CN109439716A - A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide - Google Patents
A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of preparation methods of silver carp fish protein peptide, including prepare, digest for the first time, digest, inactivate for the second time, filter off thick slag, high speed centrifugation degreasing, decolourize de-taste, dry eight steps.Present invention process process is relatively easy and raw material are easy to get, and inactivates after first step enzymatic hydrolysis without heating up and cools down again, simplifies technique, be suitble to big industrialized production;And silver carp fish protein peptide obtained is full-natural nutritive substance, is low molecular weight polypeptide, human body easily absorbs, and the necessary amino acid in 8 containing needed by human body kind can not only maintain human health, can be high-grade nutraceutical, health food with enhancing development.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to fresh-water fishes aquatic products field of deep, more particularly to a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide.
Background technique
China's fresh water fishery is resourceful, produces 28000000 tons of fresh-water fishes or more per year, is with silver carp, grass carp, bighead, carp
Main, wherein silver carp cultivation accounts for 70% or more, but the supply relative surplus of existing market, and people's demand is not prosperous, and fresh-water fishes are processed not
Deep, aquaculture cost improves, and fish valence is again opposite to drop, so intensive processing is its inevitable outlet.
Silver carp is one of main Freshwater Fish, its fine and tender taste is rich in protein and amino acid, fat, carbohydrate, Europe miaow
Gal 3, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin B, calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin nutritional ingredient, can be body
It is utilized;Specific institute nutrient containing is as follows: the nutritive value of silver carp is very high, and protein content is about 15%-20%, and fat content
But not high, only 1%-10%, protein is easily that human body is digested and assimilated, and availability is up to 95% or more;Nutritional ingredient is high, simultaneously
Have the advantages that growth is fast, yield is high, cheap and easy to get, is suitable for doing deep processing.
Protein peptides are a kind of protide peptide materials for having bioactivity, molecular weight between amino acid and protein,
It is generally made of 2~10 amino acid, based on dipeptides, tripeptides, it is liver,kidney,spleen cell autocrine and paracrine in human body
Product, have critically important biological significance, play the role of growth promotion, promote cell differentiation, wound repair, and have it is hypoglycemic,
Reducing blood lipid, promotes the anabolism of bone to keep the effect of its normal configuration function at vasodilator.
Chinese patent CN103289875A provides a kind of preparation method of freshwater-fish protein peptide wine, by base liquor or other dew
Wine and freshwater-fish protein peptide are that 0.1%-20% configures raw material according to quality proportioning, and fish protein peptide wine is made after clarifying using micro-filtration
Or other alcoholic drink mixed with fruit juice containing fish protein peptide, contain Fish protein small peptide in freshwater-fish protein peptide wine (or alcoholic drink mixed with fruit juice) obtained by the technology of the present invention
And amino acid, which, which has, repairs human senility cell, promotes vitality, the function of promoting longevity.The invention albumen
Without any processing before matter enzymatic hydrolysis, will lead to that complete degestion cannot be obtained, the protein peptides of generation are not small-molecular peptides, then
Human body cannot fully absorb, and the quality of protein cannot be protected.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is in view of the above problems, providing a kind of preparation method of freshwater-fish protein peptide.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is that:
A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 prepares: after going the gill that internal organ is gone to clean Silver Carp, lemon juice, phosphoric acid being added to stir evenly, filtered, by fish and water weight
Than 1:2 plus water, smashed to pieces to obtain stamping with bruisher;
Step 2 digests for the first time: stamping made from step 1 being put into enzyme digestion reaction tank, alkali protease is added, enzyme is made
Solve object;
Step 3 digests for second: the zymolyte that step 2 is obtained is added second of enzymatic hydrolysis of flavor protease and zymolyte is made;
Step 4, inactivation: zymolyte made from step 3 is warming up to 85-90 DEG C, maintains 10-15min;
Step 5 filters off thick slag: the zymolyte after step 4 inactivation being filtered on 60 mesh filter screens, thick slag is gone to stay supernatant;
Step 6, high speed centrifugation degreasing: the supernatant that step 5 is obtained adds hydrochloric acid to adjust PH to 3-4.5, using high speed centrifugation point
Separate out fat, centrifugal speed 4500-5000r/min, by the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation add alkali neutralization to PH be 6-
6.5;
Step 7, decoloration de-taste: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor that step 6 obtains being put into filtering decoloration in bleacher and is de-tasted, is taken off
Toner is obtained using activated carbon and the mixing of perlite filtrate 1: 1;
Step 8, drying: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after step 7 decoloration is de-tasted is spray-dried using 140 DEG C -150 DEG C
It is mainly the small-molecular peptides of dipeptides and tripeptides to Silver Carp protein peptide powder.
It is added in the step 1 and accounts for the lemon juice of fish weight 3-5%, the phosphoric acid of 2-6% stirs evenly, immersion 2-5h.
The condition digested in the step 2 is: pH value is adjusted to 8.5-9 with the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1-1mol/L,
10-30MPa is forced into reactor tank.
The dosage that alkali protease is added in the step 2 is the 0.1%-0.15% of fish weight.
The activity of the step 2 neutral and alkali protease is 200,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 50-55 DEG C, enzymolysis time 6-
8h。
The condition digested in the step 3 is: adjusting pH value to 7-7.5 with the dilute hydrochloric acid solution of 1-2mol/L, is reacting
10-30MPa is forced into tank.
The dosage that flavor protease is added in the step 3 is the 0.1%-0.2% of fish weight.
The activity of flavor protease is 100,000 U/g in the step 3, and hydrolysis temperature is 50-55 DEG C, enzymolysis time 6-
8h。
Beneficial effects of the present invention: (1) the raw material silver carp that the present invention uses is low-value freshwater fish, and yield is big, and source is rich
Richness, it is cheap, reduce production cost;
(2) add lemon juice and phosphoric acid to be impregnated described in step 1, the recovery rate of silver carp fish protein peptide not only can be improved, also
The purity and quality of silver carp fish protein peptide can be improved, and change the structure of protein through peracid treatment, destroy original
Hydrogen bond improves the accuracy of digestion so that more peptide bonds are exposed outside, and enzymatic hydrolysis provides good item at small-molecular peptides for after
Part;
(3) alkali protease described in step 2 is the bacillus licheniformis gone out by bacterial protoplast mutagenic and breeding, is sent out through deep layer
Ferment, extraction and a kind of refined proteolytic enzyme, main enzyme component are bacillus licheniformis protease, are a kind of ammonia
The endo protease of acid type, its energy aminosal molecule peptide chain generate polypeptide or amino acid, have stronger decomposing protein
Ability;Flavor protease described in step 4 is the compound fertilizer production made of purified, compounding that fermented using aspergillus oryzae,
Endo protease and two kinds of activity of circumscribed peptase are contained, can be used to remove the bitter peptide chain of Lower degrees of hydrolysis product, can also use
In thorough aminosal, promote and improve the flavor of hydrolyzate;Both protease mutually cooperate with, and not only preferably improve egg
The recovery rate of white peptide, and complete degestion can be obtained in enzymolysis process, by high speed centrifugation degreasing, purify, be concentrated to get it is pure
The albumen peptide solution of degree >=96% improves small molecular protein Gly-His-Lys quality obtained;And add when step 2 and step 3 digest
Pressure processing is so that protein structure stretches and becomes loosely, to expose more sites, to be easy to the progress of enzyme digestion reaction;Myogen
Fibrin is one of the main component of silver carp Fish protein, it has fabulous functional characteristic, and many processing characteristics are all special with it
Property is closely bound up, and pressurized treatments change the structure of fribrillin, and then change the property and function of protein peptides, from table
1 by being measured to DPPH free radical scavenging ability as can be seen that showing that DPPH clearance rate is up to 85.5%, illustrating to pressurize
Processing acts synergistically together with alkali protease and flavor protease, the antioxidant activity of protein peptides is greatly improved, for opening
Sending out, there is the functional food of hypotensive activity or drug to have certain utility value;
(5) in step 6 the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation is added alkali neutralization be to PH 6 be for protected protein peptide one
A faintly acid, is conducive to absorption of human body;It is adsorbed in step 8 using active carbon and Perlite filter, fishy smell can be effectively removed, improved
The quality of protein peptides;
(6) present invention process process is relatively easy and raw material are easy to get, and inactivates after first step enzymatic hydrolysis without heating up and cools down again, letter
Change technique, is suitble to big industrialized production;And silver carp fish protein peptide obtained is full-natural nutritive substance, relative molecular mass exists
3000Da is hereinafter, be low molecular weight polypeptide, human body easily absorbs, and the necessary amino acid in 8 containing needed by human body kind can not only be tieed up
Human health is held, can be high-grade nutraceutical, health food with enhancing development.
Specific embodiment
In order to make those skilled in the art more fully understand technical solution of the present invention, below with reference to table 1 and specific implementation
The present invention will be described in detail for example, the description of this part be only it is exemplary and explanatory, should not be to protection scope of the present invention
There is any restriction effect.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 prepares: after going the gill that internal organ is gone to clean Silver Carp, the phosphoric acid stirring that the lemon juice, 2% that account for fish weight 3% is added is equal
It is even, 2h filtering is impregnated, adds water by fish and water weight ratio 1:2, is smashed to pieces to obtain stamping with bruisher;
Step 2 digests for the first time: stamping made from step 1 being put into enzyme digestion reaction tank, with the sodium hydroxide of 0.1mol/L
Solution adjusts pH value to 8.5, and 10MPa is forced into reactor tank, alkali protease is added, zymolyte is made, basic protein is added
The dosage of enzyme is the 0.1% of fish weight;The activity of alkali protease is 200,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 50 DEG C, enzymolysis time 6h;
Step 3 digests for second: the zymolyte that step 2 the is obtained dilute hydrochloric acid solution of 1mol/L adjusts pH value to 7, anti-
It answers and is forced into 10MPa in tank, be added second of flavor protease and digest obtained zymolyte, the dosage that flavor protease is added is fish
The 0.1% of weight;The activity of flavor protease is 100,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 50 DEG C, enzymolysis time 6h;
Step 4, inactivation: zymolyte made from step 3 is warming up to 85 DEG C, maintains 10min;
Step 5 filters off thick slag: the zymolyte after step 4 inactivation being filtered on 60 mesh filter screens, thick slag is gone to stay supernatant;
Step 6, high speed centrifugation degreasing: the supernatant that step 5 is obtained adds hydrochloric acid to adjust PH to 3, using being centrifuged at a high speed out
Fat, centrifugal speed 4500r/min, by the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation add alkali neutralization to PH be 6;
Step 7, decoloration de-taste: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor that step 6 obtains being put into filtering decoloration in bleacher and is de-tasted, is taken off
Toner is obtained using activated carbon and the mixing of perlite filtrate 1: 1;
Step 8, drying: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after step 7 decoloration is de-tasted obtains silver carp using 140 DEG C of spray drying
Fish protein Gly-His-Lys are mainly the small-molecular peptides of dipeptides and tripeptides.
Embodiment 2
A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 prepares: after going the gill that internal organ is gone to clean Silver Carp, the phosphoric acid stirring that the lemon juice, 6% that account for fish weight 5% is added is equal
It is even, 5h filtering is impregnated, adds water by fish and water weight ratio 1:2, is smashed to pieces to obtain stamping with bruisher;
Step 2 digests for the first time: stamping made from step 1 is put into enzyme digestion reaction tank, it is molten with the sodium hydroxide of 1mol/L
Liquid adjusts pH value to 9, and 30MPa is forced into reactor tank, alkali protease is added, zymolyte is made, alkali protease is added
Dosage is the 0.15% of fish weight;The activity of alkali protease is 200,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 55 DEG C, enzymolysis time 8h;
Step 3, second digest: the zymolyte that step 2 the is obtained dilute hydrochloric acid solution of 2mol/L adjusts pH value to 7.5,
It is forced into 30MPa in reactor tank, is added second of flavor protease and digests obtained zymolyte, the dosage that flavor protease is added is
The 0.2% of fish weight;The activity of flavor protease is 100,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 55 DEG C, enzymolysis time 8h;
Step 4, inactivation: zymolyte made from step 3 is warming up to 90 DEG C, maintains 15min;
Step 5 filters off thick slag: the zymolyte after step 4 inactivation being filtered on 60 mesh filter screens, thick slag is gone to stay supernatant;
Step 6, high speed centrifugation degreasing: the supernatant that step 5 is obtained adds hydrochloric acid to adjust PH to 4.5, using being centrifuged at a high speed
It is fatty out, centrifugal speed 5000r/min, by the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation add alkali neutralization to PH be 6.5;
Step 7, decoloration de-taste: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor that step 6 obtains being put into filtering decoloration in bleacher and is de-tasted, is taken off
Toner is obtained using activated carbon and the mixing of perlite filtrate 1: 1;
Step 8, drying: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after step 7 decoloration is de-tasted obtains silver carp using 150 DEG C of spray drying
Fish protein Gly-His-Lys are mainly the small-molecular peptides of dipeptides and tripeptides.
Embodiment 3
A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 prepares: after going the gill that internal organ is gone to clean Silver Carp, the phosphoric acid stirring that the lemon juice, 3% that account for fish weight 4% is added is equal
It is even, 3h filtering is impregnated, adds water by fish and water weight ratio 1:2, is smashed to pieces to obtain stamping with bruisher;
Step 2 digests for the first time: stamping made from step 1 being put into enzyme digestion reaction tank, with the sodium hydroxide of 0.5mol/L
Solution adjusts pH value to 8.6, and 20MPa is forced into reactor tank, alkali protease is added, zymolyte is made, basic protein is added
The dosage of enzyme is the 0.12% of fish weight;The activity of alkali protease is 200,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 53 DEG C, and enzymolysis time is
7h;
Step 3, second digest: the zymolyte that step 2 the is obtained dilute hydrochloric acid solution of 1mol/L adjusts pH value to 7.3,
It is forced into 20MPa in reactor tank, is added second of flavor protease and digests obtained zymolyte, the dosage that flavor protease is added is
The 0.15% of fish weight;The activity of flavor protease is 100,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 52 DEG C, enzymolysis time 7h;
Step 4, inactivation: zymolyte made from step 3 is warming up to 88 DEG C, maintains 13min;
Step 5 filters off thick slag: the zymolyte after step 4 inactivation being filtered on 60 mesh filter screens, thick slag is gone to stay supernatant;
Step 6, high speed centrifugation degreasing: the supernatant that step 5 is obtained adds hydrochloric acid to adjust PH to 4, using being centrifuged at a high speed out
Fat, centrifugal speed 4800r/min, by the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation add alkali neutralization to PH be 6.2;
Step 7, decoloration de-taste: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor that step 6 obtains being put into filtering decoloration in bleacher and is de-tasted, is taken off
Toner is obtained using activated carbon and the mixing of perlite filtrate 1: 1;
Step 8, drying: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after step 7 decoloration is de-tasted obtains silver carp using 145 DEG C of spray drying
Fish protein Gly-His-Lys are mainly the small-molecular peptides of dipeptides and tripeptides.
Embodiment 4
A kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide, comprising the following steps:
Step 1 prepares: after going the gill that internal organ is gone to clean Silver Carp, the phosphoric acid stirring that the lemon juice, 5% that account for fish weight 4% is added is equal
It is even, 4h filtering is impregnated, adds water by fish and water weight ratio 1:2, is smashed to pieces to obtain stamping with bruisher;
Step 2 digests for the first time: stamping made from step 1 is put into enzyme digestion reaction tank, it is molten with the sodium hydroxide of 1mol/L
Liquid adjusts pH value to 9, and 15MPa is forced into reactor tank, alkali protease is added, zymolyte is made, alkali protease is added
Dosage is the 0.1% of fish weight;The activity of alkali protease is 200,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 54 DEG C, enzymolysis time 8h;
Step 3 digests for second: the zymolyte that step 2 the is obtained dilute hydrochloric acid solution of 2mol/L adjusts pH value to 7, anti-
It answers and is forced into 30MPa in tank, be added second of flavor protease and digest obtained zymolyte, the dosage that flavor protease is added is fish
The 0.2% of weight;The activity of flavor protease is 100,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 53 DEG C, enzymolysis time 7h;
Step 4, inactivation: zymolyte made from step 3 is warming up to 86 DEG C, maintains 13min;
Step 5 filters off thick slag: the zymolyte after step 4 inactivation being filtered on 60 mesh filter screens, thick slag is gone to stay supernatant;
Step 6, high speed centrifugation degreasing: the supernatant that step 5 is obtained adds hydrochloric acid to adjust PH to 3.5, using being centrifuged at a high speed
It is fatty out, centrifugal speed 4500r/min, by the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation add alkali neutralization to PH be 6.5;
Step 7, decoloration de-taste: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor that step 6 obtains being put into filtering decoloration in bleacher and is de-tasted, is taken off
Toner is obtained using activated carbon and the mixing of perlite filtrate 1: 1;
Step 8, drying: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after step 7 decoloration is de-tasted obtains silver carp using 150 DEG C of spray drying
Fish protein Gly-His-Lys are mainly the small-molecular peptides of dipeptides and tripeptides.
The measurement of DPPH free radical scavenging ability:
20mgDPPH is weighed, is dissolved with 95% ethyl alcohol, is settled to 20mL, takes isometric hydrolyzate and 2 × 10-4Mol/LDPPH is molten
Liquid is added in test tube, shakes up, and makees reference at 517nm with 95% ethyl alcohol after 30min and measures absorbance Ai, while measuring 2 × 10- 4The absorbance A of mol/LDPPH solution and isometric 95% alcohol mixeding liquidcAnd hydrolyzate and isometric 95% alcohol mixeding liquid
Absorbance Aj.DPPH clearance rate calculation formula: K(%)=[1-(Ai-Aj)/Ac]×100%。
The DPPH clearance rate of each embodiment of table 1
According to table 1 as can be seen that silver carp fish protein peptide DPPH clearance rate prepared by the present invention is higher, illustrate that antioxidant activity is good,
It can delay body catagen speed, prevent skin aging, prevention cardiovascular disease, senile dementia, diabetes these common diseases.
It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "include", "comprise" or its any other variant are intended to non-row
His property includes, so that the process, method, article or equipment for including a series of elements not only includes those elements, and
And further include other elements that are not explicitly listed, or further include for this process, method, article or equipment institute it is intrinsic
Element.
Used herein a specific example illustrates the principle and implementation of the invention, the explanation of above example
It is merely used to help understand method and its core concept of the invention.The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it answers
When pointing out due to the finiteness of literal expression, and objectively there is unlimited specific structure, for the common skill of the art
For art personnel, without departing from the principle of the present invention, several improvement, retouching or variation can also be made, can also incited somebody to action
Above-mentioned technical characteristic is combined in the right way;These improve retouching, variation or combination, or the not improved structure by invention
Think and technical solution directly applies to other occasions, is regarded as protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide, which comprises the following steps:
Step 1 prepares: after going the gill that internal organ is gone to clean Silver Carp, lemon juice, phosphoric acid being added to stir evenly, filtered, by fish and water weight
Than 1:2 plus water, smashed to pieces to obtain stamping with bruisher;
Step 2 digests for the first time: stamping made from step 1 being put into enzyme digestion reaction tank, alkali protease is added, enzyme is made
Solve object;
Step 3 digests for second: the zymolyte that step 2 is obtained is added second of enzymatic hydrolysis of flavor protease and zymolyte is made;
Step 4, inactivation: zymolyte made from step 3 is warming up to 85-90 DEG C, maintains 10-15min;
Step 5 filters off thick slag: the zymolyte after step 4 inactivation being filtered on 60 mesh filter screens, thick slag is gone to stay supernatant;
Step 6, high speed centrifugation degreasing: the supernatant that step 5 is obtained adds hydrochloric acid to adjust PH to 3-4.5, using high speed centrifugation point
Separate out fat, centrifugal speed 4500-5000r/min, by the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after separation add alkali neutralization to PH be 6-
6.5;
Step 7, decoloration de-taste: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor that step 6 obtains being put into filtering decoloration in bleacher and is de-tasted, is taken off
Toner is obtained using activated carbon and the mixing of perlite filtrate 1: 1;
Step 8, drying: the silver carp fish protein peptide mixed liquor after step 7 decoloration is de-tasted is spray-dried using 140 DEG C -150 DEG C
It is mainly the small-molecular peptides of dipeptides and tripeptides to Silver Carp protein peptide powder.
2. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that add in the step 1
The phosphoric acid of the lemon juice, 2-6% that enter to account for fish weight 3-5% stirs evenly, and impregnates 2-5h.
3. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that enzyme in the step 2
The condition of solution is: adjusting pH value to 8.5-9 with the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1-1mol/L, 10- is forced into reactor tank
30MPa。
4. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that add in the step 2
The dosage for entering alkali protease is the 0.1%-0.15% of fish weight.
5. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that alkali in the step 2
Property protease activity be 200,000 U/g, hydrolysis temperature be 50-55 DEG C, enzymolysis time 6-8h.
6. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that enzyme in the step 3
The condition of solution is: adjusting pH value to 7-7.5 with the dilute hydrochloric acid solution of 1-2mol/L, 10-30MPa is forced into reactor tank.
7. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that add in the step 3
The dosage for entering flavor protease is the 0.1%-0.2% of fish weight.
8. a kind of preparation method of silver carp fish protein peptide according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step 3 apoplexy
The activity of taste protease is 100,000 U/g, and hydrolysis temperature is 50-55 DEG C, enzymolysis time 6-8h.
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CN114874290A (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2022-08-09 | 华中农业大学 | Silver carp steak antioxidant peptide, separation method and silver carp steak antioxidant peptide chewable tablet |
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聂凌鸿等: "鳝鱼皮胶原蛋白肽的制备及其抗氧化性能的研究", 《中国食品添加剂》 * |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN110892937A (en) * | 2019-07-13 | 2020-03-20 | 德州蓝力生物技术有限公司 | Soybean peptide powder and production process thereof |
CN114874290A (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2022-08-09 | 华中农业大学 | Silver carp steak antioxidant peptide, separation method and silver carp steak antioxidant peptide chewable tablet |
CN114874290B (en) * | 2022-06-27 | 2023-08-15 | 华中农业大学 | Chub raft antioxidant peptide and separation method thereof, and chub raft antioxidant peptide chewable tablet |
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