CN1091629C - 使用固体吸附剂的气体纯化方法 - Google Patents

使用固体吸附剂的气体纯化方法 Download PDF

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CN1091629C
CN1091629C CN98119211A CN98119211A CN1091629C CN 1091629 C CN1091629 C CN 1091629C CN 98119211 A CN98119211 A CN 98119211A CN 98119211 A CN98119211 A CN 98119211A CN 1091629 C CN1091629 C CN 1091629C
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M·A·卡拉斯
T·C·戈尔登
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Abstract

在深冷分离氧和氮前对空气进行纯化以除去水和二氧化碳及其它污染物时,水和二氧化碳被吸附至因体吸附剂上,并被定期解吸附以再生吸附剂,再生是通过通入加热的再生气进行的,其中加入再生气以产生解吸的热量不多于吸附水和二氧化碳时所释放的吸附热的90%。该过程也可用于从其它气流中除去其它污染物。

Description

使用固体吸附剂的气体纯化方法
本发明涉及一种通过吸附至固体吸附剂而将一种组分或几种组分从气流中除去的方法,该吸附剂须不时的再生。
在这样的方法中,通入气流与固体吸附剂接触以吸附待除去的成分,这些成分逐渐在该吸附剂中累积。吸附剂内被除去成分的浓度将不断上升。吸附剂内被除去的气体成分的浓度不会是一致的,在吸附床的上游端浓度最高,且会通过吸附剂内的传质区逐渐降低。如果无限期的执行此过程,传质区将会在吸附床内逐渐向下游移动,直到待除去的成分从床的下游端穿透,在这发生之前,有必要再生吸附剂。
在变压吸附PSA系统中,是通过以下步骤完成的:停止将待处理气体通入吸附剂,对吸附剂床减压,和通常的让再生气流逆产品输送方向通过床,再生气压力一般低于待处理气体的压力,且再生气中在床中被吸附成分的含量低。
当床在线,被除去的成分被吸附时,吸附过程会产生吸附热,产生一个热脉冲通过吸附剂向下游移动。在再生过程中,必须提供热量以解吸已被吸附在床上的气体成分。在PSA中,目标是在上述的热脉冲已到达床的下游端之前,开始再生。热脉冲的方向被再生过程反转过来,且从该气体成分吸附中产生的热量被用于再生期间解吸该成分。因此避免了在再生步骤中不得不加入热量。
另一种方法是变温吸附(TSA)。在TSA中,循环时间被延长了,且上述的热脉冲被允许在进料或在线阶段内穿过吸附床的下游端。为了获得再生,必须提供热量以解吸被吸附气体成分。为了该目的,所用的再生气必须加热一段时间,以产生一个逆正常进料方向移动通过床的热脉冲。在加热的再生气流之后通常限有冷再生气流,这个冷再生气流朝上游端通过,连续置换热脉冲。与PSA相比,延长的循环时间是TSA的特点。
每一种方法都有它自己特有的优点和缺点。由于需要提供热量给再生气,TSA是很耗能的。再生气所需的温度一般是很高的,例如150℃至200℃,这就对系统的设计提出了要求,这会增加成本。一般来说,将会有多于一种不需要的气体成分在过程中被除去,通常这些成分中的一种或几种易于吸附,而其它的则不易。在TSA中所需的再生温度必须足够高以使易吸附组分解吸。通常,为了满足从气流中同时吸附不同成分的需要,优化的TSA系统会使用双层吸附床,它包括用于吸附易吸附成分(例如水)的第一层和用于吸附不易吸附成分(例如二氧化碳)的第二层。因此,为了从气流中除去水和二氧化碳,TSA系统通常会使用一种吸附床,这种床的第一层为氧化铝,用于除去水,第二层为13X分子筛,用于除去二氧化碳和其它微量成分。但是,与氧化铝相比,该方法经常在每一层中都使用沸石,因此需要高的再生温度,这个温度通常超过100℃实际上使吸附的水汽化离开沸石。为了将必须解吸的水量减到最小,经常预冷却一下待处理的空气,因此,将所含的水大量冷凝。
TSA系统中所用的高温导致需要保温容器吹扫预热器和入口端预冷器,且通常来说,高温要求系统有更严格和昂贵的机械规格(SPE-Cifiycation)。在运转过程中,有一笔与使用吹扫预热器有关的额外的能量消耗。
虽然PSA系统不需要高温避免了许多这样的缺点,作为PSA标志的短循环时间带来了自身的缺点。在每一个运转周期中,吸附剂要经历一个进行吸附的进料期跟着是解压,再生和再加压。在解压时,床内的进料气被排出并损失。以这种方式损失的进料气数量被称为“转换损失”。在PSA系统内的短循环时间导致了高转换损失。而且,因为循环短,再加压必须很快的进行。在实践中,有两个吸附床进行上面的运转循环,如果彼此之间分阶段的话它有一个是处在进料或在线,因而,可供再加压和再生的时间被另一床能用在其循环进料部分所需的时间所限制,依次,此时间又被短循环时间所限制。”这些限制意味着快速加压会引起进料与产品流内的短暂变化,这些变化系统对车间运转有不良影响,尤其是吸附系统下游过程的运转。
Skarstrom,C.W.在"Heatless Fractionation of Gases over SolidAdsorbents",Vol.11.95.IV.W.Li(ED)C.R.C Press,Cleveland,Ohio 1972和US-A-4711645(Kumar)中描述了PSA。
Uon Gemmingen,U,在"Designs of Adsorptive driers in air seperatonplants"-Reports on Technology 54/1994-(Linde)描述了用低于正常温度,例如80至130℃及短循环时间的TSA。
一种更低温度形式的TSA在US-A-5137548(Grenioer)中有所描述,它使用35℃的再生温度和13X分子筛吸附剂,通过冷却进料空气而预先除去水对于该工艺来说是非常重要的。
US-A-4541851公开了人们可以如此使用TSA,热脉冲在从吸附剂中解吸易吸附和不易吸附组分的过程中被耗尽。
US-A-4249915和US-A-4472178公开了一种吸附方法,其中水分,碳和二氧化碳在彼此分开的床中通过吸附被从空气中除去。在相对短的运转周期内用变压吸附再生负载了水分的床,而负载了CO2的床是在较长时间间隔内被热再生。由于需要单独的柱子以容纳水分及二氧化碳除去床和其它辅助设备,实现这个过程自然会迫使设备成本大幅增加。虽然提供了一些好处,但这些说明书中所教导的方法在某种程度上具有PSA和TSA的缺点。PSA除水具有较高的转换损失和排量变化,TSA除二氧化碳需要较多的能量和设备成本。
EP-A-0766989公开了在深冷分离前使用氧化铝,而后是分子筛以空气中除去二氧化碳和水,这里由加热再生富氮气体而产生的热脉冲不能在床内被耗尽,但可在它进入该床氧化铝部分上游前被终止。
在"Adsorption Purification For Air Separation Units"-M.Grenier etal,Intersociety Cryogenics Symposium,Winter Annual Meeting of ASMI,Dec 9-14,1984,NEW Orleans,LA中,从空气中吸附二氧化碳和水是使用一种床来进行的,这种床包含有氧化铝的上游(考虑到吸附时的流向)部分和有分子筛的下游部分。水被吸附在氧化铝上,这就防止了水吸附到分子筛。二氧化碳主要被吸附到分子筛上。
吸附剂的再生是通过让加热的氮从逆吸附时流向的方向通过吸附床来完成的。经过一段时间后,停止加热氮,但继续通入氮。这就产生了一个移过吸附剂的热脉冲,热脉冲内的热量提供了用于从吸附剂上解吸水和二氧化碳的能量。这表明可以尝试让氮加热时所加入的热量去精确平衡解吸所需的热量。如果加热持续时间过长,热量会在再生结束时留在床内,当床回到在线时,这会干扰水和二氧化碳的吸附,而且热量可能会进入低温氮/氧分离器内并干扰它的作用。
一般地说,如果加热被过快地中止了,结果将会是部分床未被再生。这看起来不是很关键的,因此人们应加入一个稍过大(Over-sizing)的氧化铝床,这样热脉冲就不会离开床,但会在连续循环过程中消失(die)在额外的氧化铝里。
我们已意识到让热脉冲在床的氧化铝部分消失的结果并不必然是床的一部分未被再生。用于再生的干燥氮流当然含热量,即使它没有被加热到供给温度之上。水和二氧化碳会从吸附剂,例如氧化铝上解吸,从未被加热的氮中吸取必要的热量,从而使得再生氮以低于其供给温度的温度离开床。我们已发现通过适当地调节条件就可以完成再生以便进行吸附与再生的重复循环,其中只有一部分解吸热是由热再生气提供。
这种原理不光可用于从空气中除去水和二氧化碳,还可具有更广泛的应用。
因此,本发明提供了一种用于从气流中除去一种成分的方法,它包括:
a)以第一方向通入气流使之与吸附剂接触,从气流中吸附该成分到吸附剂上,伴有吸附热的释放,
b)停止通入上述气流与上述吸附剂接触,
c)加热再生气以提供热量,并升高再生气的温度至高于所述气流温度的温度,
d)逆所述第一方向以第二个方向通入所述加热的再生气,以从所述吸附剂上解吸所述气流成分一段时间,以使得加入到如此通过并与吸附剂接触的再生气体的热量不超过所述气流组分在吸附期间释放的吸附热的90%,
e)停止加热所述再生气,并继续通入处于未加热状态的所述再生气,继续从所述吸附剂上解吸所述气流成分,和
f)重复步骤(a)至(e)。
优选的是,步骤b)进一步包括降低上述吸附剂上的气压,而后在重复步骤(a)之前或开始时恢复所述气压。而后当提供的热量被消耗时,再生过程可被认为在经过TSA阶段,接着当热量从未加热的吹扫气中被吸取时为PSA阶段,吹扫气以低于未加热的入口温度的温度排出。
优选的是,至少有两个盛有所述吸附剂的容器,且上述方法的步骤在每一容器中分阶段进行,容器间的步骤是如此划分以使至少一个容器处于吸附阶段,而另一个处于再生阶段。
加入到所述再生气的热量优选不超过吸附所述气体成分时所释放的吸附热量的80%,更优选不多于70%,优选小于,例如不多于60%或甚至50%,40%或30%。
吸附剂可由氧化铝组成或包含氧化铝,用于吸附水和也任选吸附二氧化碳。它可进一步的包括用于吸附二氧化碳的分子筛,所述分子筛被放在氧化铝的下游(吸附时气流的方向)。
本发明包括一种分离空气中氧和氮的方法,它包括处理含水和二氧化碳的空气流以除去水和二氧化碳,并在一深冷分离单元内从空气中分离氧和氮,其中所述去除二氧化碳和水的过程是通过一种方法来进行的,该方法包括:
a)从第一方向通入空气与吸附剂接触,以从空气中吸附水和二氧化碳到吸附剂上,伴有吸附热的释放,
b)停止通入所述气体与所述吸附剂接触,
c)加热干燥的,富含氮的再生气以加入热量,并升高再生气的温度至高于所述气体温度的温度,
d)从逆上述第一方向的第二方向通入上述加热的再生气,以从上述吸附剂上解吸上述水和二氧化碳一段时间,以使得加入到如此通过并与吸附剂接触的再生气体的热量不超过所述气流组分在吸附期间释放的吸附热的90%。
e)停止加热上述再生气,并继续通入处于未加热状态的上述再生气以置换通过吸附剂的加热的再生气,继续从上述吸附剂上解吸上述水和二氧化碳,和
f)重复步骤(a)至(e)。
因为热脉冲必须在再生期间置换到水吸附区,循环时间可以与常规TSA方法中的一样长,但会比EP-A-0766989中所述方法中的短。优选操作条件范围如表1所示:
                                表1
         优选         更优选
   最小    最大    最小    最大
压力     1     20     2     10
吹扫压力     0.5     10     1.1     6
最高再生温度 C     30     200     60     140
进料温度 C     5     50     10     40
P/A比     0.05     1     0.1     0.5
%v/v氧化铝     0.4     0.9     0.5     0.8
%v/v 13X或其它沸石     0.6     0.1     0.5     0.2
粒径 mm     0.5     6     1     5
附图简述
图1图解说明了根据本发明的一个优选实施例使用的设备。
图1展示了用于从空气中除去二氧化碳和水的设备,该空气将输送已知形式的深冷空气分离单元(没有示出),分单元能提供分离的氧气和氮气,氮气的一部分在所说明和空气纯化装置内作为再生气被使用。
如图1所示,待纯化的空气在入口12被供至主空气压缩机系统10,在其内由多级压缩机压缩空气,通过用水换热来进行中间冷却和后冷却。任选的是,压缩空气的进料可在冷却器8内第二次冷却。冷却的压缩空气被供至含入口控制阀16和18的入口管线14,管线14与一对吸附床容器相连。入口管线通过含排放阀26,28的排放管线24在控制阀16和18的下游桥接,阀26,28用于关闭和接通相应吸附容器20和22上游端和出口30,出口30上有一消音器32连接。两个吸附床20和22优选都含2种吸附剂。相应床内较低部的吸附床由数字34,34’标出,而上面部分由数字36,36’标出。34,34’部分含活性氧化铅或改性氧化铝(如下所述),36,36’部分含沸石。
该设备有一出口38,它通过含出口控制阀42,44的出口管线40连接至两吸附容器20,22。出口管线40通过含再生气控制阀48和50的再生气管线46桥接。含控制阀54的管线52在再生气管线46的上游,它桥接出口管线40。
56是再生气的入口,它经控制阀58和60,通过加热器62或旁路管线64连至再生气管线46。
阀门的动作可通过现有技术中已知的程控计时装置和阀门开启装置来控制。
在运转过程中,空气在主压缩系统10内压缩而后送入入口管线14,通过两个含吸附剂容器中的一个。空气通过打开阀16至吸附剂容器20,再通过打开阀42至出口38,入口管线内的阀18被关闭,以切断要纯化的空气进料至容器22,阀44也会被关闭。在这个阶段,阀46,50,54,26和18也是关闭的。因此床20在线,而床22被再生。
为了开始对床22进行减压,打开阀28,一旦容器22中的压力已下降到预期水平,继续开放阀28,且打开阀50以通入再生气流。再生气一般会是从空气分离单元冷箱(cold box)中获得的干燥、无CO2的氮气,它可能含有少量氩气、氧气和其它气体,在所示装置中被纯化的空气会通入空气分离单元冷箱中。关闭阀60且打开阀58以便使再生气在通入容器22前加热至,例如100℃的温度。尽管再生气在选定的高温下进入容器22,但由于从容器上部,即容器内吸附剂的下游部分36’上解吸二氧化碳,所以再生气被稍稍冷却。因为热脉冲被保留,消耗在系统内,所从排气口30出来的吹扫气处于冷却状态。当清除二氧化碳时,热波逐渐的穿过吸附剂的部分36’。经过一段预期的时间后,关闭阀58,打开阀60以便使再生气流变为冷气体。冷再生气取代热脉冲进一步通过吸附剂部分34’。
当用TSA再生了吸附剂上部和下部的一部分后,继续将冷再生气流过吸附剂的下部,由于它的压力降低了,通过TSA,部分通过PSA将水从吸附剂的上游部分解吸。在规定的再生期结束时,关闭阀50以中断再生气流,并打开阀54来从吸附剂床上置换出氮,在关闭阀28后用净化空气向容器22再加压。而后,关闭阀54打开阀18和44以将容器22返回在线。而后以相同方式再生容器20,在分阶段的运转循环中使容器依次在线,降压,再生,再加压和回到在线。
根据本发明,再生时的热脉中不会全部穿透吸附剂中吸附了水的部分,但会被充分消耗以除去足够多的水和二氧化碳,这样剩余的再生过程便可通过未加热再生气的继续流入来完成了。
在上述装置和方法中所用的吸附剂应是有好几种的。每一个吸附容器可只含上述的一种吸附剂或含一种以上的吸附剂。因此人们可使用多层式的床,它包括氧化铝的上游层,而后接着是分子筛的下游层。然而可选的是,全部为氧化铝的吸附剂,它或者全部都是同一种类,或者被安排成不同种类的几层。因此,例如吸附剂可含或全部为活性氧化铝或氧化硅氧化铝,这是现有技术中已知的。可选的是,它可是某类加强的氧化铝,它是通过在其上沉积一种碱性盐而获得的,例如通过用碳酸钾处理初始氧化铝,并在高至125℃的温度下干燥而得到的上面有大约为5%重量的碳酸钾的氧化铝。这种氧化铝对二氧化碳有极高的容量,并可单用或作为双层床的上层来使用。它们在US-A-5656064中有进一步的描述。
当然,应当理解的是必要时,容器20和22的每一个均可分隔成串接的小容器,涉及上述吸附剂“分层”时,包括单独放置吸附剂以将串接设置的容器分开。
分子筛可以是现有技术中已知的用于此目的的任何一种,例如NaY沸石,4A沸石或13X沸石。
可使用在US申请号08/814749(1997年3月7日申请)中所述种类的单一吸附剂,即一种含沸石与氧化铝混合物的吸附剂。
实施例1
根据本发明,用于上述装置的优选操作参数在下表中示出:表2常规TSA(HTTSA),本发明(TPSA)和常规PSA的比较。
    HTTSA   TPSA     PSA
床数     2   2     2
吸附剂*     1   2     3
压力   巴     5.2   5.2     5.2
进料温度   ℃     40   40     40
在线时间   min     177   113.00     14.00
加热线路时间   min     55   43.00     0.00
最大脉冲温度   ℃     210   100.00     30.00
P/A   -     0.50   0.50     0.50
所需热量   kW     39.42   13.57     0.00
再生能量利用   kW/Nm3.h空气     0.00853   0.00294     0.00000
MAC能量   kW     326.183   326.183     326.183
MAC能量   kW/Nm3/h.空气     0.071   0.071     0.071
总的操作能量   kW/Nm3/h.空气     0.0085817   0.0030040    0.0011097(由于转换损失)
提供热量与解吸附热的比   -     1.1   0.35     Zero
*1=UOP13X/氧化铝2=5wt%K2CO3 on 氧化铝/UOP13X3=Alcan AA-300活性铝
可看出与常规TSA工艺相比,根据本发明的方法只加入了解吸所需热量的35%至再生氮中,而在没有附加设备建设费用的情况下,在能量运转成本上获得了很大的节约。
实施例2用于使用本发明的可选条件如下所示:进料压力=2巴吹扫压力=1.1巴进料温度=30℃D/A=07在线时间=87min加热时间=40min提供热量/解吸热=0.54最大吹扫温度=130℃
实施例3另一可选的条件如下所示:进料压力=10巴吹扫压力=1.1巴进料温度=40℃P/A=0.45在线时间=72min加热时间=25min提供热量/解吸热=0.35最大吹扫温度=82℃

Claims (13)

1.一种用于从气流中除去水和/或二氧化碳成分的方法,包括
a)以第一方向通入气流与吸附剂接触,从气流中吸附该成分至吸附剂上,并伴有吸附热的释放,
b)停止通入上述气流与上述吸附剂接触,
c)加热再生气以加入热量,且升高再生气的温度至高于上述气流温度的温度,
d)以逆上述第一方向的第二方向通入上述加热的再生气,以从上述吸附剂上解吸上述气流成分一段时间,以使得加入到如此通过并与吸附剂接触的再生气体的热量不超过在吸附期间释放的吸附热的90%,
e)停止加热上述再生气,并继续通入处于未加热状态的上述再生气继续从上述吸附剂上解吸上述气流成分,和
f)重量步骤(a)至(e)。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:步骤(b)进一步包括降低上述吸附剂上面的气压,且在重复步骤(a)前或开始时恢复上述气压。
3.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:有至少两个含上述吸附剂的容器,且上述方法被用于每一个容器,管道间的步骤分阶段进行,至少一个管道处于吸附阶段,而另一条处于再生阶段。
4.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:加入上述再生气的热量的量不多于吸附上述气体成分时所释放的吸附热的80%。
5.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:加入上述再生气的热量的量不多于吸附上述气体成分时所释放的吸附热的50%。
6.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:加入上述再生气的热量的量不多于吸附上述气体成分时所释放的吸附热的30%。
7.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:吸附剂包括用于吸附水和任选二氧化碳的氧化铝。
8.根据权利要求6的方法,其特征在于:吸附剂进一步包括用于吸附二氧化碳的分子筛,且其中上述分子筛在吸附时气流的方向位于氧化铝的下游。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其特征在于:沸石与氧化铝的体积比为0.1至0.6。
10.根据权利要求1的方法,其特征在于:吸附剂的有效粒径为1至5mm。
11.根据权利要求7的方法,其特征在于:吸附剂含氧化铝和分子筛的混合物。
12.根据权利要求7的方法,其特征在于:氧化铝通过在其上沉积碱性盐进行处理。
13.一种分离空气内氧和氮的方法,它包括处理含水和二氧化碳的空气流以除去水和二氧化碳,并在深冷分离单元内从空气中分离氧和氮,其中上述的除去二氧化碳和水的过程是通过一种方法来进行的,该方法包括:
a)以第一方向通入空气与吸附剂接触,以从空气中吸附水和二氧化碳至吸附剂上,并伴有吸附热的释放,
b)停止通入上述空气与上述吸附剂接触,
c)加热干燥的、富含氮的再生气以加入热量,并升高再生气的温度至高于上述气体温度的温度,
d)以逆上述第一方向的第二方向通入上述加热的再生气,以从上述吸附剂上解吸上述水和二氧化碳一段时间,以使得加入到如此通过并与吸附剂接触的再生气体中的热量不超过所述气流组分在吸附期间释放的热量的90%,
e)停止加热上述再生气,并继续通入处于未加热状态的上述再生气继续从上述吸附剂上解吸上述水和二氧化碳,和
f)重复步骤(a)至(e)。
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CN1213578A (zh) 1999-04-14
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US5855650A (en) 1999-01-05
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