CN109422666B - 含有以三聚茚为基的化合物的空穴注入层和电荷产生层 - Google Patents

含有以三聚茚为基的化合物的空穴注入层和电荷产生层 Download PDF

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CN109422666B
CN109422666B CN201811025511.3A CN201811025511A CN109422666B CN 109422666 B CN109422666 B CN 109422666B CN 201811025511 A CN201811025511 A CN 201811025511A CN 109422666 B CN109422666 B CN 109422666B
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CN109422666A (zh
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夏传军
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Beijing Summer Sprout Technology Co Ltd
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Abstract

公开了一种含有以三聚茚为基的化合物的空穴注入层和电荷产生层。通过在空穴注入层中使用包含以三聚茚为基的化合物,能够改进OLED的电压,效率和寿命。此外,还通过在串联OLED结构中的P型电荷产生层中使用包含以三聚茚为基的化合物,能够进一步改进OLED的电压,效率和寿命。

Description

含有以三聚茚为基的化合物的空穴注入层和电荷产生层
本申请要求2017年9月4日提交的美国临时申请第62/553,919号的优先权,所述临时申请的全部内容通过引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于有机电子器件的空穴注入层和电荷产生层,例如有机发光器件。更特别地,涉及一种包括以三聚茚为基(Truxene based)的化合物的空穴注入层和电荷产生层。
背景技术
有机电子器件包括但是不限于下列种类:有机发光二极管(OLEDs),有机场效应晶体管(O-FETs),有机发光晶体管(OLETs),有机光伏器件(OPVs),染料-敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs),有机光学检测器,有机光感受器,有机场效应器件(OFQDs),发光电化学电池(LECs),有机激光二极管和有机电浆发光器件。
1987年,伊斯曼柯达的Tang和Van Slyke报道了一种双层有机电致发光器件,其包括芳基胺空穴传输层和三-8-羟基喹啉-铝层作为电子传输层和发光层(Applied PhysicsLetters, 1987,51(12):913-915)。一旦加偏压于器件,绿光从器件中发射出来。这个发明为现代有机发光二极管(OLEDs)的发展奠定了基础。最先进的OLEDs可以包括多层,例如电荷注入和传输层,电荷和激子阻挡层,以及阴极和阳极之间的一个或多个发光层。由于OLEDs是一种自发光固态器件,它为显示和照明应用提供了巨大的潜力。此外,有机材料的固有特性,例如它们的柔韧性,可以使它们非常适合于特殊应用,例如在柔性基底制作上。
OLED可以根据其发光机制分为三种不同类型。Tang和van Slyke发明的OLED是荧光 OLED。它只使用单重态发光。在器件中产生的三重态通过非辐射衰减通道浪费了。因此,荧光OLED的内部量子效率(IQE)仅为25%。这个限制阻碍了OLED的商业化。1997年,Forrest和Thompson报告了磷光OLED,其使用来自含络合物的重金属的三重态发光作为发光体。因此,能够收获单重态和三重态,实现100%的IQE。由于它的高效率,磷光OLED的发现和发展直接为有源矩阵OLED(AMOLED)的商业化作出了贡献。最近,Adachi通过有机化合物的热激活延迟荧光(TADF)实现了高效率。这些发光体具有小的单重态-三重态间隙,使得激子从三重态返回到单重态的成为可能。在TADF器件中,三重态激子能够通过反向系统间穿越产生单重态激子,导致高IQE。
OLEDs也可以根据所用材料的形式分类为小分子和聚合物OLED。小分子是指不是聚合物的任何有机或有机金属材料。只要具有精确的结构,小分子的分子量可以很大。具有明确结构的树枝状聚合物被认为是小分子。聚合物OLED包括共轭聚合物和具有侧基发光基团的非共轭聚合物。如果在制造过程中发生后聚合,小分子OLED能够变成聚合物OLED。
已有各种OLED制造方法。小分子OLED通常通过真空热蒸发来制造。聚合物OLED通过溶液法制造,例如旋涂,喷墨印刷和喷嘴印刷。如果材料可以溶解或分散在溶剂中,小分子OLED也可以通过溶液法制造。
OLED的发光颜色可以通过发光材料结构设计来实现。OLED可以包括一个发光层或多个发光层以实现期望的光谱。绿色,黄色和红色OLED,磷光材料已成功实现商业化。蓝色磷光器件仍然具有蓝色不饱和,器件寿命短和工作电压高等问题。商业全彩OLED显示器通常采用混合策略,使用蓝色荧光和磷光黄色,或红色和绿色。目前,磷光OLED的效率在高亮度情况下快速降低仍然是一个问题。此外,期望具有更饱和的发光光谱,更高的效率和更长的器件寿命。
在OLED器件中,空穴注入层(HIL)有助于从ITO阳极到有机层的空穴注入。为了实现低的器件驱动电压,从阳极开始具有最小电荷注入势垒是重要的。各种HIL材料已被开发,例如具有浅HOMO能级的三芳胺化合物,非常缺电子的杂环化合物,以及掺杂有P型导电性掺杂剂的三芳胺化合物(triarylamine compounds)。为了提高OLED性能,如更长的器件寿命,更高的效率和更低的电压,开发性能更好的HIL材料至关重要。
发明内容
本发明旨在改进OLED的电压,效率和寿命,其通过使用包含以三聚茚为基的化合物的空穴注入层来实现。此外,还提供了包含以三聚茚为基的化合物的电荷注入层,可用于串联 OLED结构中的p型电荷产生层,进一步改进OLED的电压,效率和寿命。
根据本发明的一个实施例,公开一种有机电致发光器件,包括:阳极,阴极,设置在所述阳极和阴极之间的空穴注入层,其中所述空穴注入层包含由公式1表示的化合物:
Figure BDA0001788195150000021
其中,X1至X12独立地选自CR或N;
R选自由以下组成的组:氢,氘,卤素,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个环碳原子的环烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的杂烷基,取代或未取代的具有7-30个碳原数的芳烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷氧基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳氧基,取代或未取代的具有2-20个碳原子的烯基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-30个碳原子的杂芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个碳原子的烷硅基,取代或未取代的具有6-20个碳原子的芳基硅烷基,取代或未取代的具有0-20个碳原子的胺基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,酯基,腈,异腈,硫基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基,及其组合;
当存在多个R基团时,R可以相同或不同;
任何相邻的R基团可任选地连接形成环或稠合结构。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,还公开一种串联有机电致发光器件,包括:阳极,阴极,设置在阳极和阴极之间的电荷产生层,其中电荷产生层包含由公式1表示的化合物:
Figure BDA0001788195150000031
其中,X1至X12独立地选自CR或N;
R选自由以下组成的组:氢,氘,卤素,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个环碳原子的环烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的杂烷基,取代或未取代的具有7-30个碳原数的芳烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷氧基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳氧基,取代或未取代的具有2-20个碳原子的烯基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-30个碳原子的杂芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个碳原子的烷硅基,取代或未取代的具有6-20个碳原子的芳基硅烷基,取代或未取代的具有0-20个碳原子的胺基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,酯基,腈,异腈,硫基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基,及其组合;
当存在多个R基团时,R可以相同或不同;
任何相邻的R基团可任选地连接形成环或稠合结构。
根据本发明的再一个实施例,公开一种化合物,其具有选自以下的任一结构:
Figure BDA0001788195150000032
Figure BDA0001788195150000041
本发明公开的空穴注入层和电荷产生层,其包括三聚茚为基的化合物或由三聚茚为基的化合物组成,能够降低OLED器件的电压,提高器件的效率和寿命。
附图说明
图1是可以含有本文所公开的化合物材料的有机发光装置示意图。
图2是可以含有本文所公开的化合物材料的串联有机发光装置示意图。
图3是可以含有本文所公开的化合物材料的另一串联有机发光装置示意图。
图4是展示如本文所公开的化合物结构式1。
具体实施方式
OLED可以在各种基板上制造,例如玻璃,塑料和金属。图1示意性、非限制性的展示了有机发光装置100。图不一定按比例绘制,图中一些层结构也是可以根据需要省略的。装置100可以包括基板101、阳极110、空穴注入层120、空穴传输层130、电子阻挡层140、发光层150、空穴阻挡层160、电子传输层170、电子注入层180和阴极190。装置100可以通过依序沉积所描述的层来制造。各层的性质和功能以及示例性材料在美国专利 US7,279,704B2第6-10栏有更详细的描述,上述专利的全部内容通过引用并入本文。
这些层中的每一者有更多实例。举例来说,以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利第5,844,363 号中公开柔性并且透明的衬底-阳极组合。经p掺杂的空穴输送层的实例是以50:1的摩尔比率掺杂有F4-TCNQ的m-MTDATA,如以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利申请公开案第 2003/0230980号中所公开。以全文引用的方式并入的颁予汤普森(Thompson)等人的美国专利第6,303,238号中公开主体材料的实例。经n掺杂的电子输送层的实例是以1:1的摩尔比率掺杂有Li的BPhen,如以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利申请公开案第2003/0230980号中所公开。以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利第5,703,436号和第5,707,745号公开了阴极的实例,其包括具有例如Mg:Ag等金属薄层与上覆的透明、导电、经溅镀沉积的ITO层的复合阴极。以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利第6,097,147号和美国专利申请公开案第2003/0230980号中更详细地描述阻挡层的原理和使用。以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利申请公开案第 2004/0174116号中提供注入层的实例。可以在以全文引用的方式并入的美国专利申请公开案第2004/0174116号中找到保护层的描述。
经由非限制性的实施例提供上述分层结构。OLED的功能可以通过组合以上描述的各种层来实现,或者可以完全省略一些层。它还可以包括未明确描述的其它层。在每个层内,可以使用单一材料或多种材料的混合物来实现最佳性能。任何功能层可以包括几个子层。例如,发光层可以具有两层不同的发光材料以实现期望的发光光谱。
在一个实施例中,OLED可以描述为具有设在阴极和阳极之间的“有机层”。该有机层可以包括一层或多层。
在一个实施例中,可以将两个和两个以上的OLED单元串联起来,形成串联的OLED,如图2示意性、非限制性的展示了串联有机发光装置500。装置500可以包括基板101、阳极110、第一单元100、电荷产生层300、第二单元200和阴极290。其中第一单元100包括空穴注入层120、空穴传输层130、电子阻挡层140、发光层150、空穴阻挡层160、电子传输层170,第二单元200包括空穴注入层220、空穴传输层230、电子阻挡层240、发光层250、空穴阻挡层260、电子传输层270和电子注入层280,电荷产生层300包括N型电荷产生层 310和P型电荷产生层320。装置500可以通过依序沉积所描述的层来制造。
OLED也可设置封装层,如图3示意性、非限制性的展示了有机发光装置600,其与图2 不同的是,在阴极290之上还可以包括封装层102,以防止来自环境的有害物质,例如水分和氧气。能够提供封装功能的任何材料都可以用作封装层,例如玻璃或者有机-无机混合层。封装层应直接或间接放置在OLED器件的外部。多层薄膜封装在美国专利US7,968,146B2中进行了描述,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
根据本发明的实施例制造的器件可以并入具有该器件的一个或多个电子部件模块(或单元)的各种消费产品中。这些消费产品的一些例子包括平板显示器,监视器,医疗监视器,电视机,广告牌,用于室内或室外照明和/或发信号的灯,平视显示器,完全或部分透明的显示器,柔性显示器,智能电话,平板计算机,平板手机,可穿戴设备,智能手表,膝上型计算机,数码相机,便携式摄像机,取景器,微型显示器,3-D显示器,车辆显示器和车尾灯。
本文描述的材料和结构也可以用于前文列出的其它有机电子器件中。
如本文所用,“顶部”意指离衬底最远,而“底部”意指离衬底最近。在将第一层描述为“设置”在第二层“上”的情况下,第一层被设置为距衬底较远。除非规定第一层“与”第二层“接触”,否则第一与第二层之间可以存在其它层。举例来说,即使阴极和阳极之间存在各种有机层,仍可以将阴极描述为“设置在”阳极“上”。
如本文所用,“溶液可处理”意指能够以溶液或悬浮液的形式在液体介质中溶解、分散或输送和/或从液体介质沉积。
当据信配位体直接促成发射材料的光敏性质时,配位体可以称为“光敏性的”。当据信配位体并不促成发射材料的光敏性质时,配位体可以称为“辅助性的”,但辅助性的配位体可以改变光敏性的配位体的性质。
据相信,荧光OLED的内部量子效率(IQE)可以通过延迟荧光超过25%自旋统计限制。延迟荧光一般可以分成两种类型,即P型延迟荧光和E型延迟荧光。P型延迟荧光由三重态- 三重态消灭(TTA)产生。
另一方面,E型延迟荧光不依赖于两个三重态的碰撞,而是依赖于三重态与单重激发态之间的转换。能够产生E型延迟荧光的化合物需要具有极小单-三重态间隙以便能态之间的转化。热能可以激活由三重态回到单重态的跃迁。这种类型的延迟荧光也称为热激活延迟荧光 (TADF)。TADF的显著特征在于,延迟分量随温度升高而增加。如果逆向系间穿越(IRISC) 速率足够快速从而最小化由三重态的非辐射衰减,那么回填充单重激发态的分率可能达到 75%。总单重态分率可以是100%,远超过电致产生的激子的自旋统计的25%。
E型延迟荧光特征可以见于激发复合物系统或单一化合物中。不受理论束缚,相信E型延迟荧光需要发光材料具有小单-三重态能隙(ΔE S-T)。有机含非金属的供体-受体发光材料可能能够实现这点。这些材料的发射通常表征为供体-受体电荷转移(CT)型发射。这些供体-受体型化合物中HOMO与LUMO的空间分离通常产生小ΔE S-T。这些状态可以包括CT状态。通常,供体-受体发光材料通过将电子供体部分(例如芳香氨或咔唑衍生物)与电子受体部分(例如含N的六元芳香族环)连接而构建。
关于取代基术语的定义
卤素或卤化物-如本文所用,包括氟,氯,溴和碘。
烷基–包含直链和支链烷基。烷基的实例包括甲基,乙基,丙基,异丙基,正丁基,仲丁基,异丁基,叔丁基,正戊基,正己基,正庚基,正辛基,正壬基,正癸基,正十一烷基,正十二烷基,正十三烷基,正十四烷基,正十五烷基,正十六烷基,正十七烷基,正十八烷基,新戊基,1-甲基戊基,2-甲基戊基,1-戊基己基,1-丁基戊基,1-庚基辛基,3-甲基戊基。另外,烷基可以任选被取代。烷基链中的碳可被其它杂原子取代。在上述中,优选甲基,乙基,丙基,异丙基,正丁基,仲丁基,异丁基,叔丁基,正戊基和新戊基。
环烷基-如本文所用包含环状烷基。优选的环烷基是含有4至10个环碳原子的环烷基,包括环丁基,环戊基,环己基,4-甲基环己基,4,4-二甲基环己基,1-金刚烷基,2-金刚烷基, 1-降冰片基,2-降冰片基等。另外,环烷基可以任选被取代。环中的碳可被其它杂原子取代。
链烯基-如本文所用,涵盖直链和支链烯烃基团。优选的烯基是含有2至15个碳原子的烯基。链烯基的例子包括乙烯基,烯丙基,1-丁烯基,2-丁烯基,3-丁烯基,1,3-丁二烯基, 1-甲基乙烯基,苯乙烯基,2,2-二苯基乙烯基,1,2-二苯基乙烯基,1-甲基烯丙基,1,1-二甲基烯丙基,2-甲基烯丙基,1-苯基烯丙基,2-苯基烯丙基,3-苯基烯丙基,3,3-二苯基烯丙基, 1,2-二甲基烯丙基,1-苯基-1-丁烯基和3-苯基-1-丁烯基。另外,烯基可以是任选取代的。
炔基-如本文所用,涵盖直链和支链炔基。优选的炔基是含有2至15个碳原子的炔基。另外,炔基可以是任选取代的。
芳基或芳族基-如本文所用,考虑非稠合和稠合体系。优选的芳基是含有6至60个碳原子,更优选6至20个碳原子,更优选6至12个碳原子的芳基。芳基的例子包括苯基,联苯,三联苯,三亚苯,四亚苯,萘,蒽,萉,菲,芴,芘,苣,苝和薁,优选苯基,联苯,三联苯,三亚苯,芴和萘。另外,芳基可以任选被取代。非稠合芳基的例子包括苯基,联苯 -2-基,联苯-3-基,联苯-4-基,对三联苯-4-基,对三联苯-3-基,对三苯基-2-基,间三联苯-4- 基,间三联苯-3-基,间三联苯-2-基,邻甲苯基,间甲苯基,对甲苯基,对-(2-苯基丙基) 苯基,4'-甲基联二苯基,4”-叔丁基-对三联苯-4-基,邻-枯基,间-枯基,对-枯基,2,3-二甲苯基,3,4-二甲苯基,2,5-二甲苯基,均三甲苯基和间四联苯基。
杂环基或杂环-如本文所用,考虑芳族和非芳族环状基团。异芳基也指杂芳基。优选的非芳族杂环基是含有3至7个环原子的那些,其包括至少一个杂原子如氮,氧和硫。杂环基也可以是具有至少一个选自氮原子,氧原子,硫原子和硒原子的杂原子的芳族杂环基。
杂芳基-如本文所用,考虑了可以包含1至5个杂原子的非稠合和稠合杂芳族基团。优选的杂芳基是含有3至30个碳原子,更优选3至20个碳原子,更优选3至12个碳原子的杂芳基。合适的杂芳基包括二苯并噻吩,二苯并呋喃,二苯并硒吩,呋喃,噻吩,苯并呋喃,苯并噻吩,苯并硒吩,咔唑,吲哚咔唑,吡啶吲哚,吡咯并吡啶,吡唑,咪唑,三唑,恶唑,噻唑,恶二唑,恶三唑,二恶唑,噻二唑,吡啶,哒嗪,嘧啶,吡嗪,三嗪,恶嗪,恶噻嗪,恶二嗪,吲哚,苯并咪唑,吲唑,茚并嗪,苯并恶唑,苯并异恶唑,苯并噻唑,喹啉,异喹啉,噌啉,喹唑啉,喹喔啉,萘啶,酞嗪,蝶啶,呫吨,吖啶,吩嗪,吩噻嗪,苯并噻吩并吡啶,噻吩并二吡啶,苯并噻吩并吡啶,噻吩并二吡啶,苯并硒吩并吡啶,硒苯并二吡啶,优选二苯并噻吩,二苯并呋喃,二苯并硒吩,咔唑,吲哚并咔唑,咪唑,吡啶,三嗪,苯并咪唑,1,2-氮杂硼烷,1,3-氮杂硼烷,1,4-氮杂硼烷,硼唑和其氮杂类似物。另外,杂芳基可以任选被取代。
烷氧基-由-O-烷基表示。烷基例子和优选例子与上述相同。具有1至20个碳原子,优选1至6个碳原子的烷氧基的例子包括甲氧基,乙氧基,丙氧基,丁氧基,戊氧基和己氧基。具有3个以上碳原子的烷氧基可以是直链状,环状或支链状。
芳氧基-由-O-芳基或-O-杂芳基表示。芳基和杂芳基例子和优选例子与上述相同。具有 6至40个碳原子的芳氧基的例子包括苯氧基和联苯氧基。
芳烷基-如本文所用,具有芳基取代基的烷基。另外,芳烷基可以任选被取代。芳烷基的例子包括苄基,1-苯基乙基,2-苯基乙基,1-苯基异丙基,2-苯基异丙基,苯基叔丁基,α-萘基甲基,1-α-萘基-乙基,2-α-萘基乙基,1-α-萘基异丙基,2-α-萘基异丙基,β-萘基甲基,1-β-萘基-乙基,2-β-萘基-乙基,1-β-萘基异丙基,2-β-萘基异丙基,对甲基苄基,间甲基苄基,邻甲基苄基,对氯苄基,间氯苄基,邻氯苄基,对溴苄基,间溴苄基,邻溴苄基,对碘苄基,间碘苄基,邻碘苄基,对羟基苄基,间羟基苄基,邻羟基苄基,对氨基苄基,间氨基苄基,邻氨基苄基,对硝基苄基,间硝基苄基,邻硝基苄基,对氰基苄基,间氰基苄基,邻氰基苄基,1-2-羟基-2-苯基异丙基和1-氯-2-苯基异丙基。在上述中,优选苄基,对氰基苄基,间氰基苄基,邻氰基苄基,1-苯基乙基,2-苯基乙基,1-苯基异丙基和2-苯基异丙基。
氮杂二苯并呋喃,氮杂-二苯并噻吩等中的术语“氮杂”是指相应芳族片段中的一个或多个C-H基团被氮原子代替。例如,氮杂三亚苯包括二苯并[f,h]喹喔啉,二苯并[f,h]喹啉和在环系中具有两个或更多个氮的其它类似物。本领域普通技术人员可以容易地想到上述的氮杂衍生物的其它氮类似物,并且所有这些类似物被确定为包括在本文所述的术语中。
烷基,环烷基,烯基,炔基,芳烷基,杂环基,芳基和杂芳基可以是未取代的或可以被一个或多个选自氘,卤素,烷基,环烷基,芳烷基,烷氧基,芳氧基,氨基,环状氨基,甲硅烷基,烯基,环烯基,杂烯基,炔基,芳基,杂芳基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,醚基,酯基,腈基,异腈基,硫烷基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基及其组合取代。
应当理解,当将分子片段描述为取代基或以其他方式连接到另一部分时,可根据它是否是片段(例如苯基,亚苯基,萘基,二苯并呋喃基)或根据它是否是整个分子(如苯,萘,二苯并呋喃)来书写它的名称。如本文所用,指定取代基或连接片段的这些不同方式被认为是等同的。
在本公开中提到的化合物中,氢原子可以被氘部分或完全替代。其他原子如碳和氮也可以被它们的其他稳定的同位素代替。由于其增强器件的效率和稳定性,化合物中其它稳定同位素的替代可能是优选的。
在本公开中提到的化合物中,多重取代指包含二重取代在内,直到高达最多的可用取代的范围。
在本公开中提到的化合物中,相邻的取代基能任选地连接形成环的表述旨在被认为是指两个基团通过化学键彼此连接。这由下式示例:
Figure BDA0001788195150000081
此外,相邻的取代基能任选地连接形成环的表述也旨在被认为是指,在其中两个基团之一表示氢的情况下,第二基团键合在氢原子键合至的位置处,从而成环。这由下式示例:
Figure BDA0001788195150000082
根据本发明的一个实施例,公开一种有机电致发光器件,包括:阳极,阴极,设置在所述阳极和阴极之间的空穴注入层,其中所述空穴注入层包含由式1表示的化合物:
Figure BDA0001788195150000083
其中,X1至X12独立地选自CR或N;
R选自由以下组成的组:氢,氘,卤素,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个环碳原子的环烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的杂烷基,取代或未取代的具有7-30个碳原数的芳烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷氧基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳氧基,取代或未取代的具有2-20个碳原子的烯基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-30个碳原子的杂芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个碳原子的烷硅基(alkylsilyl group),取代或未取代的具有6-20个碳原子的芳基硅烷基(arylsilyl group),取代或未取代的具有0-20个碳原子的胺基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,酯基,腈,异腈,硫基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基,及其组合;
当存在多个R基团时,R可以相同或不同;
任何相邻的R基团可任选地连接形成环或稠合结构。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,其中包含公式1的化合物的空穴注入层与阳极接触。
根据本发明的另一个实施例,其中R选自由以下组成的组:硝基(nitro),氟,氰基,三氟甲基,三氟甲氧基(trifluoromethoxy)和五氟硫化物(pentafluorosulfide)。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例,式1中化合物选自以下结构化合物构成的组:
Figure BDA0001788195150000091
Figure BDA0001788195150000101
根据本发明的一个实施例,其中空穴注入层是一完全由具有公式1的化合物构成的层。
根据本发明的一个实施例,其中空穴注入层还包含芳香胺化合物。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例,其中空穴注入层还包含芳香胺化合物,所述芳香胺化合物选自以下结构化合物构成的组:
Figure BDA0001788195150000111
Figure BDA0001788195150000121
Figure BDA0001788195150000131
Figure BDA0001788195150000141
根据本发明的一个实施例,还公开一种串联有机电致发光器件,包括:阳极,阴极,设置在阳极和阴极之间的电荷产生层,其中电荷产生层包含由式1表示的化合物:
Figure BDA0001788195150000151
其中X1至X12独立地选自CR或N;
R选自由以下组成的组:氢,氘,卤素,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个环碳原子的环烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的杂烷基,取代或未取代的具有7-30个碳原数的芳烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷氧基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳氧基,取代或未取代的具有2-20个碳原子的烯基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-30个碳原子的杂芳基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个碳原子的烷硅基(alkylsilyl),取代或未取代的具有6-20个碳原子的芳基硅烷基(arylsilyl),取代或未取代的具有0-20个碳原子的胺基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,酯基,腈,异腈,硫基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基,及其组合;
当存在多个R基团时,R可以相同或不同;
任何相邻的R基团可任选地连接形成环或稠合结构。
根据本发明的一个实施例,其中R选自由以下组成的组:硝基,氟,氰基,三氟甲基,三氟甲氧基和五氟硫化物(pentafluorosulfide)。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例,其中具有公式1的结构化合物选自以下结构化合物组成的组:
Figure BDA0001788195150000152
Figure BDA0001788195150000161
Figure BDA0001788195150000171
根据本发明的一个实施例,其中电荷产生层是一完全由具有式1的化合物构成的层。
根据本发明的一个实施例,其中所述电荷产生层是p型电荷产生层。
根据本发明的一个实施例,其中电荷产生层还包含芳香胺化合物。
根据本发明的一个优选实施例,所述电荷产生层还包含芳香胺化合物,所述芳香胺化合物选自以下结构化合物构成的组:
Figure BDA0001788195150000172
Figure BDA0001788195150000181
Figure BDA0001788195150000191
Figure BDA0001788195150000201
Figure BDA0001788195150000211
根据本发明的一个实施例,还公开一种化合物,其具有化合物4至化合物11的任一结构:
Figure BDA0001788195150000212
Figure BDA0001788195150000221
与其他材料组合
本发明描述的用于有机发光器件中的特定层的材料可以与器件中存在的各种其它材料组合使用。这些材料的组合在美国专利申请US2016/0359122A1中第0132-0161段有详细描述,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。其中描述或提及的材料是可以与本文所公开的化合物组合使用的材料的非限制性实例,并且本领域技术人员可以容易地查阅文献以鉴别可以组合使用的其它材料。
本文描述为可用于有机发光器件中的具体层的材料可以与存在于所述器件中的多种其它材料组合使用。举例来说,本文所公开的发光掺杂剂可以与多种主体、输送层、阻挡层、注入层、电极和其它可能存在的层结合使用。这些材料的组合在专利申请US2015/0349273A1 中的第0080-0101段有详细描述,其全部内容通过引用并入本文。其中描述或提及的材料是可以与本文所公开的化合物组合使用的材料的非限制性实例,并且本领域技术人员可以容易地查阅文献以鉴别可以组合使用的其它材料。
在材料合成的实施例中,除非另外说明,否则所有反应都在氮气保护下进行。所有反应溶剂都无水并且按从商业来源原样使用。合成产物使用本领域常规的一种或多种设备(包括但不限于Bruker的核磁共振仪,Shimadzu的液相色谱仪、液相色谱-质谱联用仪、气相色谱- 质谱联用仪、差示扫描量热仪,上海棱光技术的荧光分光光度计,武汉科思特的电化学工作站,安徽贝意克的升华仪等),以本领域技术人员熟知的方法进行了结构确认和特性测试。在器件的实施例中,器件的特性也是使用本领域常规的设备(包括但不限于AngstromEngineering生产的蒸镀机,苏州弗士达生产的光学测试系统、寿命测试系统,北京量拓生产的椭偏仪等),以本领域技术人员熟知的方法进行测试。由于本领域技术人员均知晓上述设备使用、测试方法等相关内容,能够确定地、不受影响地获得样品的固有数据,因此上述相关内容在本篇专利中不再展开赘述。
材料合成实施例:
本发明化合物的制备方法不做限制,典型但非限制地以化合物9为示例,其合成路线和制备方法如下:
合成化合物9
步骤1:1,3,5-三溴-2,4,6-三(溴甲基)苯的合成
Figure BDA0001788195150000231
在三颈烧瓶中加入1,3,5-三溴-2,4,6-三甲基苯(20g,56mmol),1-溴吡咯烷-2,5-二酮(NBS) (36g,201.7mmol),过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)(1.36g,5.6mmol,10mol%),和CCl4(600mL)。将反应混合物回流过夜,反应停止。冷却至室温后,蒸发溶剂。向粗产物中加入400mL甲醇并回流1小时。通过过滤收集固体并干燥,得到所需产物(31.6g,95%产率)。
步骤2:(2,4,6-三溴苯-1,3,5-三基)三(亚甲基)三乙酸酯的合成
Figure BDA0001788195150000232
将1,3,5-三溴-2,4,6-三(溴甲基)苯(31.2g,53.2mmol),乙酸钠(26.2g,319mmol)和乙酸(500mL)加入三颈烧瓶中。所得混合物回流过夜。冷却至室温后,向反应混合物中加入500 mL水。过滤收集白色沉淀。通过硅胶塞纯化粗产物,得到所需产物(26.8g,94.8%产率)。
步骤3:(4,4”-双(三氟甲氧基)-5’-(4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基)-[1,1’:3’,1”-三联苯基]-2’,4’,6’- 三基)三(亚甲基)三乙酸酯的合成
Figure BDA0001788195150000233
将(2,4,6-三溴苯-1,3,5-三基)三(亚甲基)三乙酸酯(26.8g,50.47mmol),4-三氟甲氧基苯硼酸(52g,252mmol),三水合磷酸三钾(80.6g,303mmol),乙酸钯(1.13g,5mmol),二环己基(2’,6’-二甲氧基-[1,1’-联苯]-2-基)膦(sphos)(3.1g,7.6mmol)和甲苯(1L)依次加入三颈烧瓶中。将反应在氮气下回流过夜。待反应完成后,将其冷却至室温。加水并分离有机相。粗产物通过柱色谱法纯化,获得所需产物(36.6g,94%产率)。
步骤4:4,4”-双(三氟甲氧基)-5’-(4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基)-[1,1’:3’,1”-三联苯基]-2’,4’,6’- 三羧酸的合成
Figure BDA0001788195150000241
将(4,4”-双(三氟甲氧基)-5’-(4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基)-[1,1’:3’,1”-三联苯基]-2’,4’,6’-三基) 三(亚甲基)三乙酸酯(36.6 g,47,3 mmol)溶于吡啶(500 mL)。向该溶液中加入高锰酸钾(60 g, 378 mmol)的水溶液和氢氧化钠(15.1 g,378 mmol)的水溶液。所得混合物回流过夜。反应冷却至室温。过滤除去固体。滤液酸化后析出白色沉淀物。通过过滤收集沉淀并在真空下干燥,获得所需产物(30 g,92%产率)。
步骤5:2,7,12-三(三氟甲氧基)-5氢-二茚[1,2-a:1’,2’-c]并芴-5,10,15-三酮的合成
Figure BDA0001788195150000242
4,4”-双(三氟甲氧基)-5’-(4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基)-[1,1’:3’,1”-三联苯基]-2’,4’,6’-三羧酸(6.9 g,10 mmol)加入硫酸(100 mL)中。加热到100℃反应5小时。将反应混合物小心地倒入冰水中,并在室温下搅拌30分钟。通过过滤收集固体,获得所需产物(4.5 g,,70%产率)。
步骤6:化合物9的合成
Figure BDA0001788195150000243
2,7,12-三(三氟甲氧基)-5氢-二茚[1,2-a:1’,2’-c]并芴-5,10,15-三酮(6 g,9.43 mmol)分散于无水氯苯(500 mL)中,氮气氛下加入丙二腈(6.2 g,94.3 mmol)。向该混合物依次加入四氯化钛(35.8 g,189 mmol)和无水吡啶(29.8 g,377 mmol)。反应混合物回流29小时。冷却至室温后加水。有机相用二氯甲烷萃取。将粗物质进一步通过柱色谱法纯化,并且用氯苯再结晶。该化合物的结构通过NMR和MALDI-TOF质谱确认。1H NMR(CDCl3,400MHz): δ(ppm)=9.21(d,3H),7.64(s,3H),7.53(d,3H)。该化合物分子量为780,确定为目标产物。
本领域技术人员应该知晓,上述制备方法只是一个示例性的例子,本领域技术人员能够通过对其改进从而获得本发明的其他化合物结构。
器件实施例
首先,清洗玻璃基板,其具有80nm厚的铟锡氧化物(ITO)阳极,然后用氧等离子体和UV臭氧处理。处理后,将基板在手套箱中烘干以除去水分。然后将基板安装在基板支架上并装入真空室中。下面指定的有机层,在真空度约为10-8托的情况下以0.2-2埃/秒的速率通过热真空蒸镀依次在ITO阳极上进行来蒸镀。3%的化合物9掺杂在化合物HT中用作空穴注入层(HIL)。化合物HT用作空穴传输层(HTL)。然后化合物YD掺杂在主体化合物H1 和化合物H2中用作发光层(EML)。在发光层上,使用化合物H2作为空穴阻挡层(HBL)。蒸镀化合物ET和8-羟基喹啉-锂(Liq)的混合物,作为电子传输层(ETL)。最后,蒸镀10 埃厚度的8-羟基喹啉-锂(Liq)作为电子注入层,并且蒸镀1000埃的铝作为阴极。然后将该器件转移回手套箱,并用玻璃盖和吸湿剂封装以完成该器件。除了用化合物A代替化合物9 之外,以相同的方式制备比较例。
详细的器件层结构和厚度如下表所示。其中所用材料不止一种的层,是不同化合物以其记载的重量比例掺杂得到的。
表1器件实施例的器件结构
Figure BDA0001788195150000251
器件中使用的材料结构如下所示:
Figure BDA0001788195150000252
Figure BDA0001788195150000261
在不同电流密度和电压下测量器件的IVL和寿命特性。在1000尼特下,测量发光效率 (LE),外部量子效率(EQE),λmax,半高全宽(FWHM),电压(V)和CIE数据。寿命从21750尼特的初始亮度以恒定电流进行测试。
表2器件数据
Figure BDA0001788195150000262
讨论:根据表2中的器件数据,两种器件均显示来自化合物YD的黄色发光颜色。然而,本发明的化合物在各个方面显示出优于对比化合物。例如,本发明实施例相对于比较例具有低得多的驱动电压,4.25V vs.5.07V,表明使用本发明化合物的空穴注入比比较化合物高效得多。本发明实施例比比较例,也具有更高LE、EQE和更长的器件寿命。
应当理解,这里描述的各种实施例仅作为示例,并无意图限制本发明的范围。因此,如本领域技术人员所显而易见的,所要求保护的本发明可以包括本文所述的具体实施例和优选实施例的变化。本文所述的材料和结构中的许多可以用其它材料和结构来取代,而不脱离本发明的精神。应理解,关于本发明为何起作用的各种理论无意为限制性的。

Claims (13)

1.一种有机电致发光器件,包括:
阳极,
阴极,
设置在所述阳极和阴极之间的空穴注入层,其中所述空穴注入层包含由公式1表示的化合物:
Figure FDA0003552920120000011
其中,X1至X12独立地选自CR或N;
R选自由以下组成的组:氢,氘,卤素,硝基,五氟硫化物,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个环碳原子的环烷基,取代或未取代的具有7-30个碳原数的芳烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷氧基,未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳氧基,取代或未取代的具有2-20个碳原子的烯基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳基,未取代的具有3-20个碳原子的烷硅基,未取代的具有6-20个碳原子的芳基硅烷基,未取代的具有0-20个碳原子的胺基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,酯基,腈,异腈,硫基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基,及其组合;
当存在多个R基团时,R可以相同或不同;
任何相邻的R基团可任选地连接形成环或稠合结构;
所述烷基,烷氧基,环烷基,烯基,芳烷基,芳基是未取代的或被一个或多个选自氘,卤素,烷基,环烷基,芳烷基,烷氧基,芳氧基,氨基,环状氨基,甲硅烷基,烯基,环烯基,杂烯基,炔基,芳基,杂芳基,腈基,异腈基,硫烷基及其组合取代。
2.如权利要求1所述的器件,其中包含公式1的化合物的空穴注入层与阳极接触。
3.如权利要求1所述的器件,其中R选自由以下组成的组:硝基,氟,氰基,三氟甲基,三氟甲氧基和五氟硫化物。
4.如权利要求1所述的器件,其中具有公式1的化合物选自以下组成的组:
Figure FDA0003552920120000021
Figure FDA0003552920120000031
5.如权利要求1所述的器件,其中空穴注入层是一完全由具有公式1的化合物构成的层。
6.如权利要求1所述的器件,其中空穴注入层还包含芳香胺化合物。
7.如权利要求6所述的器件,其中所述芳香胺化合物选自以下构成的组:
Figure FDA0003552920120000041
Figure FDA0003552920120000051
Figure FDA0003552920120000061
Figure FDA0003552920120000071
8.一种串联有机电致发光器件,包括:
阳极,
阴极,
设置在阳极和阴极之间的电荷产生层,其中电荷产生层包含由公式1表示的化合物,所述电荷产生层是P型电荷产生层;
Figure FDA0003552920120000081
其中,X1至X12独立地选自CR或N;
R选自由以下组成的组:氢,氘,卤素,硝基,五氟硫化物,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷基,取代或未取代的具有3-20个环碳原子的环烷基,未取代的具有7-30个碳原数的芳烷基,取代或未取代的具有1-20个碳原子的烷氧基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳氧基,取代或未取代的具有2-20个碳原子的烯基,取代或未取代的具有6-30个碳原子的芳基,未取代的具有3-20个碳原子的烷硅基,未取代的具有6-20个碳原子的芳基硅烷基,未取代的具有0-20个碳原子的胺基,酰基,羰基,羧酸基,酯基,腈,异腈,硫基,亚磺酰基,磺酰基,膦基,及其组合;
当存在多个R基团时,R可以相同或不同;
任何相邻的R基团可任选地连接形成环或稠合结构;
所述烷基,烷氧基,环烷基,烯基,芳烷基,芳基是未取代的或被一个或多个选自氘,卤素,烷基,环烷基,芳烷基,烷氧基,芳氧基,氨基,环状氨基,甲硅烷基,烯基,环烯基,杂烯基,炔基,芳基,杂芳基,腈基,异腈基,硫烷基及其组合取代。
9.如权利要求8所述的器件,其中R选自由以下组成的组:硝基,氟,氰基,三氟甲基,三氟甲氧基和五氟硫化物。
10.如权利要求8所述的器件,其中具有公式1的化合物选自以下组成的组:
Figure FDA0003552920120000082
Figure FDA0003552920120000091
Figure FDA0003552920120000101
11.如权利要求8所述的器件,其中电荷产生层是一完全由具有公式1的化合物构成的层。
12.如权利要求8所述的器件,其中电荷产生层还包含芳香胺化合物。
13.如权利要求12所述的器件,其中所述芳香胺化合物选自以下构成的组:
Figure FDA0003552920120000111
Figure FDA0003552920120000121
Figure FDA0003552920120000131
Figure FDA0003552920120000141
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