CN109156339B - Method for improving artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area by utilizing greenhouse - Google Patents
Method for improving artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area by utilizing greenhouse Download PDFInfo
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- CN109156339B CN109156339B CN201811331612.3A CN201811331612A CN109156339B CN 109156339 B CN109156339 B CN 109156339B CN 201811331612 A CN201811331612 A CN 201811331612A CN 109156339 B CN109156339 B CN 109156339B
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for improving the artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area by utilizing a greenhouse, which is characterized in that certain types and quantities of wheat breeding parents are planted in the field and under the greenhouse condition in the same year, the wheat heading and poplar periods are manually adjusted by utilizing the different sowing times of the wheat under two different conditions, so that the artificial hybridization time of winter wheat is prolonged, the fructification quality of the hybrid ears is improved, the hybridization combination quantity obtained every year is increased, and the artificial hybridization efficiency is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The disclosure belongs to the technical field of agricultural breeding, and particularly relates to a method for improving the artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas by utilizing a greenhouse.
Background
The statements herein merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not necessarily constitute prior art.
Wheat is a self-pollinated crop, and an artificial hybridization technology is adopted, namely, anthers are formed before flowering after ear emergence of the wheat, artificial emasculation is carried out before yellowing and maturing of the wheat, artificial pollination is carried out after anthers of other varieties of wheat are mature, and the artificial pollination is an important link for a breeder to obtain offspring of seeds matched with different parents. The Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area mainly plants winter (winter and weak winter) wheat, the time suitable for artificial hybridization under natural conditions is only about 15 days, if the time meets rainy days, the time is less, and the artificial pollination is preferably carried out under the condition of blooming at 18-23 ℃ before 4 o' clock in the afternoon after 8 am on sunny days, otherwise, the normal pollination process is influenced, and the normal fructification rate of the hybrid ears is reduced. Therefore, the number of different cross-breeding combinations obtained by the breeder is very limited under the limited time and manpower conditions, so that the opportunity of obtaining excellent cross-breeding combinations every year by the breeder is limited, and therefore, a method for artificially improving the artificial crossing efficiency of wheat, obtaining more combinations and obtaining high-quality hybrid seeds under the limited time and manpower conditions is needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above background, the present disclosure provides a method for improving the efficiency of artificial hybridization of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat district using a greenhouse. The method is characterized in that a certain variety and quantity of wheat breeding parents are planted in a field and a greenhouse in the same year, and the wheat seeding time and the growth environment are different under two different conditions, so that the periods of ear sprouting and poplar flowering in the field and the greenhouse are staggered, the artificial hybridization time of the wheat is prolonged, the hybridization maturing rate is improved, the seed plumpness is improved, the hybridization combination quantity obtained every year is increased, and the artificial hybridization efficiency is improved.
Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
cultivation under field conditions:
the sowing time is 10 months and 1 day-15 days;
4, sequentially entering a heading period and a flowering period in the last ten days of the month, carrying out artificial hybridization in the period until the flowering period is finished in the early morning of the May, and normally maturing and harvesting in the last ten days of June;
cultivation under greenhouse conditions:
seed pretreatment: before sowing under the greenhouse condition, carrying out intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration on wheat seeds for 2-3 times, specifically: firstly, refrigerating at low temperature for 18-24 h under the relative humidity of 70-90%, and then standing at the relative humidity of 20-40% and the temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 h; after the steps are carried out for 2-3 times, the obtained product is ready for use;
the sowing time is 11 months and 15 days-30 days in the same year of field sowing;
controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 0-6 ℃ from the last ten days of 11 months to the first 1 month of the next year, wherein the daily illumination time is 9-10 hours and lasts for 30-35 days;
after 1 month last ten days in the next year, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 8-30 ℃, and keeping the illumination time for 11-13 hours every day for 35-40 days;
the wheat in the greenhouse enters the heading stage and the flowering stage from 3 late ten days to 4 middle ten days (about 15 days in 4 months), artificial emasculation is carried out during the heading stage and the flowering stage, and then artificial pollination is carried out within 4 days after the emasculation; harvested normally in mid-5 th of month.
Secondly, the disclosure also provides application of the method in improving the wheat artificial hybridization maturing rate, improving the plumpness of grains and prolonging the artificial hybridization time in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas.
Compared with the related technology known by the inventor, one technical scheme of the present disclosure has the following beneficial effects:
aiming at the growth and development characteristics of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas, the wheat is cultivated in a field and a greenhouse at the same time, the sowing time of the wheat is different under two different cultivation conditions, and the ear-sprouting and flowering periods of the wheat in the greenhouse are artificially adjusted by controlling the growth conditions in the greenhouse, so that the suitable time for artificial hybridization of the wheat is prolonged, the hybridization maturing rate is improved, the grain plumpness is improved, the number of hybridization combinations obtained every year is increased, and the artificial hybridization efficiency is improved. The method comprises the steps of carrying out intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration on seeds cultivated in a greenhouse, so that the aim of better responding to greenhouse vernalization is fulfilled, and the number of flowers and the plumpness of wheat grains cannot be reduced on the premise of shortening the vernalization time. In addition, the temperature and the illumination in the greenhouse are controlled in the specific growth stage of the wheat, so that the wheat in the greenhouse can be ensured to enter the heading period and the flowering period sequentially from 3 months to 4 months and 20 days, the time for suitable hybridization combination of the field and the greenhouse can be just staggered, and the time for manual hybridization in each year can be prolonged from about 15 days to about 40 days.
Because the greenhouse condition is controllable, the influence of bad weather such as low temperature, overcast and rainy can be avoided, and the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests of the hybrid ears is greatly reduced, the seed setting rate of the hybrid ears obtained under the greenhouse condition is higher, and the seeds are fuller.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure and, together with the description, serve to explain the disclosure and not to limit the disclosure.
FIG. 1 is a photograph of greenhouse artificial pollination.
FIG. 2 is a photograph of field artificial pollination.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the following detailed description is exemplary and is intended to provide further explanation of the disclosure. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
It is noted that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments according to the present disclosure. As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, and it should be understood that when the terms "comprises" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they specify the presence of the stated features, steps, operations, and/or combinations thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
Interpretation of terms:
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an annual self-pollinating plant of the class monophyllae, the genus Triticum graminis.
The artificial hybridization refers to a technology of artificially emasculating wheat after ear emergence before flowering, wherein anthers are formed but before yellowing and maturing, and then performing artificial pollination after anthers of wheat of other varieties are mature.
The greenhouse is a room provided with facilities for preventing cold, heating and transmitting light, such as a glass multi-span greenhouse or a greenhouse, for cultivating plants in winter.
Masking water: watering the crops after sowing and before emergence of seedlings, and is called covering water.
And (3) sealing and freezing water: i.e. water which has a sealing effect immediately before freezing.
As introduced in the background art, the artificial hybridization method of wheat in the prior art has certain defects, and in order to solve the technical problems, the method for improving the artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas by utilizing a greenhouse is provided in the present disclosure.
In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the method for improving the artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area by using a greenhouse specifically comprises the following steps:
cultivation under field conditions:
the sowing time is 10 months and 1 day-15 days;
4, sequentially entering a heading period and a flowering period in the last ten days of the month, carrying out artificial hybridization in the period until the flowering period is finished in the early morning of the May, and normally maturing and harvesting in the last ten days of June;
cultivation under greenhouse conditions:
seed pretreatment: before sowing under the greenhouse condition, carrying out intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration on wheat seeds for 2-3 times, specifically: firstly, refrigerating at low temperature for 18-24 h under the relative humidity of 70-90%, and then standing at the relative humidity of 20-40% and the temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 h; after the steps are carried out for 2-3 times, sowing for later use;
the sowing time is 11 months and 15 days-30 days in the same year of field sowing;
controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 0-6 ℃ from the last ten days of 11 months to the first 1 month of the next year, wherein the daily illumination time is 9-10 hours and lasts for 30-35 days;
after 1 month last ten days in the next year, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 8-30 ℃, and keeping the illumination time for 11-13 hours every day for 35-40 days;
the wheat in the greenhouse continuously enters the heading stage and the flowering stage from late 3 months to about 15 months from 4 months, artificial emasculation is carried out in the heading stage and the flowering stage, and then artificial pollination is carried out within 4 days after the emasculation; harvested normally in mid-5 th of month.
In one or some specific embodiments of the present disclosure, the yellow seas wheat is a winter or semi-winter wheat variety or line, including shannon 29, shannon 30, shannon 31, liangxing 77, yanong 1212, qiyou 5766, zimai 28, zimai 29, taimai 198, jimai 22, koong 2009, tainong 18, and the like.
In one or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, in the field sowing, 2 rows of seeds are planted in each variety, the row length is 1.2m, the plant spacing is 2.5-3.5 cm, 40 seeds are planted in each row, and the sowing depth is preferably 3-5 cm.
In one or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, when wheat is cultivated in a field, sowing is performed in sufficient soil moisture, if the soil moisture content is not good, head water needs to be watered in time after sowing, and hoeing is performed in cooperation with manual digging after the ground surface is dry, so as to strive for preservation of seedlings. And (4) at the bottom of 11 months and at the beginning of 12 months, before soil is frozen, completely pouring frozen water to improve the cold resistance in the seedling stage.
In order to stagger the artificial hybridization period in the field and prolong the artificial hybridization time as far as possible, the inventor carries out intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration on wheat seeds before sowing in a greenhouse, and the method comprises the following specific steps: the method has the advantages that the sensitivity of wheat seedlings responding to low-temperature vernalization is increased, wheat seedlings can better respond to greenhouse low-temperature vernalization, the low-temperature vernalization time is shortened, if the wheat seedlings do not undergo intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration treatment, the wheat flowering time is prolonged, the number of flowers is reduced, and further the artificial hybridization maturing rate and the plumpness of wheat grains are reduced. Experiments show that after wheat seeds are subjected to intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration treatment, the vernalization time can be shortened by about 7 days, the artificial hybridization time is prolonged as far as possible, and the hybridization maturing rate and yield are improved. To achieve better low temperature vernalization of wheat, in one or some particular embodiments of the present disclosure, wheat seeds are subjected to intermittent high humidity low temperature refrigeration 3 times.
In one or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, the low-temperature refrigeration temperature is 0-4 ℃, and tests prove that the low-temperature refrigeration temperature can better respond to greenhouse low-temperature vernalization.
In one or some embodiments of the present disclosure, when growing wheat in greenhouses, breeders can plant breeding parents that are the same as or different from the field according to a cross-breeding plan, with the same planting specifications as the field, and can also plant seeds in flowerpots if the greenhouse area is limited.
In one or some embodiments of the present disclosure, the wheat is grown in the greenhouse with an illumination intensity of 0.0 < E.ltoreq.50.0 and an average illumination intensity of 4-6.5klux from late 11 to late 1 of the following year. If there is not enough light at this stage, the wheat cannot perform normal photosynthesis at the seedling stage, and a symptom of dysplasia occurs, which hinders or delays the wheat from entering the reproductive growth stage from the vegetative growth stage.
In one or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, when wheat is cultivated in a greenhouse, the seedling stage of wheat in the greenhouse is from late 11 months to late 1 month of the next year, the indoor temperature is controlled to be 0-6 ℃, the duration is 30-35 days, so that different wheat varieties can normally pass through the vernalization stage, and the temperature is increased by using facilities such as a heat preservation quilt and the like when the temperature is below 0 ℃. Under the condition of no haze, the sunlight can be kept for 9-10 hours in the greenhouse from 11 middle of the month to 1 month in the next year, the average illumination intensity is 4-6.5klux, if haze is encountered, a light supplement lamp is needed for light supplement, and the average illumination intensity is kept at 4-6.5 klux.
In one or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, when wheat is cultivated in the greenhouse, after 1 month in the next year, the temperature of the greenhouse is rapidly raised through facilities such as a heat preservation quilt and an electric heating plate, so as to accelerate the growth of the wheat and promote the wheat to enter a reproductive growth stage from a vegetative growth stage as soon as possible.
Further, the indoor temperature is 16-25 ℃, the daily illumination time is kept at 12 hours, the average illumination intensity is 4-6.5klux, and the illumination lasts for 35-40 days, so that the different parent varieties can be guaranteed to pass through the illumination stage, normal heading and blooming of the wheat can be guaranteed from 3-month late ten days to 4-month 15 days, and if sufficient illumination time is not obtained, the time for the wheat to enter the heading and blooming period can be delayed.
In one or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure, artificial pollination in a field or greenhouse is selected at 8-11 am on a sunny day.
In another exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, the application of the method in improving the artificial hybridization maturing rate, increasing the plumpness of grains and prolonging the artificial hybridization time of the wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area is also provided.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present disclosure more clearly understood by those skilled in the art, the technical solutions of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to specific examples and experimental examples.
2 workers per example, and the technical maturity of workers in making manual crosses was consistent, under which the following examples were performed in 2017 in 5 groups:
example 1
(1) Sowing under field conditions, wherein the wheat area in Huang-Huai-Hai is 10 months and 1 day-15 days in 2017. 2 rows are planted in each variety, the row length is 1.2m, the plant spacing is about 3cm, 40 grains are planted in each row, and the sowing depth is preferably 3-5 cm. Sowing in full soil moisture, if the soil moisture content is not good, watering the head in time after sowing, and cooperating with manual digging and hoeing after the ground surface is dry to strive for preserving the seedlings. And (4) at the bottom of 11 months and at the beginning of 12 months, before soil is frozen, completely pouring frozen water to improve the cold resistance in the seedling stage.
(2) Seed pretreatment: firstly, refrigerating the wheat seeds at a low temperature of 70-90% for 18-24 h, and then standing at a relative humidity of 20-40% and a temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 h; after 3 times of this, the seeds were sown under greenhouse conditions for further use.
(3) Suitable seeding time under greenhouse conditions is 11 months in 2017 and 15 days to 30 days. The breeder can plant the breeding parents which are the same as or different from the breeding parents in the field according to a hybridization assembly plan, the planting specification is the same as that of the field, and if the greenhouse area is limited, the breeding parents can also be sowed by flowerpots.
(4) In the seedling stage of the wheat in the greenhouse, namely from 11 late month to 1 early month of the next year, the low temperature of 0-6 ℃ in the greenhouse lasts for about 30 days, so that different wheat varieties can normally pass through the vernalization stage, and the temperature is increased by utilizing heat preservation quilt and other facilities when the temperature is below zero. The illumination is kept for 9 hours every day, if in haze, a light supplement lamp is needed for light supplement, and the average illumination intensity is kept within the range of 4-6.5 klux.
(5) After 1 month and the first ten days in the second year in the greenhouse, the temperature is rapidly increased through facilities such as a heat preservation quilt, an electric heating plate and the like, the growth of wheat is accelerated, and the wheat is promoted to enter a reproductive growth stage from a vegetative growth stage as soon as possible. At the moment, the indoor temperature is controlled to be 8-30 ℃, the daily illumination time is kept at 12 hours and lasts for 35-40 days, and normal ear-picking of different parent varieties can be guaranteed through the illumination stage. At this stage, the indoor air has high humidity (the average humidity is 30-50%), is susceptible to powdery mildew, and needs to be prevented and treated by spraying bactericide such as carbendazim and the like in time.
(6) Greenhouse wheat which normally passes through the low-temperature vernalization and illumination stages generally enters the heading stage and the flowering stage from 15 days in 3 middle of the month to 4 months, both of which can be manually castrated, and then is manually pollinated within 4 days after castration (figure 1), wherein the pollination time is preferably 8-11 am in sunny days. The hybrid ears can be normally harvested in the middle of 5 months.
(7) Wheat sown in the field normally enters the heading and flowering stage in the middle and last 4 months, artificial hybridization can be carried out in the period (figure 2), the flowering stage is ended in the early May, and the wheat is normally ripe and harvested in the last June. Thus, the time suitable for hybridization combination of the field and the greenhouse can be just staggered, and the time for manual hybridization can be prolonged from about 15 days to about 40 days every year.
(8) Because the greenhouse condition is controllable, the influence of bad weather such as low temperature, overcast and rainy can be avoided, and the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests of the hybrid ears is greatly reduced, the seed setting rate of the hybrid ears obtained under the greenhouse condition is higher, and the seeds are fuller. In 2018, 131 hybrid combinations are made in the field, the fructification rate of the hybrid ears is 45.6%, and the average thousand seed weight of the hybrid seeds is 38.9 g; and 108 hybrid combinations are made in the greenhouse, the seed setting rate of the greenhouse hybrid ears is 58.8 percent, and the thousand seed weight of the hybrid seeds is averagely 46.3 g. The maturing rate of the hybrid ears in the greenhouse is improved by 13 percent compared with that of the field, and the average thousand seed weight of the hybrid seeds in the greenhouse is improved by 19 percent compared with that of the field, which is shown in tables 1 and 2.
Table 12018 years 3 months 20 days-4 months 15 days greenhouse wheat artificial hybridization combination and its seed setting rate and hybrid thousand seed weight
Note: the parent and the female parent are wheat varieties and strains in the Huang-Huai-Mai district, wherein the named one is an approved variety, and the code is a high-generation excellent strain cultured by the subject group.
b, setting rate is real number of knots/40 multiplied by 100%; 2 ears are made for each hybridization combination, small flowers with small development at both ends and in the middle of each ear are removed, and 20 small flowers in the middle are reserved.
c considering that the weight of less than 20 seeds is too small and the weighing error is large, the weight of the seeds is the weight of the total hybrid seeds with more than 20 fructification numbers, and the seeds are weighed by a hundredth electronic balance.
d thousand seed weight is the seed weight/fruit number x 1000.
TABLE 22018 years, 4 months, 21 days-5 months, 1 day field wheat artificial hybridization combination, seed setting rate and hybrid seed thousand seed weight
Note: the parent and the female parent are wheat varieties and strains in the Huang-Huai-Mai district, wherein the named one is an approved variety, and the code is a high-generation excellent strain cultivated or introduced by the subject group.
b, setting rate is real number of knots/40 multiplied by 100%; 2 ears are made for each hybridization combination, small flowers with small development at both ends and in the middle of each ear are removed, and 20 small flowers in the middle are reserved.
c considering that the weight of less than 20 seeds is too small and the weighing error is large, the weight of the seeds is the weight of the total hybrid seeds with more than 20 fructification numbers, and the seeds are weighed by a hundredth electronic balance.
d thousand seed weight is the seed weight/fruit number x 1000.
Experimental example 1
(1) Sowing under field conditions, wherein the wheat area in Huang-Huai-Hai is 10 months and 1 day-15 days in 2017. 2 rows are planted in each variety, the row length is 1.2m, the plant spacing is about 3cm, 40 grains are planted in each row, and the sowing depth is preferably 3-5 cm. Sowing in full soil moisture, if the soil moisture content is not good, watering the head in time after sowing, and cooperating with manual digging and hoeing after the ground surface is dry to strive for preserving the seedlings. And (4) at the bottom of 11 months and at the beginning of 12 months, before soil is frozen, completely pouring frozen water to improve the cold resistance in the seedling stage.
(2) Suitable seeding time under greenhouse conditions is 11 months in 2017 and 15 days to 30 days. The breeder can plant the breeding parents which are the same as or different from the breeding parents in the field according to a hybridization assembly plan, the planting specification is the same as that of the field, and if the greenhouse area is limited, the breeding parents can also be sowed by flowerpots.
(3) In the seedling stage of the wheat in the greenhouse, namely from 11 late month to 1 middle month in the next year, the low temperature of 0-6 ℃ in the greenhouse lasts for about 40 days, so that different wheat varieties can normally pass through the vernalization stage, and the temperature is increased by utilizing heat preservation quilt and other facilities when the temperature is below zero. The illumination is kept for 9 hours every day, if in haze, a light supplement lamp is needed for light supplement, and the average illumination intensity is kept within the range of 4-6.5 klux.
(4) After 1 in the middle of the month in the second year in the greenhouse, the temperature is rapidly increased through facilities such as a heat preservation quilt, an electric heating plate and the like, the growth of the wheat is accelerated, and the wheat is promoted to enter a reproductive growth stage from a vegetative growth stage as soon as possible. At the moment, the indoor temperature is controlled to be 8-30 ℃, the daily illumination time is kept at 12 hours and lasts for 35-40 days, and normal ear-picking of different parent varieties can be guaranteed through the illumination stage. At this stage, the indoor air has high humidity (the average humidity is 30-50%), is susceptible to powdery mildew, and needs to be prevented and treated by spraying bactericide such as carbendazim and the like in time.
(5) Greenhouse wheat which normally passes through the low-temperature vernalization and illumination stages generally enters the heading stage and the flowering stage from 3 months to 4 months and 20 days, during which artificial emasculation can be carried out, and then artificial pollination is carried out within 4 days after emasculation, wherein the pollination time is preferably 8-11 am in sunny days. The hybrid ears can be normally harvested in the last 5 months.
(6) The wheat sowed in the field normally enters the heading and flowering stage in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, and can be artificially hybridized during the heading and flowering stage until the flowering stage is finished in the beginning of May and the wheat is normally ripe and harvested in the last ten days of June.
(7) 108 hybrid combinations are made in a greenhouse in 2018, the seed setting rate of the greenhouse hybrid ears is 56.5%, and the thousand seed weight of the hybrid seeds is 43.8g on average. The hybrid ears of the greenhouse wheat were less full than those of the greenhouse wheat in example 1, as shown in Table 3.
Table 32018 years, 3 months, 26 days to 4 months, 20 days, wheat artificial hybridization combination in greenhouse, setting rate and thousand seed weight of hybrid seeds
Note: the parent and the female parent are wheat varieties and strains in the Huang-Huai-Mai district, wherein the named one is an approved variety, and the code is a high-generation excellent strain cultured by the subject group.
b, setting rate is real number of knots/40 multiplied by 100%; 2 ears are made for each hybridization combination, small flowers with small development at both ends and in the middle of each ear are removed, and 20 small flowers in the middle are reserved.
c considering that the weight of less than 20 seeds is too small and the weighing error is large, the weight of the seeds is the weight of the total hybrid seeds with more than 20 fructification numbers, and the seeds are weighed by a hundredth electronic balance.
d thousand seed weight is the seed weight/fruit number x 1000.
Experimental example 2
(1) Sowing under field conditions, wherein the wheat area in Huang-Huai-Hai is 10 months and 1 day-15 days in 2017. 2 rows are planted in each variety, the row length is 1.2m, the plant spacing is about 3cm, 40 grains are planted in each row, and the sowing depth is preferably 3-5 cm. Sowing in full soil moisture, if the soil moisture content is not good, watering the head in time after sowing, and cooperating with manual digging and hoeing after the ground surface is dry to strive for preserving the seedlings. And (4) at the bottom of 11 months and at the beginning of 12 months, before soil is frozen, completely pouring frozen water to improve the cold resistance in the seedling stage.
(2) Seed pretreatment: firstly, refrigerating the wheat seeds at a low temperature of 70-90% for 18-24 h, and then standing at a relative humidity of 20-40% and a temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 h; after 3 times of this, the seeds were sown under greenhouse conditions for further use.
(3) Suitable seeding time under greenhouse conditions is 11 months in 2017 and 15 days to 30 days. The breeder can plant breeding parents which are the same as or different from the field according to the cross breeding plan, and the planting specification is the same as the field.
The conditions such as the temperature, the sunlight and the like of the wheat in the greenhouse are not manually controlled and adjusted, so that the wheat in the greenhouse enters the heading period and the flowering period in the middle and last 4 months, and the time for suitably performing hybridization combination on the field and the greenhouse is not completely staggered and is overlapped for about 7-10 days. In 2018, only 90 hybrid combinations are made in the greenhouse, the seed setting rate of the hybrid spike in the greenhouse is 50.7%, and the wheat hybrid spike seeds in the greenhouse are not as full as the field, as shown in Table 4.
TABLE 4 greenhouse 4 months 13 days-5 months 1 day wheat artificial hybridization combination and seed setting rate and hybrid thousand seed weight
Experimental example 3
(1) Sowing under field conditions, wherein the wheat area in Huang-Huai-Hai is 10 months and 1 day-15 days in 2017. 2 rows are planted in each variety, the row length is 1.2m, the plant spacing is about 3cm, 40 grains are planted in each row, and the sowing depth is preferably 3-5 cm. Sowing in full soil moisture, if the soil moisture content is not good, watering the head in time after sowing, and cooperating with manual digging and hoeing after the ground surface is dry to strive for preserving the seedlings. And (4) at the bottom of 11 months and at the beginning of 12 months, before soil is frozen, completely pouring frozen water to improve the cold resistance in the seedling stage.
(2) Suitable seeding time under greenhouse conditions is 2017, 12 months, 1 day to 15 days. The breeder can plant breeding parents which are the same as or different from the field according to the cross breeding plan, and the planting specification is the same as the field.
The conditions such as the temperature and the sunlight of the wheat in the greenhouse are not artificially controlled and adjusted. Thus, the wheat in the greenhouse enters the heading stage and the flowering stage at the bottom of 4 months and at the beginning of 5 months, so that the time for properly carrying out hybridization combination between the field and the greenhouse is not staggered, and breeding personnel can only select to carry out artificial hybridization under the condition of the greenhouse or the field. Because enough long-time vernalization is not carried out, part of wheat parent varieties with strong winter property cannot be normally spiked, the number of hybrid combinations which can be made in a greenhouse in 2018 is greatly reduced, only 53 hybrid combinations are made, the maturing rate of the hybrid spike is only 37.1%, and wheat grains in the greenhouse are not full, as shown in Table 5.
Table 5 greenhouse 4 months 21 days-5 months 1 days wheat artificial hybridization combination and seed setting rate and hybrid thousand seed weight thereof
Experimental example 4
(1) Sowing under field conditions, wherein the wheat area in Huang-Huai-Hai is 10 months and 1 day-15 days in 2017. 2 rows are planted in each variety, the row length is 1.2m, the plant spacing is about 3cm, 40 grains are planted in each row, and the sowing depth is preferably 3-4 cm. Sowing in full soil moisture, if the soil moisture content is not good, watering the head in time after sowing, and cooperating with manual digging and hoeing after the ground surface is dry to strive for preserving the seedlings. And (4) at the bottom of 11 months and at the beginning of 12 months, before soil is frozen, completely pouring frozen water to improve the cold resistance in the seedling stage.
(2) Seed pretreatment: firstly, refrigerating the wheat seeds at a low temperature of 70-90% for 18-24 h, and then standing at a relative humidity of 20-40% and a temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 h; after 3 times of this, the seeds were sown under greenhouse conditions for further use.
(3) The seeding time under the greenhouse condition is 10 months and 15 days to 30 days in 2017. The breeder can plant the breeding parents which are the same as or different from the breeding parents in the field according to a hybridization assembly plan, the planting specification is the same as that of the field, and if the greenhouse area is limited, the breeding parents can also be sowed by flowerpots.
(4) From 11 late month to 1 middle month of the next year, the low temperature of 0-6 ℃ in the greenhouse lasts for about 40 days, so that different wheat varieties can normally pass through the vernalization stage, and the temperature is increased by utilizing facilities such as a heat preservation quilt and the like when the temperature is below zero. The illumination is kept for 9 hours every day, if in haze, a light supplement lamp is needed for light supplement, and the average illumination intensity is kept within the range of 4-6.5 klux.
(5) After 1 in the middle of the month in the second year in the greenhouse, the temperature is rapidly increased through facilities such as a heat preservation quilt, an electric heating plate and the like, the growth of the wheat is accelerated, and the wheat is promoted to enter a reproductive growth stage from a vegetative growth stage as soon as possible. At the moment, the indoor temperature is controlled to be 8-30 ℃, the daily illumination time is kept at 12 hours and lasts for 35-40 days, and normal ear-picking of different parent varieties can be guaranteed through the illumination stage. At this stage, the indoor air has high humidity (the average humidity is 30-50%), is susceptible to powdery mildew, and needs to be prevented and treated by spraying bactericide such as carbendazim and the like in time.
(6) Because greenhouse sowing is early, the temperature in the greenhouse from the middle and the last ten of 10 months to the middle and the last ten of 11 months is higher than the low-temperature condition required by most wheat varieties in Huang-Huai-wheat areas, almost all greenhouse wheat parents can not normally enter the reproductive growth stage from the vegetative growth stage and can not normally sprout and bloom even if the greenhouse wheat parents are subjected to seed pretreatment in the step (2) and long sunshine in the step (4), and artificial hybridization can not be carried out.
The above embodiments are preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, but the embodiments of the present disclosure are not limited to the above embodiments, and any other changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations, and simplifications which do not depart from the spirit and principle of the present disclosure should be regarded as equivalent replacements within the scope of the present disclosure.
Claims (8)
1. A method for improving the artificial hybridization efficiency of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas by utilizing a greenhouse is characterized by comprising the following steps:
cultivation under field conditions: the sowing time is 10 months and 1 day-15 days; the heading period and the flowering period are sequentially started in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, artificial hybridization is carried out in the period until the flowering period is finished in the beginning of May, and the mature harvest is carried out in the last ten days of June;
cultivation under greenhouse conditions: seed pretreatment: before sowing under the greenhouse condition, carrying out intermittent high-humidity low-temperature refrigeration on wheat seeds for 2-3 times, specifically: firstly, refrigerating at low temperature for 18-24 h under the relative humidity of 70-90%, and then standing at the relative humidity of 20-40% and the temperature of 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 h; after the steps are carried out for 2-3 times, the obtained product is ready for use;
the sowing time is 11 months and 15 days-30 days in the same year of field sowing; controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 0-6 ℃ from the last ten days of 11 months to the first 1 month of the next year, wherein the daily illumination time is 9-10 hours and lasts for 30-35 days; after 1 month last ten days in the next year, controlling the temperature in the greenhouse to be 8-30 ℃, and keeping the illumination time for 11-13 hours every day for 35-40 days; the wheat in the greenhouse continuously enters the heading stage and the flowering stage from 3 late to 4 middle months, artificial emasculation is carried out in the heading stage, and then artificial pollination is carried out within 4 days after the emasculation; harvesting normally in the middle of 5 months;
the wheat variety in the Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area is winter or semi-winter wheat; the low-temperature refrigeration temperature is 0-4 ℃.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: the wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat area comprises: shannon 29, shannon 30, shannon 31, liangxing 77, yannong 1212, qieyu 5766, zimai 28, zimai 29, taimai 198, jimai 22, konong 2009 and tainong 18.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when the wheat is cultivated in the greenhouse, the average illumination intensity is 4-6.5klux from 11 late months to 1 late month of the next year.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: under the condition of no haze, the sunlight can be kept for 9-10 h from 11 th ten days to the next year, namely 1 st ten days, if the sunlight meets the haze, a light supplement lamp is needed for light supplement, and the average illumination intensity is kept at 4-6.5 klux.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when wheat is cultivated in the greenhouse, the indoor temperature is 16-25 ℃ after 1 month of the next year.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when the wheat is cultivated in the greenhouse, the illumination time is kept at 12 hours every day after 1 month in the next year.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: when artificial pollination is carried out in a field or a greenhouse, 8-11 am in sunny days is selected.
8. Use of the method of any one of claims 1 to 7 for increasing the setting rate of wheat in Huang-Huai-Hai wheat areas in artificial hybridization, increasing the plumpness of grains and prolonging the artificial hybridization time.
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