要有以下几类:β微管抑制剂(BZIs),呼吸抑制剂(QoIs),甾醇脱甲基化 酶抑制剂(DMIs)和二甲酰亚胺类杀菌剂(DAFs)等,但化学药剂过度使用会造成环境污染,危 害人畜健康,并诱导病原菌产生抗药性。近些年,随着经济发展和消费水平的提高,人们对 食品安全和环境保护的意识日益加强,化学杀菌剂的使用限制日趋严格。因此,探寻新的能 够代替化学杀菌剂的安全、高效的防治方法已迫在眉睫。
生物防治是利用对人体无害的拮抗微生物对水果采后病害进行控制的方法,具有高效安 全,对环境友好等特点,是解决农业可持续发展的有效途径,目前有的生防治剂已经在生产 中得到应用。近年来,已研究的可作为果蔬采后病害生防拮抗菌的微生物有细菌,霉菌和酵 母。其中拮抗酵母菌因具有营养要求简单、易定植、繁殖快、抗逆性强等诸多优点而成为主 要研究对象。因此,以有效的生防微生物取代化学杀菌剂,用于水蜜桃采后病害的防治拥有 巨大的应用前景。
发明内容
本发明针对目前农业生产中水蜜桃采后真菌病害防治难度大,成本高,化学农残高等问 题,从镇江市有机桃园中分离筛选得到一株对水蜜桃褐腐病具有显著防治作用的间型假丝酵 母(Candida intermedia)C17,并提供了其活性冻干粉的制备方法,可以有效控制水蜜桃采后褐 腐病的发生,减少采后病害造成的损失,具有潜在的应用价值。
本发明采用的技术方案
本发明所提供的防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的酵母菌株是从江苏省镇江市有机桃园果树的枝 叶上分离得到,经形态学观察,生理生化特征及5.8S rDNA-ITS(内部转录间隔区)序列分析, 该酵母菌被鉴定为间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)。
该酵母的保藏信息具体如下:保藏名称:间型假丝酵母C17,Candida intermediaC17;保 藏号为CCTCC NO:M 2018584;保藏单位:中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC);保藏地址: 中国武汉武汉大学;保藏日期:2018年9月3日。
利用上述间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17制备用于防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防 活性冻干粉的方法,按照以下步骤进行:
(1)间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17菌株的活化:从斜面挑取保藏的菌株划线接 种于NYDA(Nutrient Yeast Dextrose Agar)琼脂培养基中,28℃恒温培养2-3d;
(2)酵母菌富集培养:挑取步骤(1)中活化好的C17菌株单菌落,接种于NYDB(Nutrient Yeast Dextrose Broth)液体培养基中(50mL/250mL),180r/min,28℃恒温震荡培养24h,得到菌 株C17的种子液;然后将发酵液以1:100的接种量接入NYDB培养基中,180r/min,28℃恒 温震荡培养48h,得到间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17菌株的细胞培养液;
(3)菌泥的制备:取30mL步骤(2)中富集培养好的酵母菌液,在4℃条件下,6000r/min 离心10min,倒掉上清液得到菌体沉淀,备用;
(4)添加冻干保护剂:重悬步骤(3)中酵母细胞沉淀于30mL冻干保护剂溶液中,充分 混匀,平衡30min;
(5)分装:将添加保护剂的酵母菌悬液混合均匀后倒入直径9cm的平板中,使厚度约为 0.5cm;
(6)预冷冻:将分装好的平板用保鲜膜封口,迅速放入-80℃恒温冰箱中,预冷冻3h;
(7)真空冷冻干燥:将预冷冻完成的平板迅速转移到预冷至-30℃以下的冷冻干燥机中, 打开真空泵,冷冻干燥机冷阱温度为-50℃,抽真空冷冻干燥48h;
(8)密封保存:冷冻干燥完成的平板迅速转移到超净工作台内,用保鲜膜和封口膜进行 密封。
其中步骤(1)中NYDA琼脂培养基组成如下:酵母浸膏5g,牛肉浸膏8g,葡萄糖10g,琼脂20g,补充蒸馏水至1000mL,自然pH,121℃灭菌20min。
其中步骤(2)中NYDB培养基组成如下:酵母浸膏5g,牛肉浸膏8g,葡萄糖10g,补 充蒸馏水至1000mL,自然pH,121℃灭菌20min。
其中步骤(4)中冻干保护剂溶液中含有质量百分浓度为:5.43%山梨醇,12.45%海藻糖 和13.56%谷氨酸钠;其余为水。
上述间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17制备用于防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防活性 冻干粉的使用方法:使用时将活性冻干粉用无菌水悬浮并调整酵母浓度至1×108cells/mL,将 水蜜桃在菌液中浸泡10min后取出,自然晾干,即可显著降低桃果实褐腐发病率和自然腐烂 率,并延缓桃果实可溶性固形物,总酸及Vc含量的降低;抑制果实失重率和果皮细胞膜透 性的增加;提高多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的酶活性。
本发明的优点:
(1)本发明所使用的间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17为本实验室筛选,其拮抗效力强, 且经小鼠急性经口毒性试验证明对人体无害。
(2)本发明所使用的间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17可以显著抑制水蜜桃采后褐腐病 的发生,降低桃果实采后褐腐病的发病率,具有一定的商业价值。
(3)本发明所使用的活性冻干粉菌剂,更易储藏和运输,且不易被污染,使用方便。
(4)本发明所使用的间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17目前尚未有在水蜜桃上应用的报 道,具有一定的创新性。
(5)本发明所使用的间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17,可以代替化学杀菌剂防治水果采 后病害,避免使用化学杀菌剂对人带来的危害,具有显著的经济效益和社会效益。
通过借助以下实例将更加详细的说明本发明,以下实例仅是说明性的,本发明并不受这 些实例的限制。
附图说明
图1为间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17形态学特征;图中,A:菌落形态;B:液 体培养特征;C:假菌丝;D:细胞形态。
图2为间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17的5.8S rDNA-ITS序列构建的进化树。
图3为间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17对桃果实褐腐病腐烂率的影响。注:对照组 用蒸馏水处理;实验组用1×108cells/mL的间型假丝酵母C17菌悬液处理。
图4间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实腐烂情况。
图5间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实失重率变化。
图6间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实可溶性固形物含量的变化。
图7间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实总酸含量的变化。
图8间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实维生素C含量的变化。
图9间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实果皮细胞膜透性的变化。
图10间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实PPO酶活性的变化。
图11间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响; 图中为桃果实POD酶活性的变化。
具体实施方式
实施例1:菌株的分离筛选
1.1拮抗酵母菌的分离纯化
从江苏省镇江市有机桃园采取枝叶样品,将其剪碎放入到含有50mLPDB(PotatoDextrose Broth)培养基的锥形瓶(250mL)中,同时添加几滴硫酸链霉素溶液(约3mg),在180rpm/min, 28℃条件下恒温震荡培养20h。培养过后的菌液样品采用十倍梯度稀释法稀释到10-3、10-4、 10-5,分别从稀释溶液中吸取100μL涂布于孟加拉红培养基上,28℃恒温培养2-3天。观察 各个酵母菌株的形态,然后挑选培养特征各异的酵母单菌落在NYDA培养基上纯化培养。将 分离并纯化后的菌株接种到NYDA斜面上,28℃培养48h,置于4℃冰箱短期保藏备用。 1.2拮抗酵母菌的筛选
体外初筛:第一步,将分离出的酵母划线接种在添加有1×104spores/mL美澳型核果链核 盘菌孢子悬浮液的PDA(Potato Dextrose Agar)平板上,然后在28℃条件下培养4-5天;观察培 养后的平板,挑选对病原菌菌丝生长有抑制作用的酵母进行下一步的试验。第二步,配制 1×108cfu/mL的酵母菌悬液,取100μL酵母悬液涂布在NYDA平板一侧,在28℃条件下培养 2d;然后在另一边离拮抗酵母菌和平板边缘等距离处接入直径为6mm的病原菌菌丝块,观察 并计算拮抗酵母对病原菌的生长抑制率,挑选出具有生防潜力的酵母菌株进行下一步的筛选。
体内筛选:挑选大小均匀、无损伤的成熟水蜜桃果实浸入0.1%次氯酸钠溶液中消毒约10min,冲洗后晾干;用打孔器在桃果实赤道处打直径5mm,深约3mm的小洞。往果实伤口处加入20μL 1×108cfu/mL酵母菌悬液,静置2h后,再加入20μL1×104spores/mL的美澳型核果链核盘菌孢子悬浮液。将桃果实置于塑料筐中,用保鲜膜密封后,于室温下存放,5d后观察酵母菌对桃果的保鲜效果,最终筛得拮抗效果最好的菌株间型假丝酵母(Candidaintermedia)C17。
该酵母的保藏信息具体如下:保藏名称:间型假丝酵母C17,Candida intermediaC17;保 藏号为CCTCC NO:M 2018584;保藏单位:中国典型培养物保藏中心(CCTCC);保藏地址: 中国武汉武汉大学;保藏日期:2018年9月3日。
实施例2:菌株的鉴定
2.1形态学特征:
形态学特征结果如图1所示,菌株C17在NYDA培养基上28℃培养48h,菌落呈圆形,乳白色,表面粗糙,质地粘稠,易挑起,且有芳香气味。在NYDB液体培养基中培养24h 后,不形成醭,菌液浑浊,有沉淀。在麦芽汁培养基中培养48h后,镜检观察得到细胞的形 态为:单细胞为卵形或椭圆形,细胞为多边芽殖。未见有子囊孢子和掷孢子,以出芽的方式 形成假菌丝。
2.2生理生化特征
菌株C17能够发酵利用葡萄糖,蔗糖和麦芽糖,不能发酵乳糖,半乳糖和海藻糖;能够 同化葡萄糖,蔗糖,麦芽糖,半乳糖,海藻糖,柠檬酸,纤维二糖,木糖,山梨醇,但是不 能同化赤藻糖醇,乳糖,肌醇和可溶性淀粉;能够同化硫酸铵,但不能同化尿素和亚硝酸钾。
2.3分子生物学鉴定
对分离筛选出的酵母菌株C17的5.8S rDNA-ITS区序列进行分析,在GenBank中检索, 确定为间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)。根据检索到的同源菌株,应用DNAStar软件的 Mege5.1程序,构建生物进化关系树如图2。
实施例3:间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17安全性研究
供试动物为ICR小鼠,由江苏大学实验动物中心提供,清洁级。小鼠体重为18-22g,采 用最大限量法进行试验,试验组共20只小鼠,雌雄各一半,试验剂量为10000mg/kg。试验采用经口灌胃方式,按0.2mL/l0g体重进行实验,连续灌胃观察14d;空白组共20只,雌雄 各一半,通过灌无菌水作为对照。整个实验过程中,观察小白鼠的健康状况,每天的进食情 况和体重变化。
按照上述试验步骤,统计间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17安全性实验结果如下:灌 入间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17和无菌水的小白鼠14d内均未出现死亡。并且由表1 可以看出,实验组与对照组间饲料转化率无显著差别,且LD50值大于10000mg/kg体重,根 据急性毒性分级标准可知,间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17属于实际无毒类酵母。
表1间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17急性经口毒性实验结果
实施例4:间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17对水蜜桃褐腐病的控制效果
间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17接种到装有50mL NYDB培养基的250ml三角瓶 中,28℃,180rpm/min恒温震荡培养20h后,6000r/min离心10min后收集菌体,用无菌水重悬并调整浓度至1×108cells/mL,待用;从培养7d的美澳型核果链核盘菌的PDA培养基上刮取孢子并悬浮于无菌水中,调整浓度至1×105spores/mL,待用。
挑选大小均匀、无损伤的成熟桃果实浸入0.1%次氯酸钠溶液中消毒10min,冲洗后晾干, 用打孔器在桃果实赤道处打直径5mm,深约3mm的小洞。往果实伤口处加入20μL酵母菌 悬液,对照用无菌水代替,静置2h后,再加入20μL的美澳型核果链核盘菌孢子悬浮液。桃 果置于塑料筐中,用保鲜膜密封后,于室温下存放,5d后观察计算桃果实的腐烂率和病斑直 径,发病率的计算公式如下:
发病率(%)=发病的果实/果实总数×100%
试验结果如图3所示,在第5d对照组果实的发病率为100%,而接种间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17的水蜜桃发病率仅为13.33%,实验组显著低于对照组,且实验组病斑直径明 显小于对照组。因此间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17在室温下能够有效控制由美澳型核 果链核盘菌造成的桃果采后褐腐病。
实施例5:间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质的影响
将冻干粉用水悬浮并调整浓度至1×108cells/mL,实验组1:把桃果实在菌液中浸泡10min 后取出,自然晾干;实验组2:把桃果实用水浸泡10min后取出,自然晾干;对照组:不做 任何处理。把各组桃果实置于塑料筐中,用保鲜膜密封,置于恒温恒湿培养箱(20℃,95%HR) 中贮藏,之后每天测定果实的发病率以及果实贮藏品质相关指标,每处理重复三次。间型假 丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17活性冻干粉对水果贮藏品质的测定方法如下:
(1)腐烂指数的测定
依据腐烂情况划分5级,0级:无腐烂;1级:腐烂面积小于果实面积的25%;2级:腐烂面积占果实面积的25%-50%;3级:腐烂面积占果实面积的50%-75%;4级:腐烂面积大于果实面积的75%。
腐烂指数=Σ(级别×该级果数)/总果数×最高级别×100%
(2)失重率的测定:
分别称取其初始重量和取样时的重量,按以下公式计算其失重率:
失重率=(处理前重量-贮藏后重量)/处理前重量×100%
(3)可溶性固形物含量的测定:
用手持式折光仪测定,测定3个桃果实,结果取平均值。
(4)总酸含量的测定:
采用滴定法,随机挑选3个桃果实,称取10g果实样品,加入40mL蒸馏水迅速匀浆,再加入适量的蒸馏水清洗至100mL容量瓶中,置于80℃的恒温水浴锅中加热30min,冷却 后定容,过滤。取20mL滤液于100mL三角瓶中,加入2-3滴酚酞指示剂,用0.1mol/L NaOH 溶液进行滴定,直至浸液出现微红色,且30s内不褪色即为滴定终点,记录所使用的NaOH 体积,结果以苹果酸的百分数表示,每个处理重复3次。
(5)维生素C含量的测定:
采用紫外快速滴定法,随机挑选3个果实,称取3g果实样品,加入15mL 1%盐酸匀浆, 8000r/min,离心10min,上清用于测定。取0.4mL上清液,加入有0.8mL 10%HCl的10mL刻度试管中,加水稀释至刻度后摇匀,空白校正后,在243nm处测定上述溶液吸光值。另取0.4 mL上清液,分别加入4mL蒸馏水和1.6mL 1mol/L NaOH至10mL刻度试管,摇匀,静置15min后,加入1.6mL 10%HCl,混匀,加蒸馏水定容至刻度,空白校正后,在243nm处测 定吸光度。制作Vc标准曲线,计算样品中Vc的含量,每个处理3次重复。
(6)相对电导率的测定
准确称取1g果皮放入离心管中,用去离子水反复冲洗3次,用滤纸吸干后,加入20mL去 离子水,浸泡20min后,测定初始电导率L0,之后煮沸10min,迅速冷却,测定电导率L1,以 L1/L0×100%表示相对电导率,每个处理3次重复。
(7)PPO酶活的测定
随机取样3个果实,称取5g果肉,转移到预冷的研钵中,加入10mL提取液冰浴研磨,然后在4℃,8000r/min的条件下冷冻离心20min,留取上清液低温备用;然后用邻苯二酚法,在398nm处,每隔30s读数一次,测定其3min内吸光度的变化。定义一个酶活单位为单位 时间内吸光度值变化0.01,每个处理组做三个平行。
(8)POD酶活的测定
随机取样3个果实,称取5g果肉,转移到预冷的研钵中,加入10mL提取液冰浴研磨,然后在4℃,8000r/min的条件下冷冻离心20min,留取上清液低温备用;然后用愈创木酚法,在470nm处,每隔30s读数一次,测定其3min内吸光度的变化。定义一个酶活单位为单位 时间内吸光度值变化0.01,每个处理组做三个平行。
间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17对水蜜桃采后贮藏品质影响的结果如图4-图11所 示,生防制剂可显著降低桃果实采后褐腐发病率和自然腐烂率,并延缓桃果实可溶性固形物, 总酸及Vc含量的降低;抑制果实失重率和果皮细胞膜透性的增加;提高相关抗性酶PPO和 POD的酶活性。
Claims (6)
1.一株防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的间型假丝酵母菌株,保藏名称为:间型假丝酵母C17,Candida intermedia C17;保藏号为CCTCC NO:M 2018584。
2.利用权利要求1所述的防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的间型假丝酵母菌株制备用于防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防活性冻干粉的方法,其特征在于按照以下步骤进行:
(1)间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17菌株的活化:从斜面挑取保藏的菌株划线接种于NYDA(Nutrient Yeast Dextrose Agar)琼脂培养基中,28℃恒温培养2-3d;
(2)酵母菌富集培养:挑取步骤(1)中活化好的C17菌株单菌落,接种于NYDB(NutrientYeast Dextrose Broth)液体培养基中(50mL/250mL),180r/min,28℃恒温震荡培养24h,得到菌株C17的种子液;然后将发酵液以1:100的接种量接入NYDB培养基中,180r/min,28℃恒温震荡培养48h,得到间型假丝酵母(Candida intermedia)C17菌株的细胞培养液;
(3)菌泥的制备:取30mL步骤(2)中富集培养好的酵母菌液,在4℃条件下,6000r/min离心10min,倒掉上清液得到菌体沉淀,备用;
(4)添加冻干保护剂:重悬步骤(3)中酵母细胞沉淀于30mL冻干保护剂溶液中,充分混匀,平衡30min;
(5)分装:将添加保护剂的酵母菌悬液混合均匀后倒入直径9cm的平板中,使厚度约为0.5cm;
(6)预冷冻:将分装好的平板用保鲜膜封口,迅速放入-80℃恒温冰箱中,预冷冻3h;
(7)真空冷冻干燥:将预冷冻完成的平板迅速转移到预冷至-30℃以下的冷冻干燥机中,打开真空泵,冷冻干燥机冷阱温度为-50℃,抽真空冷冻干燥48h;
(8)密封保存:冷冻干燥完成的平板迅速转移到超净工作台内,用保鲜膜和封口膜进行密封。
3.根据权利要求2所述的防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防活性冻干粉的制备方法,其特征在其中步骤(1)中NYDA琼脂培养基组成如下:酵母浸膏5g,牛肉浸膏8g,葡萄糖10g,琼脂20g,补充蒸馏水至1000mL,自然pH,121℃灭菌20min。
4.根据权利要求2所述的防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防活性冻干粉的制备方法,其特征在其中步骤(2)中NYDB培养基组成如下:酵母浸膏5g,牛肉浸膏8g,葡萄糖10g,补充蒸馏水至1000mL,自然pH,121℃灭菌20min。
5.根据权利要求2所述的防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防活性冻干粉的制备方法,其特征在其中步骤(4)中冻干保护剂溶液中含有质量百分浓度为:5.43%山梨醇,12.45%海藻糖和13.56%谷氨酸钠;其余为水。
6.根据权利要求2所述的防治水蜜桃采后褐腐病的生防活性冻干粉的制备方法制备得到的生防活性冻干粉的使用方法,其特征在按照下述步骤进行:使用时将活性冻干粉用无菌水悬浮并调整酵母浓度至1×108cells/mL,将水蜜桃在菌液中浸泡10min后取出,自然晾干,即可显著降低桃果实褐腐发病率和自然腐烂率,并延缓桃果实可溶性固形物,总酸及Vc含量的降低;抑制果实失重率和果皮细胞膜透性的增加;提高多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)的酶活性。
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