CN109422984A - 一种共交联改性淀粉/pva果蔬保鲜膜及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种共交联改性淀粉/pva果蔬保鲜膜及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明具体涉及一种共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜及其制备方法。该果蔬保鲜膜以淀粉、聚乙烯醇和淀粉、聚乙烯醇与有机酸的共交联产物为基本骨架,加入增塑剂、消泡剂、成膜助剂制成。制备步骤包括:将淀粉、聚乙烯醇以及共交联剂配成一定浓度水溶液加热反应一定时间;然后加入增塑剂、消泡剂和成膜助剂,配制成15%~25%的均匀水溶液(胶);将混合均匀的水溶液(胶)倒入模具中成型,干燥成膜即得。该果蔬保鲜膜具有互穿聚合物网状结构,较未改性的淀粉/PVA膜有更好的力学性能、耐水性能;交联剂同时是淀粉、PVA的增塑剂,交联产物无需后处理;可根据交联剂用量、反应时间、反应温度调控保鲜膜孔径,适应不同果蔬保鲜的要求。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品材料领域,具体涉及一种共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜及其制备方法。
背景技术
聚乙烯醇是一种可生物降解的合成型高分子材料,具有很多优异的性能,如水溶性、成膜性、对氧气、二氧化碳和乙烯等气体的阻隔性以及优良的力学性能。淀粉是一种可再生、可生物降解的天然高分子材料,来源广泛,价格低廉。淀粉和聚乙烯醇复合可以降低纯PVA膜成本,提高生物可降解性能。目前已有研究将淀粉/PVA膜用于果蔬保鲜,安全无毒、完全生物降解、完全水溶,对氧气、二氧化碳等有强阻隔性能,还能保持适当的水气穿透量等特点;但存在下列问题:1、力学性能、耐水性能较差,特别是长时间与水汽接触薄膜溶胀导致穿孔、破裂;2、膜孔尺寸受限于材料本身,变化余地小,对果蔬的保鲜效果差异大,无法满足不同果蔬的保鲜需求。
发明内容
本发明的首要目的是克服现有淀粉/PVA膜存在的部分缺陷而提供一种共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜。本发明采用来自于柑橘、山楂、苹果和葡萄等天然植物的有机酸作为淀粉、PVA共交联的试剂,共交联淀粉/PVA膜形成互穿聚合物网状结构,有效提高膜的力学性能和耐水性能,避免因长时间水汽侵蚀而过度溶胀;未反应的有机酸是淀粉、PVA的良增塑剂,交联反应后无需处理,可加入增塑剂、消泡剂、成膜助剂直接成膜,生产效率高;可通过改变交联剂的量、反应时间、反应温度控制交联度,调控膜孔径尺寸,适应不同果蔬的保鲜需求。
本发明的另一目的在于提供上述共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜的制备方法。
本发明目的通过以下技术方案实现:
一种共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,以淀粉、聚乙烯醇和淀粉、聚乙烯醇与交联剂的共交联产物为基本骨架,加入增塑剂、消泡剂和成膜助剂制成;按重量份数计,其主要制备原料配比包括:
所述聚乙烯醇为醇解度小于或等于88%的聚乙烯醇,具体可优选为聚乙烯醇1788、聚乙烯醇0588或聚乙烯醇0580。
所述淀粉为玉米淀粉、番薯淀粉和木瓜淀粉等中的至少一种。
所述交联剂来自于柑橘、山楂、苹果和葡萄等天然植物的有机酸,具体为2-羟基丁二酸(苹果酸)、2,3-二羟基丁二酸(酒石酸)和蝶酰谷氨酸(叶酸)等中的至少一种。
所述增塑剂为多羟基增塑剂,优选为乙二醇、丙三醇、聚乙二醇-400、聚乙二醇-1000、聚乙二醇-2000、聚乙二醇-6000和山梨醇中的至少一种。
所述消泡剂为单硬脂酸甘油酯或磷酸酯类。
所述成膜助剂为增粘剂、流平剂和脱模剂等中的至少一种。所述增粘剂为歧化松香、氢化松香、萜烯树脂、汉生胶和阳离子瓜尔胶中的至少一种;所述流平剂为改性聚硅氧烷、丙烯酸酯中的至少一种;所述脱模剂二甲基硅油、乳化硅油中的至少一种。
上述共交联改性淀粉/聚乙烯醇(PVA)果蔬保鲜膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)将淀粉、聚乙烯醇和交联剂溶于水中,加热搅拌一定时间;
(2)往步骤(1)得到的溶液中加入增塑剂和成膜助剂加热至完全溶解,然后加入消泡剂,高速搅拌分散,得到均匀的混合溶液或溶胶(交联度小为溶液,较大时为溶胶);
(3)将步骤(2)制得的混合溶液或溶胶倒入模具中成型,干燥成膜。
步骤(1)所述加热搅拌一定时间为加热至70-90℃,以500转/min速度搅拌30-90min;步骤(2)高速搅拌为1500-2500转/min,分散时间为30-60min,得到的混合溶液或溶胶的固含量为15-25%。
步骤(1)所述加热至70-90℃为交联反应最佳反应温度范围,低于70℃,交联反应可能因为聚乙烯醇尚未溶解、淀粉尚未完全糊化而进行缓慢,最终导致交联度偏低;高于90℃,得到的溶液(胶)会因流动性差无法铺展成膜。
步骤(1)所述搅拌30-90min为交联反应时间,低于30min,交联反应尚未完全,交联度较低;高于90min,交联度过高,形成的溶液(胶)可能因流动性差无法铺展成膜。
步骤(1)所述交联剂添加0.5-3质量份,低于0.5份,交联反应无法发生;高于3份,对交联度不再有明显影响,相反会增加成本。
步骤(3)所述干燥成膜的温度为110-150℃。
上述的制备方法中,溶液或溶胶固含量须控制在15%-25%,固含量太高溶液(胶)粘度大,难以铺展,固含量太低成膜效率低;
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点及有益效果:
(1)本发明涉及到的原料均可生物降解,所用交联剂为天然植物中提取出的天然酸,自然环境中将最终降解为二氧化碳及水,是一种绿色环保保鲜膜;
(2)改善了淀粉/PVA膜的耐水性能,长时间保鲜后不会因为水汽的侵蚀而过度溶胀,避免膜容易吸水而滋生细菌,减缓果蔬腐败;
(3)保鲜膜孔径可调,可根据果蔬不同保鲜条件下的要求,通过改变交联剂用量、交联反应时间、交联反应温度调节保鲜膜的孔径,延长果蔬的保鲜时间;
(4)交联反应完成后,未参与交联反应的酸无需除去,可作为聚乙烯醇及淀粉的增塑剂,生产效率高;
(5)交联反应同时在淀粉、PVA之中进行,有利于改善淀粉、PVA间的相容性,提高膜的物理机械性能。
附图说明
图1为新鲜芒果及其使用实施例1制备的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜保鲜储存7天后的照片,其中左图为新鲜芒果储存前的照片,右图为新鲜芒果储存7天后的照片。
图2为新鲜芒果及其使用PE保鲜膜保鲜储存7天后的照片,其中左图为新鲜芒果储存前的照片,右图为新鲜芒果储存7天后的照片。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明作进一步详细的描述,但本发明的实施方式不限于此。
实施例1
(一)共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜具体配方:
(二)制备步骤:
(1)按配方计量将淀粉、聚乙烯醇及不同量的交联剂(分别为0.5g、1.5g、2.5g)溶于去离子水中,加热搅拌60分钟;
(2)加入增塑剂、成膜助剂加热至完全溶解,然后加入消泡剂,高速搅拌分散,得到均匀的混合溶液(胶),冷却至50℃;
(3)将混合溶液(胶)均匀地平铺在干燥、洁净的模具上,形成厚薄均匀,表面光洁平整的液层,在120℃下烘干12h。
按上述配方和步骤分别添加苹果酸0.5g、1.5g、2.5g,制备出A1、A2、A3号保鲜膜,拉伸强度分别为25.6、28.5、29.2Mpa,断裂伸长率分别为280%、320%、350%,溶胀率分别为173.80%、158.69%、143.65%。
按照上述配方,除了不加入交联剂制备的淀粉/PVA膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、溶胀率分别为17.5Mpa、180%、242%。
用该实施例制备的果蔬保鲜膜A1、A2、A3号密封包装芒果,于20℃/相对湿度RH70%条件下储存7天,表面不起皱,口感基本不变,失水率分别为15.6%、14.3%、12.6%,如图1所示;使用PE保鲜膜在相同的条件下,表面起皱,出现大面积黑斑,失水率为43.2%,如图2所示。
实施例2
(一)共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜具体配方:
(二)制备步骤:
(1)按配方计量将三份淀粉、聚乙烯醇及交联剂溶于去离子水中,分别加热搅拌30、60、90分钟;
(2)加入增塑剂、成膜助剂加热至完全溶解,然后加入消泡剂,高速搅拌分散,得到均匀的混合溶液(胶),冷却至50℃;
(3)将混合溶液(胶)均匀地平铺在干燥、洁净的模具上,形成厚薄均匀,表面光洁平整的液层,在120℃下烘干12h。
按上述配方和步骤分别搅拌30min、60min、90min制备出B1、B2、B3号保鲜膜,拉伸强度分别为21.8、28.5、24.2Mpa,断裂伸长率分别为240%、320%、290%,溶胀率分别为208%、158%、173%。
实施例制备的果蔬保鲜膜B1、B2、B3号密封包装菜心,于20℃/相对湿度RH70%条件下储存3天,菜心表面干爽,无变黄或者腐烂迹象,口感基本不变,失水率分别为15.8%、13.4%、13.1%;经PE膜包装的菜心在相同条件下,菜心变黄,失水率达到45.9%。
实施例3
(一)共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜具体配方:
(二)制备步骤:
(1)按配方计量将三份淀粉、聚乙烯醇及交联剂溶于去离子水中,分别在70、80、90℃水浴加热搅拌60分钟;
(2)加入增塑剂、成膜助剂加热至完全溶解,然后加入消泡剂,高速搅拌分散,得到均匀的混合溶液(胶),冷却至50℃;
(3)将混合溶液(胶)均匀地平铺在干燥、洁净的模具上,形成厚薄均匀,表面光洁平整的液层,在120℃下烘干12h。
按上述配方和步骤分别加热至70℃、80℃、90℃,制备出C1、C2、C3号保鲜膜,拉伸强度分别为26.3、28.5、27.2Mpa,断裂伸长率分别达到290%、320%、300%;溶胀率分别达到180%、158%、177%。
用该实施例制备的果蔬保鲜膜C1、C2、C3号分别密封包装苹果,于20℃/相对湿度RH70%条件下储存15天,苹果表面不起皱,无明显腐烂现象,口感基本不变,失水率分别为15.6%、11.2%、16.4%;PE保鲜膜在相同的条件下,失水率达45.9%,引起表面起皱,出现褐色斑点。
实施例4
(一)共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜具体配方:
(二)制备步骤:
(1)按配方计量将淀粉、聚乙烯醇及交联剂溶于去离子水中,在80℃水浴加热搅拌60分钟;
(2)加入增塑剂、成膜助剂加热至完全溶解,然后加入消泡剂,高速搅拌分散,得到均匀的混合溶液,冷却至50℃;
(3)将混合溶液均匀地平铺在干燥、洁净的模具上,形成厚薄均匀,表面光洁平整的液层,在120℃下烘干12h。
按上述配方和步骤,制备出D1号保鲜膜,拉伸强度分别为25.8Mpa,断裂伸长率达到260%;溶胀率达到172%。
用该实施例制备的果蔬保鲜膜D1号密封包装苹果,于20℃/相对湿度RH70%条件下储存15天,苹果表面不起皱,无明显腐烂现象,口感基本不变,失水率为18.8%;PE保鲜膜在相同的条件下,失水率达45.9%,引起表面起皱,出现褐色斑点。
上述实施例为本发明较佳的实施方式,但本发明的实施方式并不受上述实施例的限制,其他的任何未背离本发明的精神实质与原理下所作的改变、修饰、替代、组合、简化,均应为等效的置换方式,都包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (9)
1.一种共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,其制备原料包括:
2.根据权利要求1所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,所述聚乙烯醇为醇解度小于或等于88%的聚乙烯醇。
3.根据权利要求1所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,所述淀粉为玉米淀粉、番薯淀粉和木瓜淀粉中的至少一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,所述交联剂为2-羟基丁二酸、2,3-二羟基丁二酸和蝶酰谷氨酸中的至少一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,所述增塑剂为多羟基增塑剂,所述成膜助剂为增粘剂、流平剂和脱模剂等中的至少一种。
6.根据权利要求5所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,所述增塑剂为乙二醇、丙三醇、聚乙二醇-400、聚乙二醇-1000、聚乙二醇-2000、聚乙二醇-6000和山梨醇中的至少一种;所述增粘剂为歧化松香、氢化松香、萜烯树脂、汉生胶和阳离子瓜尔胶中的至少一种;所述流平剂为改性聚硅氧烷、丙烯酸酯中的至少一种;所述脱模剂二甲基硅油、乳化硅油中的至少一种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜,其特征在于,所述消泡剂为单硬脂酸甘油酯或磷酸酯类。
8.权利要求1至7任一项所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)将淀粉、聚乙烯醇和交联剂溶于水中,加热搅拌一定时间;
(2)往步骤(1)得到的溶液中加入增塑剂和成膜助剂加热至完全溶解,然后加入消泡剂,高速搅拌分散,得到均匀的混合溶液或溶胶;
(3)将步骤(2)制得的混合溶液或溶胶倒入模具中成型,干燥成膜。
9.根据权利要求8所述的共交联改性淀粉/PVA果蔬保鲜膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(1)所述加热搅拌一定时间为加热至70-90℃,以500转/min速度搅拌30-90min;步骤(2)高速搅拌为1500-2500转/min,分散时间为30-60min,得到的混合溶液或溶胶的固含量为15-25%。
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