CN109311764A - 基于铝酸钙和碳的反应性材料、其制备工艺及其用于精炼金属熔体或渣的用途 - Google Patents

基于铝酸钙和碳的反应性材料、其制备工艺及其用于精炼金属熔体或渣的用途 Download PDF

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CN109311764A
CN109311764A CN201780018122.5A CN201780018122A CN109311764A CN 109311764 A CN109311764 A CN 109311764A CN 201780018122 A CN201780018122 A CN 201780018122A CN 109311764 A CN109311764 A CN 109311764A
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filter
carbon
slag
calcium aluminate
coating
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克里斯托斯·阿尼兹利斯
丹尼尔·韦雷斯
帕特里克·格雷
克里斯多佛·大卫·帕尔
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Keynos Stock Co
Imerys Aluminates SA
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Keynos Stock Co
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    • B01D39/00Filtering material for liquid or gaseous fluids
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Abstract

本发明涉及精炼金属熔体或渣的领域,并且特别地提供了一种基于铝酸钙和碳的反应性材料、其制备工艺以及使用该反应性材料精炼金属熔体的各种方法。

Description

基于铝酸钙和碳的反应性材料、其制备工艺及其用于精炼金 属熔体或渣的用途
本发明涉及特别地通过分离非金属夹杂物精炼金属熔体或渣的领域。从外部环境引入的非金属夹杂物(外源性夹杂物)或在金属内形成的非金属夹杂物(内源性夹杂物)可以存在于熔融金属中。它们可以在材料的生产和/或进一步加工期间形成。
金属夹杂物影响金属的纯度,并且因此影响材料的性能。因此,非金属夹杂物可以是例如金属部件的强度、伸长率、断裂韧性和疲劳性能的损失的原因。在加载期间,在夹杂物附近产生应力集中。
已经做出尝试以除去非金属夹杂物并确保达到高纯度金属铸件的要求。
金属熔体或渣中非金属夹杂物的减少通常可以以两种不同的方式实现:
·借助于冶金工艺避免夹杂物形成;或
·使夹杂物沉积在陶瓷表面上。
陶瓷过滤器已经在例如铸造厂的金属铸造应用中被使用了若干年。通过陶瓷表面捕获固体非金属夹杂物典型地分三步进行:(i)固体非金属夹杂物被从本体熔体(bulkmelt)输送到陶瓷表面,(ii)固体非金属夹杂物被附着到陶瓷表面,以及(iii)固体非金属夹杂物与陶瓷表面经历固态烧结。
DE102011109681公开了基于当前熔融金属过滤器几何结构的用于熔融金属过滤的陶瓷过滤器,其中陶瓷过滤器被提供为具有活性表面涂层(coating)的支撑材料,该支撑材料具有与包含在待过滤的熔融金属中的无机非金属夹杂物相同的化学相组分。DE102011109684公开了一种过滤器,其表面包含与待过滤的金属熔体的溶解气体和/或金属杂质反应的材料。这些文献都未公开在涂层中引入铝酸钙。
为了满足对高纯度金属例如高安全性钢(high security steel)的日益增加的需求,陶瓷泡沫过滤器(CFF),尤其是那些基于氧化锆和碳结合氧化铝(carbon bondedalumina)的过滤器,已经成功地使用了多年。然而,氧化锆过滤器具有表现出蠕变的缺点,所述蠕变由于改变过滤器几何结构,因此降低了铸造期间的流速。相比之下,碳结合体系由于高碳量而表现出可忽略的蠕变。
如今,低于50μm的非金属夹杂物的过滤效率小于75%,并且尤其是对于小于10μm的夹杂物,过滤效率小于60%。在这些细夹杂物(1μm至10μm)将通过过滤器的情况下,它们倾向于聚集并形成在150μm至300μm范围内的夹杂物的临界聚集体和簇。这些大的夹杂物的簇不利地影响金属部件例如钢部件的机械性质。因此,合意的是提供用于有效地捕获夹杂物,特别是小于10μm的细夹杂物的解决方案。
已经发现通过本发明提供的铝酸钙与碳的混合物达到这些目的和其他目的。
因此,本发明涉及包含铝酸钙和碳的反应性材料。
根据第一个目的,本发明涉及包含基质(substrate)的收集器材料(collectormaterial),其中所述基质包含:
-从50%至90%(以重量计)的粉末形式的铝酸钙;
-从10%至50%(以重量计)的粉末形式的碳;
-和任选地一种或更多种添加剂、金属或其混合物。
根据实施方案,基质包含:
-从50%至80%的铝酸钙;和
-从20%至50%的碳。
还公开了所述反应性材料,其包含:
-按重量计从50%至95%,特别是50%至80%的铝酸钙;
-按重量计从5%至50%,特别是20%至50%的碳。
根据另外的实施方案:
-铝酸钙粉末具有小于100μm,优选地在10μm和70μm之间的粒度;和/或
-碳具有从20μm至50μm范围的粒度。
本发明的收集器材料是反应性的,因为与金属熔体或渣接触:
-在包括至少1000℃的温度,铝酸钙与碳反应并且形成铝酸钙低氧化物;
-钙和/或铝被沉积在与金属熔体接触的至少部分被脱碳的铝酸钙区域上;以及
-由于这些低氧化物与金属熔体中的氧反应,因此原位形成薄的固体铝酸钙层;
从而形成被活化的收集器材料。
通常,铝酸钙低氧化物是可以在包括在1000℃和1600℃之间的温度形成的气体。
本发明与现有技术方法的区别在于形成的层是固体。
本发明的材料通常具有包括在1300℃和1600℃之间,典型地包括在约1400℃和约1500℃之间的熔点。这通常在材料不含杂质时被实现。
在所述基质上具有铝酸钙涂层的本发明的收集器材料在本文中被称为“活化的”。
如本文使用的“薄的”指的是层的厚度:通常,涂层具有包括在200nm和10μm之间的厚度。
反应性材料可以包含任选的成分,例如添加剂,例如多至按重量计10%的添加剂。
另外的成分可以包括胶凝剂(gelifying agent)和/或固化剂,例如海藻酸钠和氯化钙。
合适的添加剂包括改善材料的催化性能的添加剂。具体地,添加剂可以是:硼酸、柠檬酸、castamend VP9L、cobtrapum K 1012、木质素磺酸铵……。
根据实施方案,反应性材料还可以包含选自由铁、镍、铝、锆石、镁、硅、钛或其组合组成的组的一种或更多种金属。这样的金属或其他金属添加剂可以被并入到本发明的反应性材料中,以增加金属熔体,例如含铁熔体的催化性能。
如本文使用的,“金属”包括铁类金属和非铁类金属两者。
如本文使用的,“铝酸钙”指的是石灰(CaO)和氧化铝(Al2O3)的任何混合物,例如式CA、式CA2、式CA6的各种铝酸钙,其中C代表CaO并且A代表Al2O3
如本文使用的,“碳”指的是以任何形式的碳和/或来自任何来源的碳,并且包括石墨、炭黑、烟灰、沥青、合成沥青(例如Carbores P)、经由树脂的热解、沥青粘合剂的热解、纸的热解或木材的热解产生的碳、或碳纳米管或所有这些途径的组合。
特别地,可以使用碳纳米管以增加反应性。
如本文使用的“精炼”指的是增加金属熔体或渣的纯度的任何工艺。其特别地包括从熔体/渣中过滤非金属夹杂物,以及从熔体/渣中分离非金属夹杂物的任何其他方法。
如本文使用的“反应性”指的是本发明的材料与金属熔体或渣反应以产生能够收集非金属夹杂物的层的能力。
如本文使用的金属熔体或渣指的是包含金属和杂质以及其他物质的熔合的混合物,所述混合物是在金属的熔炼或精炼期间形成的。
适合于本发明的所述金属熔体或渣通常具有至少1000℃的熔点。
根据本发明的适合于精炼的金属熔体包括钛熔体、硅熔体、铁熔体、钢熔体、镍熔体、铜熔体等……。
如本文使用的“收集”指的是通过材料层保留非金属夹杂物,以便将它们与熔体/渣分离。
已经发现,反应性材料可以通过两种方式与夹杂物相互作用并除去非金属夹杂物:
a)在冶金应用中,在耐火材料或添加剂聚集体(additive aggregate)的表面上提供功能涂层;和/或
b)提高用于熔融金属过滤的陶瓷过滤器的过滤效率。
更特别地,已经发现铝酸钙与碳的组合充当细夹杂物的反应性收集器,并且提供了许多优点:
如果包含铝酸钙和碳的本发明的反应性材料与例如铁熔体或钢熔体接触,以下机制被激活:
I)铝酸钙与碳反应并形成铝酸钙低氧化物、钙和/或铝,钙和/或铝被沉积在与金属熔体接触的铝酸钙被脱碳的或部分被脱碳的区域上。它们由于这些低氧化物与金属熔体中的氧反应而产生很有活性的薄的铝酸钙层。在被脱碳的区域和金属熔体之间的此很有活性的薄层作为内源性夹杂物的活性收集器起作用。
II)此外,在相关的剧烈的浴搅拌的情况下钙的高蒸气压促进了熔体中氧化铝细夹杂物的碰撞和聚结。借助于钙蒸气和通过碰撞产生的铝夹杂物的聚结,与小的非漂浮氧化铝夹杂物相比,它们从钢中的除去被增强,这些小的非漂浮氧化铝夹杂物在它们能够从钢水中分离之前必须首先独立地聚集(无强制对流)。
III)根据被施加的铝酸钙的组成(CA、CA2或CA6),可以调节混合物的软化点和/或熔点,以便通过增加薄活性层的粗糙度来促进另外的捕获,该薄活性层复制下面的无碳的铝酸钙层的表面。较高的粗糙度导致针对铁熔体的较大的润湿角,这经由细夹杂物的碰撞促进了较高的聚集。
IV)基于活性细层的软化,内源性夹杂物在其碰撞在活性表面上期间更好地被机械捕集,并且较大的接触表面可用于通过将夹杂物埋在薄活性层的表面来固定。
根据实施方案,本发明的反应性材料典型地能够除去大于60%的小于10μm的细非金属夹杂物,优选地大于70%,更优选地约80%。
如本文使用的夹杂物的大小或过滤器孔隙率指的是颗粒或孔隙的平均直径(总计)。
本发明的材料可以被用作耐火材料上的涂料组合物(coating composition)。
根据另一个目的,本发明因此还涉及包含本发明的材料的涂料组合物。典型地,所述涂料组合物可以被用于包覆用于金属熔体或渣的过滤器。
根据另一个目的,本发明因此还涉及包含本发明的材料的陶瓷。
根据另一个目的,本发明涉及本发明的材料的制备工艺,所述工艺包括在还原气氛(reduced atmosphere)下,在包括在550℃至1600℃之间,典型地在700℃和900℃之间的温度处理铝酸钙和碳的混合物。
根据实施方案,所述反应可以原位进行,使得材料在经受热处理的金属熔体内被制备,碳和铝酸钙被加入到所述金属熔体中。
根据可选择的实施方案,所述工艺可以通过对铝酸钙和碳的组合施加热处理来进行。
所述陶瓷可以被用于用于金属熔体或渣的过滤器。
根据另一个目的,本发明因此涉及包含本发明的反应性材料的用于金属熔体或渣的过滤器。
根据实施方案,所述过滤器可以由本发明的陶瓷制成。根据可选择的实施方案,所述过滤器可以由包覆有本发明的涂料组合物的陶瓷制成,其中所述陶瓷充当本发明的活性材料的载体材料。
如本文提到的所述过滤器可以表示通常用于精炼金属熔体或渣的任何过滤器。过滤器的结构可以是普通类型的结构,例如开孔式泡沫(open-cell foam)、蜂窝结构、绝缘套管式过滤器几何结构(spaghetti filter geometry)、穿孔式过滤器几何结构、捣碎的纤维结构、纤维组织结构、球体结构。
典型地,作为载体材料的陶瓷以及活性表面涂层可以具有相同的铝酸钙和碳的化学相组分。
然而,对将被用作针对本发明的涂层的基质的过滤器的性质不存在限制。各种组成例如聚氨酯的过滤器可以被认为是合适的基质。
使用这样的过滤器可以有利于减小过滤器所涉及的成本。
根据另外的目的,本发明涉及用本发明的涂料包覆陶瓷过滤器的工艺。通常,所述工艺包括以下步骤:
-提供包含在水中的铝酸钙和碳的浆料;
-通过将所述浆料喷在过滤器上来包覆过滤器;
-任选地干燥被包覆的过滤器;和
-使所述被包覆的过滤器经历热处理。
通常,浆料还可以包含一种或更多种如上文定义的添加剂。浆料的固体浓度通常在40%和80%(重量/体积)之间。
热处理(热解)典型地在还原气氛下在包括在550℃至1600℃之间的温度,典型地在700℃和900℃之间的温度进行。
所述过滤器可以是普通陶瓷过滤器或者可以是包含本发明的陶瓷的过滤器。
本发明还涉及包覆有本发明的涂料组合物的耐火部件。
根据实施方案,耐火部件还可以包括氧化物聚集体,例如氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化钙和/或金属,例如硅、铝等……。
根据另外的目的,本发明还涉及包覆有本发明的反应性材料的耐火。
反应性材料可以呈聚集体的形式,并且还可以包括另外的氧化物聚集体,例如氧化铝、氧化锆、氧化镁、氧化钙和/或金属,例如硅、铝等……。所述聚集体可以是细颗粒的(颗粒小于100μm)或粗颗粒的(颗粒高于100μm,多至10mm)。
所述耐火部件可以是冶金设备的一部分,诸如例如在金属熔体的连续铸造中的喷嘴或滑动水口(slide gate)。
聚集体可以通过用胶凝剂例如海藻酸钠形成珠或通过喷雾干燥或通过粒化来制备。
根据另一个目的,本发明还涉及用于精炼金属熔体或渣的方法,所述方法包括使本发明的所述材料与所述金属熔体或渣接触。
通常,接触步骤可以通过各种手段来实现,例如:
a)将材料作为覆盖粉末施加到金属熔体上以便形成聚集体;
b)将呈颗粒形式的材料,例如粉末、微粒、球体、珠、聚集体或小球,施加到熔体中,例如经过容纳渣或熔体的容器的多孔塞;
c)将材料作为容纳渣或熔体的容器的衬里(lining)来施加;或者
d)通过用过滤器过滤金属熔体或渣来精炼,所述过滤器例如是包覆有本发明的活性材料的过滤器或包含本发明的陶瓷的过滤器。
已经假设金属熔体/渣在催化上有助于用反应性材料的精炼。
当与金属接触时,反应性材料和金属相互作用以便产生包含能够捕捉和收集非金属夹杂物的低氧化物的层。
在实施方案b)中,反应性材料的珠/聚集体可以通过应用/调整由Oppelt等人,Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B,2014,453,2000-2008公开的方法来制备。
简言之,这样的珠/聚集体可以通过将铝酸钙和碳与胶凝剂例如海藻酸钠和固化剂例如氯化钙混合,然后筛分、干燥和热解来制备。
如此获得的珠可以经由多孔塞与氩气一起并入到钢包、或钢处理包(steeltreatment ladle)或转炉中的金属熔体中。
本发明还涉及包含具有胶凝剂的活性材料的这样的珠、其制备工艺以及使用所述珠的相应的精炼方法。
附图说明:
图1:包覆有CA2/C功能涂层的碳结合氧化铝基质。
图2:钢熔体的温度和氧的演变。
图3:在约1650℃在钢熔体中的浸渍测试之后,棱柱形过滤器(prismatic filter)样品。
图4:作为用于夹杂物的收集器起作用的、原位形成的薄的铝酸钙层。
图5:原位形成的薄的铝酸钙层及其粗糙度。
图6:作为氧化铝夹杂物的功能收集器(functional collector)起作用的、薄的铝酸钙层。
为了本发明的说明性和非限制性的目的给出以下实施例。
实施例I
a)含有64质量%CA2铝酸钙、30质量%Carbores P(合成沥青)、2.7炭黑和3.3石墨的固体的水基喷雾浆料已经被制备。喷雾浆料的固体含量是65质量%并且硼酸、柠檬酸、castamend VP 95L、contrapum K 1012和木质素磺酸铵已经被用作添加剂。已经预热解的、每英寸10个孔的碳结合氧化铝泡沫过滤器已经用喷雾浆料包覆、干燥并且之后在焦炭床(coke bed)中在800℃热解。在图1中,示出了热解之后具有CA2/碳涂层的碳结合氧化铝基质。
类似的涂层已经用包含95%铝酸钙和5%碳的材料获得。
b)如上文包覆的棱柱形过滤器(图3)已经被浸渍在42CrMo钢熔体(在特定的熔化装置中,该熔化装置具有完全受控的气氛,Ar吹气,熔化浴(melted bath)上方的气氛中0ppm的氧)中,该钢熔体已经借助于铁氧化物被氧化并且借助于Al被脱氧。在图2中,绘制了钢的温度和氧的演变。在钢熔体脱氧之后,棱柱形过滤器样品已经被浸渍在钢中持续30秒,并且已经在约1650℃以30rpm被旋转。在浸渍之后,过滤器样品被取出,并且在转移出熔化装置之前已经在氩气室中冷却。
图4证明了在CA2/碳涂层的表面上形成原位薄的反应层,该层被功能化。在此原位层的顶部,已经检测到氧化铝夹杂物。
在图5中,证明了CA2涂层上的此薄层;薄层呈现下面的基质的“形状”(图5,右侧)。产生具有高粗糙度的反应层作为有效的收集器。
在图6中,证明了在原位形成的薄的CA2层上的氧化铝夹杂物的捕获。EDX分析中的碳来自于用于产生SEM-显微照片的样品的碳的溅射。
分析了图6中编号为1、2和3的夹杂物区域。这些夹杂物的元素分析被测定并且详述如下:
#1:
#2:
#3:
实施例II
基于66质量%CA6/铝酸钙、30质量%Carbores P(合成沥青)、2.7炭黑和3.3石墨的固体的浸渍浆料(impregnation slurry)已经被制备。浆料的固体含量是77质量%并且硼酸、柠檬酸、castamend VP 95L、contrapum K1012和木质素磺酸铵已经被用作添加剂。每英寸10个孔的聚氨酯(PE)泡沫已经浸在浸渍浆料中,被包覆的PE泡沫已经用空气处理以打开功能性大孔,并且在干燥之后具有65质量%固体的喷雾浆料已经被施加。在第二次干燥之后,过滤器在焦炭床中在800℃被热解。
此实施例表明,由本发明的材料制成的涂层可以在不同组成的骨架(此处是塑料)上实现。
然后,如上文被包覆的过滤器可以被用于通过进行如上文实施例I中的步骤b)来精炼金属熔体。
实施例III
碳/铝酸钙复合珠/聚集体已经使用如由Oppelt等人在Metallurgical andMaterials Transactions B,2000,45B,2014,2000-2008中公开的通过海藻酸盐凝胶化的凝胶铸造工艺(gel-casting process)来制备。
此方法基于与在水溶液中作为固化剂的钙离子直接接触的海藻酸钠的凝胶化。通过使用海藻酸钠、稳定剂和增塑剂,可控铸造是可能的。海藻酸钠作为凝胶化试剂,其可以在室温溶解在去离子水中。海藻酸钠是一种多糖,其由以连续的嵌段结构(sequentialblock structure)组合的甘露糖醛酸和古洛糖醛酸组成。
在滴落过程(dropping process)中,海藻酸钠和钙离子通过吸引彼此的分子链发生反应,并且形成三维网络,这然后导致形成具有在0.5mm至5mm之间的直径的珠/聚集体。
64g铝酸钙和36g碳(以合成沥青,像来自Rütgers Germany的Carbores;石墨和烟灰的形式)粉末被混合(64质量%CA2铝酸钙,30质量%Carbores P、2.7炭黑和3.3石墨)。
该粉末混合物和29ml水以及基于0.4g胶凝剂(海藻酸钠)和0.6g作为增塑剂的Darvan C(Vanderbilt company)的1g添加剂混合物被均质化持续15分钟,并且最后在聚丙烯室中用氧化锆研磨介质研磨持续3小时。粉末与水的比例是70:30。
将复合悬浮液逐滴加入到具有99.2ml水以及0.8g氯化钙的固化剂的液体中,并且沉淀发生。借助于筛将湿的绿色珠从水中除去,并且随后在313.15K干燥持续24小时。之后珠/聚集体在800℃被热解。
这些珠/聚集体可以经由多孔塞与氩气一起被并入到钢包或钢处理包或转炉中的金属熔体中。
实施例IV
具有0.035%硫含量的42CrMo4钢已经用实施例II的过滤器精制。
在(i)精炼之前和(ii)精炼之后,用自动SEM表征金属熔体中的夹杂物:
(i)不用任何过滤器浸没,在Al加入之后,低于10ppm O的预处理的钢(对照):
总夹杂物:3917
主要组:
基于氧化铝的夹杂物:940
基于锰铁尖晶石(galaxite)的夹杂物:62
MnO/MnS夹杂物:2335
+其他夹杂物
(ii)用铝酸钙/碳过滤器浸没持续10秒,在Al加入之后低于10ppm O的预处理的钢:
总夹杂物:680
基于氧化铝的夹杂物:350
基于锰铁尖晶石的夹杂物:10
MnO/MnS夹杂物:10
+其他夹杂物
上文的结果提供了金属熔体已经被纯化的证据,因为基本上所有的夹杂物已经被成功地除去。

Claims (15)

1.一种收集器材料,所述收集器材料包含基质,其中所述基质包含:
-从50%至90%(以重量计)的粉末形式的铝酸钙;
-从10%至50%(以重量计)的粉末形式的碳;
-和任选地一种或更多种添加剂、金属或其混合物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的收集器材料,其中:
-铝酸钙粉末具有小于100μm的粒度;
-碳具有从20μm至50μm范围的粒度。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的收集器材料,所述收集器材料是反应性的,因为与金属熔体或渣接触:
-在至少1000℃的温度,铝酸钙与所述碳反应并且形成铝酸钙低氧化物;
-钙和/或铝被沉积在与所述金属熔体接触的至少部分被脱碳的铝酸钙区域上;以及
-由于这些低氧化物与所述金属熔体中的氧反应,因此原位形成薄的固体铝酸钙层;
从而形成被活化的收集器材料。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的收集器材料,所述收集器材料被活化,因为所述收集器材料包括在所述基质上的涂层,所述涂层包括铝酸钙层。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的收集器材料,其中所述涂层具有包括在200nm和10μm之间的厚度。
6.一种陶瓷,所述陶瓷包含根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的材料。
7.一种涂料,所述涂料包含根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的材料。
8.一种用于金属熔体或渣的过滤器,所述过滤器包括权利要求6所述的陶瓷和/或权利要求7所述的涂料。
9.根据权利要求8所述的过滤器,其特征在于所述过滤器具有选自由以下组成的组的结构:开孔式蜂窝几何结构、绝缘套管式过滤器几何结构、穿孔式过滤器几何结构、捣碎的纤维结构、纤维组织结构、球体结构。
10.一种耐火部件,所述耐火部件包覆有权利要求7的涂料。
11.一种用于精炼金属熔体或渣的方法,所述方法包括通过以下步骤中的任一个步骤使根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的材料与所述金属熔体或渣接触:
-通过将所述活性材料作为覆盖粉末施加到所述金属熔体以便形成聚集体;
-通过将所述活性材料作为颗粒、粉末或球体施加到所述熔体中,例如经过容纳所述渣或熔体的容器的多孔塞;
-通过将所述活性材料作为容纳所述渣或熔体的容器的衬里来施加;或者
-通过用根据权利要求8的过滤器过滤所述金属熔体或渣。
12.制备根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的材料的工艺,包括在还原气氛下,在包括在550℃至1600℃之间的温度处理铝酸钙和碳的混合物。
13.一种用权利要求7所述的涂料包覆陶瓷过滤器的工艺,包括以下步骤:
-提供包含在水中的铝酸钙和碳的浆料;
-通过将所述浆料喷在所述过滤器上来包覆所述过滤器;
-任选地干燥被包覆的过滤器;和
-使所述被包覆的过滤器经历热处理。
14.根据权利要求13所述的工艺,其中所述浆料中的固体的浓度在40%和80%(重量/体积)之间。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的工艺,其中所述热处理(热解)在还原气氛下在包括在550℃至1600℃之间的温度,典型地在700℃和900℃之间的温度进行。
CN201780018122.5A 2016-03-16 2017-03-16 基于铝酸钙和碳的反应性材料、其制备工艺及其用于精炼金属熔体或渣的用途 Pending CN109311764A (zh)

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