CN109071577A - 甲状腺激素受体激动剂及其用途 - Google Patents
甲状腺激素受体激动剂及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
描述了甲状腺激素受体激动剂及其在治疗与甲状腺激素受体β相关的疾病中的用途。该化合物可有效降低胆固醇,对心脏或甲状腺激素轴具有最小的影响或没有不良影响。
Description
通过引用任何优先权申请的并入
本申请要求于2016年4月22日提交的发明名称为甲状腺激素受体激动剂及其用途的第62/326,392号美国临时申请的权益,其公开内容通过引用以其整体并入本文。
背景
领域
本发明涉及甲状腺激素类似物及其用于治疗代谢性疾病如肥胖症、NASH、高胆固醇血症和高脂血症的用途,其具有低的副作用。
相关技术的描述
甲状腺激素(TH)在生长、发育、代谢和体内平衡中起着关键作用。它们由甲状腺产生为甲状腺素(T4)和3,5,3'-三碘-L-甲状腺原氨酸(T3)。T4是人体中的主要分泌形式,并且在外周组织中通过脱碘酶被酶促地脱碘成更活跃的形式—T3。TH通过与属于核激素受体超家族的甲状腺激素受体(TR)相互作用而发挥其作用,并调节靶基因的转录。
TR在大多数组织中表达,并以两种同种型(TRα和TRβ)存在。组织分布研究、小鼠敲除研究和患有甲状腺激素抵抗(RTH)综合征的患者的评估已经确定TRα在心脏中是占优势的同种型并调节大多数心脏功能,而TRβ同种型在肝脏和垂体中占优势,并分别调节胆固醇代谢和促甲状腺激素(TSH)的产生。认识到与TR调节相关的潜在益处,已经采用许多方法来鉴定合适的TR激动剂以降低血浆胆固醇水平。然而,这些益处被有害的心血管副作用(心动过速、心律失常)以及对甲状腺激素轴、肌肉代谢和骨质流失的影响所抵消。
概述
一些实施方案提供具有以下结构的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐。
其它实施方案提供了治疗与甲状腺激素受体β相关的疾病的方法,包括将有效量的所述化合物施用于有需要的个体。
其它实施方案还提供了激动甲状腺激素受体β的方法,包括使甲状腺激素受体β与有效量的所述化合物接触。
附图的简要说明
图1显示在媒介物(vehicle)或化合物I给药后,在基线和24小时时雄性、胆固醇喂养的Sprague Dawley大鼠(n=6/组)的总血浆胆固醇水平(平均值±SEM)。
图2显示在向雄性、胆固醇喂养的Sprague Dawley大鼠(n=6/组)施用化合物I后,24小时的总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平从基线值的百分比变化。
图3显示化合物I的ED50值,其被定义为引起总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平从基线的半数最大降低的剂量。
图4显示化合物I的每日一次口服给药对比格犬的总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平的影响,其表示为从基线的水平变化,mg/dL。
图5显示化合物I的每日一次口服给药对比格犬(n=4/组)的总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平的影响,其表示为从基线的变化%。
图6显示化合物I对比格犬每日一次口服给药14天后血清中的tT4水平。
图7显示化合物I对比格犬每日一次口服给药14天后血清中的fT4水平。
图8显示化合物I对比格犬每日一次口服给药14天后血清中的tT3水平。
图9显示化合物I对比格犬每日一次口服给药14天后血清中的fT3水平。
图10显示化合物I对比格犬每日一次口服给药14天后TSH血清水平。
图11a和11b显示化合物I对人血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。
图12a和12b显示化合物I对猴血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。
图13a和13b显示化合物I对狗血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。
图14a和14b显示化合物I对大鼠血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。
图15显示化合物I或化合物MB07811在对比研究中的口服效力。
图16a和16b显示当用化合物I或化合物MB07811以各种剂量治疗时动物血清中的平均tT4水平。
图17a和17b显示当用化合物I或化合物MB07811以各种剂量治疗时血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)水平。
优选实施方案的详细描述
一些实施方案涉及化合物1或其药学上可接受的盐。
化合物I可以以一种或多种结晶形式或无定形形式存在。除非另有说明,否则所有这些形式都包括在化合物I的范围内,包括任何多晶型形式。此外,化合物I可与水(即水合物)或普通有机溶剂形成溶剂合物。除非另有说明,否则这些溶剂合物包括在化合物I的范围内。
同位素可以存在于化合物I中。化合物结构中表示的每种化学元素可以包括所述元素的任何同位素。例如,在化合物结构中,可明确公开或理解氢原子存在于化合物中。在化合物的任何可能存在氢原子的位置处,氢原子可以是氢的任何同位素,包括但不限于氢-1(氕)和氢-2(氘)。因此,除非上下文另有明确规定,否则本文中提及的化合物包括所有潜在的同位素形式。
一些实施方案涉及具有低的副作用的治疗代谢性疾病如肥胖症、NASH、高胆固醇血症和高脂血症的方法,其包括向有需要的个体施用有效量的化合物I或其药学上可接受的盐。
据报道,许多先前研究的甲状腺激素受体激动剂显示出有害的心血管副作用(心动过速、心律失常)以及对甲状腺激素轴的影响,Erion,M.D.,Proc Natl Acad Sci,(2007)vol 104(39)p.15490-15495。一个先导的甲状腺激素受体激动剂,(2R,4S)-4-(3-氯苯基)-2-[(3,5-二甲基-4-(4'-羟基-3'-异丙基苄基)苯氧基)甲基]-2氧代-[1,3,2]-二氧杂正膦(MB07811)据报道可有效降低胆固醇水平,并且还显示出降低对心脏功能的影响,Erion,M.D.,Proc Natl Acad Sci,(2007)vol 104(39)p.15490-15495。然而,MB07811仍显示对甲状腺激素轴的显著影响。
已经发现,本文所述的化合物I不仅有效降低个体的胆固醇、甘油三酯和脂质水平,而且还具有最小的或没有不利的心血管影响(心动过速、心律失常)和对甲状腺激素轴的不利影响。化合物I还具有短的活性血浆半衰期和快速清除。此外,化合物I显示出TRβ的选择性活化,以及对T3、T4和促甲状腺激素(TSH)的最小影响或没有影响。因此,化合物I具有增加的治疗指数(TI)和令人惊讶地比MB07811好的安全特性。
定义
术语“试剂”包括任何物质、分子、要素、化合物、实体或其组合。它包括但不限于例如蛋白质、多肽、肽或模拟物、小的有机分子、多糖、多核苷酸等。它可以是天然产物、合成化合物或化合物、或两种或多种物质的组合。
术语“哺乳动物”以其通常的生物学意义使用。因此,它具体包括人、牛、马、狗、猫、大鼠和小鼠,但也包括许多其它物种。
术语“药学上可接受的载体”或“药学上可接受的赋形剂”包括任何和所有的溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等。这些介质和试剂用于药物活性物质的用途是本领域熟知的。除非任何常规介质或试剂与活性成分不相容,否则考虑其在治疗组合物中的用途。补充的活性成分也可以掺入组合物中。另外,可以包括各种辅料,例如本领域常用的辅料。这些和其它此类化合物描述于文献中,例如Merck Index,Merck&Company,Rahway,NJ。例如,Gilman et al.(Eds.)(1990);Goodman and Gilman’s:The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics,8th Ed.,Pergamon Press中描述了在药物组合物中包含各种组分的考虑因素。
术语“药学上可接受的盐”是指保留化合物的与它们相关的并且在生物学或其它方面不是不合需要的生物有效性和性质的盐。在许多情况下,由于存在氨基和/或羧基或与其类似的基团,本文的化合物能够形成酸和/或碱盐。可以用无机酸和有机酸形成药学上可接受的酸加成盐。可以从中衍生出盐的无机酸包括例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、硝酸、磷酸等。可以从中衍生出盐的有机酸包括,例如,乙酸、丙酸、乙醇酸、丙酮酸、草酸、马来酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、苯甲酸、肉桂酸、扁桃酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、水杨酸等。可以用无机碱和有机碱形成药学上可接受的碱加成盐。可以从中衍生出盐的无机碱包括例如钠、钾、锂、铵、钙、镁、铁、锌、铜、锰、铝等;特别优选铵盐、钾盐、钠盐、钙盐和镁盐。可以从中衍生出盐的有机碱包括,例如,伯胺、仲胺和叔胺、取代的胺、包括天然存在的取代的胺、环胺、碱性离子交换树脂等,特别例如异丙胺、三甲胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、三丙胺和乙醇胺。许多这样的盐是本领域已知的,如1987年9月11日公开的Johnston等人的WO 87/05297(通过引用以其整体并入本文)中所述。
“溶剂合物”是指通过溶剂和本文所述化合物或其盐的相互作用而形成的化合物。合适的溶剂合物是药学上可接受的溶剂合物,包括水合物。
如本文所用,“个体”是指人或非人的哺乳动物,例如狗、猫、小鼠、大鼠、牛、绵羊、猪、山羊、非人的灵长类动物或鸟、例如鸡,以及任何其它脊椎动物或无脊椎动物。
治疗作用在一定程度上缓解疾病或病症的一种或多种症状,并且包括治愈疾病或病症。“治愈”意味着消除活动性疾病的症状。然而,即使在获得治愈后,也可能存在疾病的某些长期或永久性影响(例如广泛的组织损伤)。
如本文所用,“治疗(treat)”,“治疗(treatment)”或“治疗(treating)”是指为了预防和/或治疗目的而施用药物组合物。术语“预防性治疗”是指治疗尚未患有相关疾病或病症但易患特定疾病或病症或处于特定疾病或病症风险中的患者,由此所述治疗降低了患者发展疾病或病症的可能性。术语“治疗性治疗”是指对已经患有疾病或病症的患者施用治疗。
给药和药物组合物
本文公开的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐的给药可以通过用于具有类似功用的药剂的任何可接受的给药方式实施,包括但不限于口服、皮下、静脉内、鼻内、局部、透皮、腹膜内、肌内、肺内、阴道、直肠或眼内给药。口服和肠胃外给药通常用于治疗作为优选实施方案的主体的适应症。
可以将如上所述的有用的化合物配制成药物组合物以用于治疗这些病况。使用标准的药物制剂技术,例如中Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy,21stEd.,Lippincott Williams&Wilkins(2005)中公开的那些,该文献通过引用以其整体并入本文。因此,一些实施方案包括药物组合物,其包含:(a)安全且治疗有效量的本文所述化合物或其药学上可接受的盐;(b)药学上可接受的载体、稀释剂、赋形剂或它们的组合。
术语“药学上可接受的载体”或“药学上可接受的赋形剂”包括任何和所有的溶剂、分散介质、包衣、抗细菌剂和抗真菌剂、等渗剂和吸收延迟剂等。这些介质和试剂用于药物活性物质的用途是本领域熟知的。除非任何常规介质或试剂与活性成分不相容,否则考虑其在治疗组合物中的用途。另外,可以包括各种辅料,例如本领域常用的辅料。例如,Gilmanet al.(Eds.)(1990);Goodman and Gilman’s:The Pharmacological Basis ofTherapeutics,8th Ed.,Pergamon Press中描述了在药物组合物中包含各种组分的考虑因素,该文献通过引用以其整体并入本文。
可用作药学上可接受的载体或其组分的物质的一些实例是糖,例如乳糖、葡萄糖和蔗糖;淀粉,如玉米淀粉和马铃薯淀粉;纤维素及其衍生物,如羧甲基纤维素钠、乙基纤维素和甲基纤维素;粉末状的黄蓍胶;麦芽;明胶;滑石;固体润滑剂,如硬脂酸和硬脂酸镁;硫酸钙;植物油,如花生油、棉籽油、芝麻油、橄榄油、玉米油和可可油;多元醇,如丙二醇、甘油、山梨糖醇、甘露醇和聚乙二醇;海藻酸;乳化剂,如TWEENS;润湿剂,如十二烷基硫酸钠;着色剂;矫味剂;压片剂;稳定剂;抗氧化剂;防腐剂;无热原水;等渗盐水;和磷酸盐缓冲溶液。
与主题化合物联合使用的药学上可接受的载体的选择基本上由化合物的给药方式决定。
优选以单位剂型提供本文所述的组合物。如本文所用,“单位剂型”是含有一定量的化合物的组合物,该组合物根据良好的医学实践适于以单一剂量向动物、优选哺乳动物个体给药。然而,单一剂型或单位剂型的制备并不意味着所述剂型每天给药一次或每疗程给药一次。预期此类剂型每天给药一次、两次、三次或更多次,并且可以在一段时间段内(例如,约30分钟至约2-6小时)作为输注给药,或作为连续输注给药,并且可以在疗程期间给药不止一次,尽管没有特别排除单次给药。技术人员将认识到,制剂没有特别考虑整个疗程,并且这些决定留给治疗领域的技术人员而不是制剂领域的技术人员。
如上所述的有用的组合物可以是用于各种给药途径的各种合适形式的任何一种,所述给药途径例如口服、鼻腔、直肠、局部(包括透皮)、眼、脑内、颅内、鞘内、动脉内、静脉内、肌内或其它肠胃外给药途径。技术人员将理解口服和鼻腔组合物包括通过吸入给药并使用可用的方法学制备的组合物。取决于所需的特定给药途径,可以使用本领域中熟知的各种药学上可接受的载体。药学上可接受的载体包括,例如,固体或液体填充剂、稀释剂、助溶剂、表面活性剂和包囊物质。可以包括任选的药学上活性的材料,其基本上不干扰化合物的活性。与化合物联合使用的载体的量足以为每单位剂量的化合物的给药提供实际量的材料。用于制备本文所述方法中的有用剂型的技术和组合物描述于以下参考文献中,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文:Modern Pharmaceutics,4th Ed.,Chapters 9 and 10(Banker&Rhodes,editors,2002);Lieberman et al.,Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms:Tablets(1989);and Ansel,Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms 8thEdition(2004)。
可以使用各种口服剂型,包括诸如片剂、胶囊、颗粒剂和散装粉末等固体形式。片剂可以是压制片、模印片、肠衣片、糖衣片、薄膜衣片或多重压制片,含有合适的粘合剂、润滑剂、稀释剂、崩解剂、着色剂、矫味剂、流动诱导剂和熔化剂。液体口服剂型包括水溶液、乳剂、悬浮液、由非泡腾颗粒重组的溶液和/或悬浮液以及由泡腾
口服颗粒重组的泡腾制剂,其含有合适的溶剂、防腐剂、乳化剂、助悬剂、稀释剂、甜味剂、熔化剂、着色剂和矫味剂。
适于制备用于口服给药的单位剂型的药学上可接受的载体是本领域熟知的。片剂通常包含常规的药学上相容的辅料作为惰性稀释剂,例如碳酸钙、碳酸钠、甘露醇、乳糖和纤维素;粘合剂,如淀粉、明胶和蔗糖;崩解剂,如淀粉、海藻酸和交联羧甲基纤维素;润滑剂,如硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸和滑石粉。诸如二氧化硅的助流剂可用于改善粉末混合物的流动特性。可以添加着色剂、例如FD&C染料以用于外观。甜味剂和矫味剂例如阿斯巴甜、糖精、薄荷醇、薄荷和水果调味剂是可咀嚼片剂的有用辅料。胶囊通常包含一种或多种上文公开的固体稀释剂。载体组分的选择取决于诸如味道、成本和贮存稳定性的次要考虑因素,这些考虑因素并不重要,并且可由本领域技术人员容易地实施。
组合物还包括液体溶液、乳剂、悬浮液等。适于制备此类组合物的药学上可接受的载体是本领域熟知的。用于糖浆、酏剂、乳剂和悬浮液的典型的载体组分包括乙醇、甘油、丙二醇、聚乙二醇、液体蔗糖、山梨糖醇和水。对于悬浮液,典型的助悬剂包括甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠、AVICEL RC-591、黄蓍胶和海藻酸钠;典型的润湿剂包括卵磷脂和聚山梨醇酯80;典型的防腐剂包括对羟基苯甲酸甲酯和苯甲酸钠。口服液体组合物还可含有一种或多种组分,例如上文公开的甜味剂、矫味剂和着色剂。
此类组合物还可以通过常规方法进行包衣,通常用pH依赖性包衣或时间依赖性包衣,使得主题化合物在胃肠道中在所需局部应用附近或在不同时间释放以延长所需作用。此类剂型通常包含但不限于邻苯二甲酸醋酸纤维素、聚醋酸乙烯邻苯二甲酸酯、邻苯二甲酸羟丙基甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、Eudragit包衣、蜡和虫胶中的一种或多种。
本文描述的组合物可任选地包含其它药物活性物质。
用于实现主题化合物的全身递送的其它组合物包括舌下、口腔和鼻腔剂型。此类组合物通常包含一种或多种可溶性填充剂物质,例如蔗糖、山梨糖醇和甘露醇;和粘合剂,如阿拉伯胶、微晶纤维素、羧甲基纤维素和羟丙基甲基纤维素。还可包括上文公开的助流剂、润滑剂、甜味剂、着色剂、抗氧化剂和矫味剂。
配制用于局部眼科用途的液体组合物被配制为使其可局部施用于眼睛。虽然有时制剂考虑(例如药物稳定性)可能需要比最佳舒适度低的舒适度,但是可以尽可能地最大化舒适性。在不能最大化舒适性的情况下,可以将液体配制为使得液体对需要局部眼用的患者是可耐受的。另外,眼科上可接受的液体可以包装为一次性使用,或含有防腐剂以防止多次使用时的污染。
对于眼科应用,通常使用生理盐水溶液作为主要媒介物来制备溶液或药物。眼用溶液可优选地用适当的缓冲体系保持在舒适的pH下。制剂还可含有常规的药学上可接受的防腐剂、稳定剂和表面活性剂。
可用于本文公开的药物组合物中的防腐剂包括但不限于苯扎氯铵、PHMB、氯丁醇、硫柳汞、醋酸苯基汞和硝酸苯汞。有用的表面活性剂例如是吐温80。同样,各种有用的媒介物可用于本文公开的眼用制剂中。这些媒介物包括但不限于聚乙烯醇、聚维酮、羟丙基甲基纤维素、泊洛沙姆、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素和纯净水。
可以根据需要或如果方便,添加张力调节剂。它们包括但不限于盐,特别是氯化钠、氯化钾、甘露醇和甘油,或任何其它合适的眼科上可接受的张力调节剂。
可以使用各种缓冲剂和用于调节pH的手段,只要所得制剂是眼科上可接受的即可。对于许多组合物,pH为4至9。因此,缓冲剂包括乙酸盐缓冲剂、柠檬酸盐缓冲剂、磷酸盐缓冲剂和硼酸盐缓冲剂。根据需要,可以使用酸或碱来调节这些制剂的pH。
眼科上可接受的抗氧化剂包括但不限于偏亚硫酸氢钠、硫代硫酸钠、乙酰半胱氨酸、丁基化羟基苯甲醚和丁基化羟基甲苯。
可以在眼用制剂中包含的其它赋形剂组分是螯合剂。有用的螯合剂是依地酸二钠,但也可以使用或与其结合使用其它螯合剂。
对于局部应用,使用含有本文公开的化合物的乳膏剂、软膏剂、凝胶、溶液或悬浮液等。局部制剂通常可以包含药物载体、共溶剂、乳化剂、渗透增强剂、防腐剂体系和润肤剂。
对于静脉内给药,本文所述的化合物和组合物可以溶解或分散在药学上可接受的稀释剂中,例如盐水或右旋糖溶液。可包含合适的赋形剂以达到所需的pH,包括但不限于NaOH、碳酸钠、乙酸钠、HCl和柠檬酸。在各种实施方案中,最终组合物的pH为2至8,或优选4至7。抗氧化剂赋形剂可包括亚硫酸氢钠、丙酮亚硫酸氢钠、甲醛钠、次硫酸盐、硫脲和EDTA。在最终的静脉内组合物中发现的合适赋形剂的其它非限制性实例可包括磷酸钠或磷酸钾、柠檬酸、酒石酸、明胶和碳水化合物如右旋糖、甘露醇和葡聚糖。另外的可接受的赋形剂描述于Powell,et al.,Compendium of Excipients for Parenteral Formulations,PDA JPharm Sci and Tech 1998,52238-311 和Nema et al.,Excipients and Their Role inApproved Injectable Products:Current Usage and Future Directions,PDA J PharmSci and Tech 2011,65 287-332,这两篇文献都通过引用整体并入本文。还可包括抗微生物剂以获得抑菌溶液或抑真菌溶液,包括但不限于硝酸苯汞、硫柳汞、苄索氯铵、苯扎氯铵、苯酚、甲酚和氯丁醇。
用于静脉内给药的组合物可以以一种或多种固体的形式提供给护理人员,所述固体在给药前不久用合适的稀释剂如无菌水、盐水或右旋糖水溶液重组。在其它实施方案中,组合物以准备肠胃外给药的溶液形式提供。在其它实施方案中,组合物以在给药前被进一步稀释的溶液形式提供。在包括施用本文所述化合物与另一种药剂的组合的实施方案中,所述组合可以作为混合物提供给护理人员,或者护理人员可以在给药前混合两种药剂,或者两种药剂可以分开给药。
本文所述的活性化合物的实际单位剂量取决于具体的化合物和待治疗的病况;适当剂量的选择完全在技术人员的知识范围内。在一些实施方案中,剂量可以为约0.25mg/kg至约120mg/kg体重或更高、约0.5mg/kg或更低至约70mg/kg、约1.0mg/kg至约50mg/kg体重或约1.5mg/kg至约10mg/kg体重。在一些实施方案中,剂量可小于100mg/kg、90mg/kg、80mg/kg、70mg/kg、60mg/kg、50mg/kg、40mg/kg、30mg/kg、25mg/kg、20mg/kg、10mg/kg、7.5mg/kg、5mg/kg、4mg/kg、2.5mg/kg或1mg/kg体重。因此,对于向70kg的人给药,剂量范围为约17mg至约8000mg、约35mg或更低至约7000mg或更高、约70mg至约6000mg、约100mg至约5000mg或约200mg至约3000mg。
治疗方法
一些实施方案涉及治疗与甲状腺激素受体β相关的疾病的方法,包括将有效量的本文所述化合物施用于有需要的个体。
在一些实施方案中,所述疾病选自肥胖症、高脂血症、高胆固醇血症和糖尿病、和NASH(非酒精性脂肪性肝炎)、动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病、甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺癌。
一些实施方案涉及激动甲状腺激素受体β的方法,包括使甲状腺激素受体β与有效量的本文所述化合物接触。
一些实施方案涉及降低胆固醇水平的方法,包括将有效量的本文所述化合物施用于有需要的个体。
一些实施方案涉及降低甘油三酯水平的方法,包括将有效量的本文所述化合物施用于有需要的个体。
在一些实施方案中,本文描述的方法可包括另外的治疗剂。
在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体中的总T4水平在给药后具有小于50%、20%、10%、5%、1%或0.5%的变化。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体中的游离T4水平在给药后具有小于50%、20%、10%、5%、1%或0.5%的变化。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,在给药后个体中的游离T4水平具有的变化为约0.5%-5%、0.5%-10%、0.5%-20%、0.5%-30%、0.5%-40%、0.5%-50%、0.5%-60%、0.5%-70%、0.5%-80%、1%-5%、1%-8%、1%-10%、1%-15%、1%-20%、1%-30%、1%-40%、1%-50%、1%-60%、2%-4%、2%-5%、2%-8%、2%-10%、2%-15%、2%-20%、2%-30%、2%-40%、2%-50%、2%-60%、3%-4%、3%-5%、3%-8%、3%-10%、3%-15%、3%-20%、3%-30%、3%-40%、3%-50%、4%-5%、4%-8%、4%-10%、4%-15%、4%-20%、4%-30%、4%-40%、4%-50%、5%-8%、5%-10%、5%-15%、5%-20%、5%-30%、5%-40%、5%-50%、5%-60%、4%-8%、10%-15%、10%-20%、10%-30%、10%-40%、10%-50%、10%-60%、15%-20%、15%-30%、15%-40%、15%-50%、15%-60%、20%-30%、20%-40%、20%-50%或20%-60%。
在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体中的总T3水平在给药后具有小于50%、20%、10%、5%、1%或0.5%的变化。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体中的游离T3水平在给药后具有小于50%、20%、10%、5%、1%或0.5%的变化。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,在给药后个体中的游离T3水平具有的变化为约0.5%-5%、0.5%-10%、0.5%-20%、0.5%-30%、0.5%-40%、0.5%-50%、0.5%-60%、0.5%-70%、0.5%-80%、1%-5%、1%-8%、1%-10%、1%-15%、1%-20%、1%-30%、1%-40%、1%-50%、1%-60%、2%-4%、2%-5%、2%-8%、2%-10%、2%-15%、2%-20%、2%-30%、2%-40%、2%-50%、2%-60%、3%-4%、3%-5%、3%-8%、3%-10%、3%-15%、3%-20%、3%-30%、3%-40%、3%-50%、4%-5%、4%-8%、4%-10%、4%-15%、4%-20%、4%-30%、4%-40%、4%-50%、5%-8%、5%-10%、5%-15%、5%-20%、5%-30%、5%-40%、5%-50%、5%-60%、4%-8%、10%-15%、10%-20%、10%-30%、10%-40%、10%-50%、10%-60%、15%-20%、15%-30%、15%-40%、15%-50%、15%-60%、20%-30%、20%-40%、20%-50%或20%-60%。
在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体中的促甲状腺激素(THS)水平在给药后具有小于50%、20%、10%、5%、1%或0.5%的变化。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,在给药后个体中的THS水平具有的变化为约0.5%-5%、0.5%-10%、0.5%-20%、0.5%-30%、0.5%-40%、0.5%-50%、0.5%-60%、0.5%-70%、0.5%-80%、1%-5%、1%-8%、1%-10%、1%-15%、1%-20%、1%-30%、1%-40%、1%-50%、1%-60%、2%-4%、2%-5%、2%-8%、2%-10%、2%-15%、2%-20%、2%-30%、2%-40%、2%-50%、2%-60%、3%-4%、3%-5%、3%-8%、3%-10%、3%-15%、3%-20%、3%-30%、3%-40%、3%-50%、4%-5%、4%-8%、4%-10%、4%-15%、4%-20%、4%-30%、4%-40%、4%-50%、5%-8%、5%-10%、5%-15%、5%-20%、5%-30%、5%-40%、5%-50%、5%-60%、4%-8%、10%-15%、10%-20%、10%-30%、10%-40%、10%-50%、10%-60%、15%-20%、15%-30%、15%-40%、15%-50%、15%-60%、20%-30%、20%-40%、20%-50%或20%-60%。
还提供了降低有需要的个体的肝脏中的脂肪含量或者预防或治疗有需要的个体的脂肪变性、NASH或NAFLD的方法,该方法包括向所述个体施用有效量的本文所述化合物。
一些实施方案涉及用于调节胆固醇水平,用于治疗肥胖症、高胆固醇血症、高脂血症、高甘油三酯血症和其它代谢疾病的方法。在一些实施方案中,代谢疾病是肥胖症、NASH、高胆固醇血症或高脂血症。一些实施方案涉及用于治疗糖耐量降低、胰岛素抵抗、动脉硬化、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病、心力衰竭或糖尿病的方法。一些实施方案涉及甲状腺受体配体的肝特异性递送和这些化合物用于预防和治疗肝脏中响应于T3-应答基因调节的疾病的用途。一些实施方案涉及甲状腺功能减退症的治疗。本文描述的用于治疗各种所列疾病的方法可以使用本文所述的化合物实现,而不影响甲状腺功能、循环碘化甲状腺原氨酸(例如T3和T4)的甲状腺产生,和/或T3与T4的比率。
在一个实施方案中,本文所述的化合物可具有用于本文公开的用途的高治疗指数。本文公开的所述用途的实例包括但不限于降低脂质水平,增加HDL与LDL或apoAI与LDL的比率,减轻体重或预防体重增加,维持或改善血糖控制,降低血糖水平,增加线粒体生物发生,增加PGC-1、AMP活化蛋白激酶或核呼吸因子的表达,抑制肝糖原异生或用于治疗或预防选自如下的疾病或病症:动脉粥样硬化、高胆固醇血症、肥胖症、NASH、NAFLD、胰岛素抵抗、糖尿病、代谢综合征X、糖耐量降低、高脂血症、冠心病、甲状腺疾病、甲状腺癌、抑郁症、青光眼、心律失常、心力衰竭和骨质疏松症。其中性质或功能是心脏性质/功能的实例包括但不限于心脏肥大(心脏重量与体重比),心率和各种血液动力学参数,包括收缩和舒张动脉压、收缩末期左心室压力和最大的收缩和舒张速度。
当用于本文所述的治疗方法时,化合物I可具有比化合物MB07811高的治疗指数(TI)。在一些实施方案中,化合物I可具有的TI比化合物MB07811大至少约2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、150、200倍。在一些实施方案中,化合物I可以具有的TI比化合物MB07811大约2-200、2-100、2-50、2-25、2-10、5-200、5-100、5-50、5-10、10-200、10-100、10-50、10-25、20-100、20-50或50-100倍。
在一些实施方案中,本文所述的化合物具有小于约1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12、14、16、18、20或25小时的血浆半衰期。在一些实施方案中,本文所述的化合物具有大于约1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、12、14、16、18、20或25小时的血浆半衰期。在一些实施方案中,本文所述的化合物具有的血浆半衰期为约1-25、1-20、1-18、1-15、1-10、1-8、1-6、1-4、1-2、2-20、2-15、2-10、2-8、2-6、2-4、3-20、3-15、3-10、3-9、3-6、3-5、4-20、4-18、4-15、4-10、4-8、4-6、5-20、5-15、5-10、5-8、5-6、6-20、6-15、6-10、6-8、8-20、8-15、8-10、10-20、10-15、12-20、12-15或15-20小时。
在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体的LDL水平在给药后降低至少10%或20%。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体的LDL水平在给药后降低至少约2%、5%、10%、15%、18%、20%、25%、28%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、70%、80%、90%或95%。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体的LDL水平在给药后降低约2%-90%、5%-10%、5%-20%、5%-30%、5%-40%、5%-50%、5%-60%、5%-70%、5%-80%、5%-90%、10%-20%、10%-30%、10%-40%、10%-50%、10%-60%、10%-70%、10%-80%、10%-90%、20%-30%、20%-40%、20%-50%、20%-60%、20%-70%、20%-80%、20%-90%、30%-40%、30%-50%、30%-60%、30%-70%、30%-80%、30%-90%、40%-50%、40%-60%、40%-70%、40%-80%、40%-90%、50%-60%、50%-70%、50%-80%、50%-90%、60%-70%、60%-80%、60%-90%。
在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体的甘油三酯水平在给药后降低至少10%或20%。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体的甘油三酯水平在给药后降低至少约2%、5%、10%、15%、18%、20%、25%、28%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、70%、80%、90%或95%。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,个体的甘油三酯水平在给药后降低约2%-90%、5%-10%、5%-20%、5%-30%、5%-40%、5%-50%、5%-60%、5%-70%、5%-80%、5%-90%、10%-20%、10%-30%、10%-40%、10%-50%、10%-60%、10%-70%、10%-80%、10%-90%、20%-30%、20%-40%、20%-50%、20%-60%、20%-70%、20%-80%、20%-90%、30%-40%、30%-50%、30%-60%、30%-70%、30%-80%、30%-90%、40%-50%、40%-60%、40%-70%、40%-80%、40%-90%、50%-60%、50%-70%、50%-80%、50%-90%、60%-70%、60%-80%、60%-90%。
在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,HDL和LDL的比例在给药后可以增加至少约2%、5%、10%、15%、18%、20%、25%、28%、30%、35%、40%、45%、50%、55%、60%、70%、80%、90%或95%。在一些实施方案中,与给药前水平相比,HDL和LDL的比例在给药后可以增加约2%-90%、5%-10%、5%-20%、5%-30%、5%-40%、5%-50%、5%-60%、5%-70%、5%-80%、5%-90%、10%-20%、10%-30%、10%-40%、10%-50%、10%-60%、10%-70%、10%-80%、10%-90%、20%-30%、20%-40%、20%-50%、20%-60%、20%-70%、20%-80%、20%-90%、30%-40%、30%-50%、30%-60%、30%-70%、30%-80%、30%-90%、40%-50%、40%-60%、40%-70%、40%-80%、40%-90%、50%-60%、50%-70%、50%-80%、50%-90%、60%-70%、60%-80%、60%-90%。
在一些实施方案中,所述化合物可以肠胃外给药。在一些实施方案中,所述化合物可以口服给药。在一些实施方案中,所述化合物可以静脉内或肌内给药。
在一些实施方案中,个体是人。在一些实施方案中,个体是哺乳动物。
另外的实施方案包括将化合物的组合施用于有需要的个体。组合可包括本文所述的化合物、组合物、药物组合物和另外的药物。
一些实施方案包括与另外的药物共同施用本文所述的化合物、组合物和/或药物组合物。“共同施用”是指可以在患者的血流中同时发现两种或更多种药剂,而不管它们实际上是何时或如何施用的。在一个实施方案中,所述药剂同时施用。在一个这样的实施方案中,通过将药剂组合在单一剂型中来实现联合给药。在另一个实施方案中,依序施用药剂。在一个实施方案中,药剂通过相同途径(例如口服)给药。在另一个实施方案中,所述药剂通过不同途径给药,例如一种口服给药而另一种静脉内给药。
此外,本文所述的化合物可以与用于降低血清胆固醇的其它药剂联合施用,所述药剂例如胆固醇生物合成抑制剂或胆固醇吸收抑制剂,尤其是HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂或HMG-CoA合酶抑制剂、或HMG-CoA还原酶或合酶基因表达抑制剂,胆固醇酯转移蛋白(CETP)抑制剂(如托彻普(torcetrapib)),胆汁酸螯合剂(如消胆胺(考来烯胺)、考来维仑(colesevelam)和考来替泊(colestipol)),或胆汁酸再吸收抑制剂(参见,例如,美国专利号6,245,744、美国专利号6,221,897、美国专利号6,277,831、EP0683 773、EP 0683 774,所有这些均通过引用并入本文),如所述的胆固醇吸收抑制剂(例如,依泽替米贝、替奎安、帕马苷,或参见例如WO 0250027,其通过引用并入本文),PPARα激动剂,混合的PPARα/γ激动剂,例如AZ 242(替格列扎(Tesaglitazar),(S)-3-(4-[2-(4-甲磺酰氧基苯基)乙氧基]苯基)-2-乙氧基丙酸),BMS 298585(N-[(4-甲氧基苯氧基)羰基]-N-[[4-[2-(5-甲基-2-苯基-4-噁唑基)乙氧基]苯基]甲基]甘氨酸)或如WO 99/62872、WO99/62871、WO 01/40171、WO 01/40169、WO96/38428、WO 01/81327、WO 01/21602、WO 03/020269、WO 00/64888或WO 00/64876中所述,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文;MTP抑制剂,例如,英普他派(implitapide),贝特类,ACAT抑制剂(例如阿伐麦布(avasimibe)),血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂,角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂,角鲨烯环氧酶抑制剂,角鲨烯环化酶抑制剂,联合的角鲨烯环氧酶/角鲨烯环化酶抑制剂,脂蛋白脂肪酶抑制剂,ATP柠檬酸裂解酶抑制剂,脂蛋白(a)拮抗剂,抗氧化剂或烟酸(例如缓释烟酸)。本文所述的化合物还可以与天然存在的用于降低血浆胆固醇水平的化合物联合给药。这种天然存在的化合物通常称为营养保健品,并包括例如大蒜提取物和烟酸。
在一个方面,HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂来自于通常称为他汀类的一类治疗剂。可以使用的HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂的实例包括但不限于洛伐他汀(美降脂(MEVACOR);参见美国专利号4,231,938;4,294,926;4,319,039)、辛伐他汀(舒降之(ZOCOR);参见美国专利号4,444,784;4,450,171,4,820,850;4,916,239,所有这些均通过引用并入本文)、普伐他汀(普拉固(PRAVACHOL);参见美国专利号4,346,227;4,537,859;4,410,629;5,030,447和5,180,589,所有这些均通过引用并入本文)、普伐他汀的内酯(参见美国专利号4,448,979,其通过引用并入本文)、氟伐他汀(来适可(LESCOL);参见美国专利号5,354,772;4,911,165;4,739,073;4,929,437;5,189,164;5,118,853;5,290,946;5,356,896,所有这些均通过引用并入本文),氟伐他汀的内酯、阿托伐他汀(立普妥(LIPITOR);参见美国专利号5,273,995;4,681,893;5,489,691;5,342,952,所有这些均通过引用并入本文)、阿托伐他汀的内酯、西立伐他汀(也称为利伐他汀和拜斯亭(BAYCHOL);参见美国专利号5,177,080和欧洲申请号EP-491226A)、西立伐他汀的内酯、瑞舒伐他汀(可定(Crestor);参见美国专利号5,260,440和RE37314,以及欧洲专利号EP521471,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文)、瑞舒伐他汀的内酯、伊伐他汀、尼伐他汀、维沙他汀(visastatin)、阿他伐他汀(atavastatin)、贝伐他汀、康帕丁(compactin)、二氢康帕丁(dihydrocompactin)、达伐他汀、氟多他汀(fluindostatin)、匹伐他汀(pitivastatin)、美伐他汀(参见美国专利号3,983,140,其通过引用并入本文)和维洛他汀(velostatin)(也称为辛维诺林(synvinolin))。HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂的其它实例描述于美国专利号5,217,992;5,196,440;5,189,180;5,166,364;5,157,134;5,110,940;5,106,992;5,099,035;5,081,136;5,049,696;5,049,577;5,025,017;5,011,947;5,010,105;4,970,221;4,940,800;4,866,058;4,686,237;4,647,576;欧洲申请号0142146A2和0221025A1;以及PCT申请号WO 86/03488和WO86/07054,所有文献均通过引用并入本文。还包括上述的药学上可接受形式。所有上述文献均通过引用并入本文。
合适的胆汁酸螯合剂的非限制性实例包括考来烯胺(含有能够结合胆汁酸的季铵阳离子基团的苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物,例如可购自Bristol-Myers Squibb的QUESTRAN或QUESTRAN LIGHT消胆胺)、考来替泊(二乙烯三胺和1-氯-2,3-环氧丙烷的共聚物,例如可购自Pharmacia的COLESTID片剂)、盐酸考来维仑(例如WelChol片剂,与表氯醇交联并用1-溴癸烷和(6-溴己基)-三甲基溴化铵烷基化的(聚(烯丙胺盐酸盐))),可购自Sankyo)、水溶性衍生物如3,3-ioene、N-(环烷基)烷基胺和聚氨葡糖(poliglusam)、不溶的季铵化聚苯乙烯、皂苷及其混合物。其它有用的胆汁酸螯合剂公开于PCT专利申请号WO 97/11345和WO98/57652,以及美国专利号3,692,895和5,703,188,在此通过引用并入本文。合适的无机胆固醇螯合剂包括水杨酸铋加蒙脱石粘土、氢氧化铝和碳酸钙抗酸剂。
在上文的描述中,贝特类碱化合物是用于抑制肝脏中甘油三酯的合成和分泌并活化脂蛋白脂肪酶从而降低血液中甘油三酯水平的药物。实例包括苯扎贝特、贝罗贝特、比尼贝特、环丙贝特、克利贝特、氯贝特、氯贝酸、依托贝特(ethofibrate)、非诺贝特、吉非贝齐、尼可贝特、吡贝特、罗尼贝特、双贝特(simfibrate)和氯贝茶碱(theofibrate)。这种ACAT抑制剂包括,例如:WO 92/09561中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物[优选FR-129169,其化学名称为N-(1,2-二苯基乙基)-2-(2)-辛氧基苯基)乙酰胺];在日本专利公开(Kohyo)Hei 8-510256(WO 94/26702,美国专利号5,491,172)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选CI-1011,其化学名为2,6-二异丙基苯基-N-[(2,4,6-三异丙基苯基)乙酰基]氨基磺酸酯,和本文所述的CI-1011,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药;EP 421-441(美国专利号5,120,738)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药(优选F-1394,其化学名称为(1S,2S)-2-[3-(2,2-二甲基-丙基)-3-壬基脲基]环己烷-1-基3-[(4R)-N-(2,2,5,5-四甲基-1),-3-二噁烷-4-羰基)氨基]丙酸酯,和F-1394,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药的};日本专利公开(Kohyo)2000-500771(WO 97/19918,美国专利号5,990,173,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文)中公开的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药的{优选F-12511,其化学名称为(S)-2',3',5'-三甲基-4'-羟基-α-十二烷基硫代-α-苯基乙酰苯胺,和F-12511,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或其前药};在日本专利公开(Kokai)Hei10-195037(EP 790240,美国专利号5,849,732,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药[优选T-2591,其化学名称为1-(3-叔丁基-2-羟基-5-甲氧基苯基)-3-(2-环己基乙基)-3-(4-二乙基氨基苯基))脲,和T-2591,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药];WO 96/26948中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药[优选FCE-28654,其化学名称为1-(2,6-二异丙基苯基))-3-[(4R,5R)-4,5-二甲基-2-(4-膦酰基苯基)-1,3-二氧戊环-2-基甲基]脲,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药};WO 98/54153(EP 987254)的说明书中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物或其药理学上可接受的盐,该专利文献通过引用并入本文{优选K-10085,其化学名称为N-[2,4-双(甲硫基)-6-甲基-3-吡啶基]-2-[4-[2-(噁唑并[4,5-b]吡啶-2-基硫基)乙基]哌嗪-1-基]乙酰胺,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或其前药};WO 92/09572(EP 559898,美国专利号5,475,130,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物[优选HL-004,其化学名称为N-(2,6-二异丙基)-2-十四烷基硫代乙酰胺]。在日本专利公开(Kokai)Hei 7-82232(EP 718281,其通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选NTE-122,其化学名称为反式-1,4-双[1-环己基-3-(4-二甲基氨基苯基)脲基-甲基]环己烷,和NTE-122,包括NTE-122的药理学上可接受的盐};在日本专利公开(Kohyo)Hei10-510512(WO 96/10559,其通过引用并入本文)中公开的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选FR-186054,其化学名称为1-苄基-1-[3-(吡唑-3-基)苄基]-3-[2,4-双(甲硫基)-6-甲基吡啶-3-基]脲,和FR-186054,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或其前药};WO 96/09287(EP 0782986,美国专利号5,990,150,所有文献均通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药[优选N-(1-戊基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基-丙酰胺,并包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药];以及在WO 97/12860、EP 0866059、美国专利号6,063,806中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或其前药,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文)[优选N-(1-辛基-5-羧甲基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共-晶、酯或其前药]。ACAT抑制剂优选为选自如下的化合物:FR-129169、CI-1011、F-1394、F-12511、T-2591、FCE-28654、K-10085、HL-004、NTE-122、FR-186054、N-(1-辛基-5-羧甲基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺(下文称为化合物A)和N-(1-戊基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺(下文称为化合物B),包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药。ACAT抑制剂更优选为选自CI-1011、F-12511、N-(1-辛基-5-羧甲基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺(化合物A)和N-(1-戊基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺(化合物B)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药;最优选的是N-(1-辛基-5-羧甲基-4,6-二甲基二氢吲哚-7-基)-2,2-二甲基丙酰胺(化合物A)。
血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂包括,例如,联苯基四唑化合物或联苯羧酸衍生物,例如:在日本专利公开(Kokai)Sho 63-23868(美国专利号5,138,069)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选洛沙坦,其化学名称为2-丁基-4-氯-1-[2'-(1H-四唑-5-基)联苯-4-yl基甲基]-1H-咪唑-5-甲醇,和氯沙坦,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药};在日本专利公开(Kohyo)Hei 4-506222(WO 91/14679,其通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选厄贝沙坦,其化学名称为2-正丁基-4-螺环戊烷-1-[2'-(1H-四唑-5-基)联苯-4-基甲基]-2-咪唑啉-5-酮和厄贝沙坦,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药};在日本专利公开(Kokai)Hei 4-235149(EP 433983,其通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物、其酯,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药,{优选缬沙坦,其化学名称为(S)-N-戊酰基-N-[2'-(1H-四唑-5-基)联苯-4-基甲基]缬氨酸,和缬沙坦,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或其前药};在日本专利公开(Kokai)Hei 4-364171(美国专利号5,196,444)中公开的具有通式(I)的羧酸衍生物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选坎地沙坦,其化学名称为1-(环己氧基羰基氧基)乙基2-乙氧基-1-[2'-(1H-四唑-5-基)联苯-4-基甲基]-1H-苯并咪唑-7-甲酸酯,和坎地沙坦,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药(TCV-116等),包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药};在日本专利公开(Kokai)Hei 5-78328(美国专利号5,616,599,其通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的羧酸衍生物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选奥美沙坦,其化学名称为(5-甲基-2-氧代-1,3-二氧杂环戊烯-4-基)甲基4-(1-羟基-1-甲基乙基)-2-丙基-1-[2'-(1H-四唑-5-基)联苯-4-基甲基]咪唑-5-甲酸酯,和奥美沙坦包括其羧酸衍生物、羧酸衍生物的药理学上可接受的酯(CS-866等),包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或其前药};以及在日本专利公开(Kokai)Hei 4-346978(美国专利号5,591,762、EP 502,314,其通过引用并入本文)中公开的具有通式(I)的化合物,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药{优选替米沙坦,其化学名称为4'-[[2-正丙基-4-甲基-6-(1-甲基苯并咪唑-2-基)-苯并咪唑-1-基]-甲基]联苯-2-甲酸酯,包括其药理学上可接受的盐/共晶、酯或前药}。血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂优选为洛沙坦、厄贝沙坦、缬沙坦、坎地沙坦、奥美沙坦或替米沙坦;更优选洛沙坦或奥美沙坦;最优选奥美沙坦。
除了可用于治疗或预防某些疾病和病症外,与本文所述化合物的联合治疗可用于减少第二种药物或药剂(例如阿托伐他汀)的剂量。
此外,本文描述的化合物可以与载脂蛋白B分泌抑制剂和/或微粒体甘油三酯转运蛋白(MTP)抑制剂联合使用。一些载脂蛋白B分泌抑制剂和/或MTP抑制剂公开于美国专利号5,919,795中,其通过引用并入本文。
任何HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂可以在本文所述的联合治疗方面用作另外的化合物。术语HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂是指抑制被酶HMG-CoA还原酶催化的羟甲基戊二酰-辅酶A向甲羟戊酸的生物转化的化合物。本领域技术人员可根据标准测定法(例如,Methods ofEnzymology,71:455-509(1981);和其中引用的文献,其通过引用并入本文)容易地确定这种抑制。下文描述并引用了各种这些化合物。美国专利号4,231,938(其通过引用并入本文)公开了在培养属于曲霉属的微生物后分离的某些化合物,如洛伐他汀。还有美国专利号4,444,784公开了上述化合物的合成衍生物,例如辛伐他汀。另外,美国专利号4,739,073公开了某些取代的吲哚,例如氟伐他汀,其通过引用并入本文。此外,美国专利号4,346,227公开了ML-236B衍生物,例如普伐他汀,其通过引用并入本文。此外,EP 491,226教导了某些吡啶基二羟基庚烯酸,例如利伐他汀。另外,美国专利号4,647,576公开了某些6-[2-(取代的-吡咯-1-基)-烷基]-吡喃-2-酮,例如阿托伐他汀,其通过引用并入本文。其它HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂是本领域技术人员已知的。目前或以前上市的含有HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂的产品的实例包括西立伐他汀Na、瑞舒伐他汀Ca、氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、洛伐他汀、普伐他汀Na和辛伐他汀。
任何HMG-CoA合酶抑制剂可以在联合治疗中用作另外的化合物。术语HMG-CoA合酶抑制剂是指抑制被酶HMG-CoA合酶催化的由乙酰辅酶A和乙酰乙酰辅酶A生物合成羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A的化合物。本领域技术人员可根据标准测定法(例如,Methods of Enzymology35:155-160(1975);和Methods of Enzymology,110:19-26(1985);和其中引用的参考文献)容易地确定这种抑制。下面描述并引用了各种这些化合物。美国专利号5,120,729公开了某些β-内酰胺衍生物。美国专利号5,064,856公开了通过培养微生物MF5253制备的某些螺内酯衍生物。美国专利号4,847,271公开了某些氧杂环丁烷化合物,例如11-(3-羟甲基-4-氧代-2-氧杂环丁烷基)-3,5,7-三甲基-2,4-十一碳二烯酸衍生物,所有这些文献均通过引用并入本文。本领域技术人员已知的其它HMG-CoA合酶抑制剂也可用于本文所述的方法、组合物和试剂盒中。
任何的降低HMG-CoA还原酶基因表达的化合物可以在本文所述的联合治疗中用作另外的化合物。这些试剂可以是阻断DNA转录的HMG-CoA还原酶转录抑制剂或阻止编码HMG-CoA还原酶的mRNA翻译成蛋白质的翻译抑制剂。这些抑制剂可以直接影响转录或翻译,或者可以通过胆固醇生物合成级联中的一种或多种酶被生物转化为具有上述属性的化合物,或者可以导致具有上述活性的异戊二烯代谢物的蓄积。本领域技术人员根据标准测定法(Methods of Enzymology,110:9-19(1985))容易地确定这种调节。下面描述并引用了几种这样的化合物;然而,其它的HMG-CoA还原酶基因表达抑制剂对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的,例如,美国专利号5,041,432(其通过引用并入本文)公开了某些15-取代的羊毛甾醇衍生物,其是HMG-CoA还原酶基因表达抑制剂。E.I.Mercer(Prog.Lip.Res.,32:357-416(1993)讨论了抑制HMG-CoA还原酶的生物合成的其它氧化甾醇,其通过引用并入本文。
任何的具有作为CETP抑制剂的活性的化合物可以用作联合治疗方面中的第二化合物。术语CETP抑制剂是指抑制胆固醇酯转移蛋白(CETP)介导的各种胆固醇酯和甘油三酯从HDL转运至LDL和VLDL的化合物。下面描述并引用了各种这些化合物;然而,其它CETP抑制剂对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的。美国专利号5,512,548公开了某些具有CETP抑制剂的活性的多肽衍生物,而某些CETP-抑制性玫瑰菌素衍生物和胆固醇酯的含磷酸酯的类似物分别公开于J.Antibiot.,49(8):815-816(1996),and Bioorg.Med.Chem.Lett.,6:1951-1954(1996),其通过引用并入本文。
任何ACAT抑制剂都可以用作联合治疗中的另外的化合物。术语ACAT抑制剂是指通过酶酰基辅酶A:胆固醇酰基转移酶来抑制膳食胆固醇的细胞内酯化的化合物。本领域技术人员可以根据标准测定法容易地确定这种抑制,例如Heider等人在Journal of LipidResearch,24:1127(1983)中描述的方法。下面描述并引用各种这些化合物;然而,其它ACAT抑制剂对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的。美国专利号5,510,379公开了某些羧基磺酸酯/盐,而WO 96/26948和WO 96/10559都公开了具有ACAT抑制活性的脲衍生物,其通过引用并入本文。
任何的具有作为角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂的活性的化合物可以在联合治疗中用作另外的化合物。术语角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂是指抑制两分子的法尼基焦磷酸酯缩合形成角鲨烯的化合物,反应被酶角鲨烯合成酶催化。本领域技术人员根据标准方法学(Methods ofEnzymology 15:393-454(1969);和Methods of Enzymology 110:359-373(1985);及其中引用的参考文献,其通过引用并入本文)容易地确定这种抑制。角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂的概述遵从Curr.Op.Ther Patents,861-4,(1993)。EP 0 567 026 A1公开了某些4,1-苯并噁氮杂卓衍生物作为角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂及其在治疗高胆固醇血症和作为杀真菌剂的用途。EP 0645 378 A1公开了某些七元或八元杂环作为角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂及其在治疗和预防高胆固醇血症和真菌感染中的用途。EP 0 645 377 A1公开了某些苯并噁氮杂卓衍生物作为角鲨烯合成酶抑制剂,其可用于治疗高胆固醇血症或冠状动脉硬化。EP 0 611 749 A1公开了某些可用于治疗动脉硬化的取代的酰胺酸衍生物。EP 0 705 607 A2公开了某些可用作抗高甘油三酯血症药剂的缩合的七元或八元杂环化合物。WO 96/09827公开了胆固醇吸收抑制剂和胆固醇生物合成抑制剂的某些组合,包括苯并噁氮杂卓衍生物和苯并噻氮杂卓衍生物。EP 0 701 725 A1公开了制备某些光学活性化合物的方法,所述光学活性化合物包括苯并噁氮杂卓衍生物,其具有降低血浆胆固醇和甘油三酯的活性。所有引用的文献都通过引用并入本文中。
目前或先前上市的用于包括高胆固醇血症在内的高脂血症并旨在帮助预防或治疗动脉粥样硬化的其它化合物包括胆汁酸螯合剂,例如盐酸考来替泊和消胆胺;和纤维酸衍生物,例如氯贝特、非诺贝特和吉非贝齐。这些化合物也可以与本文所述的化合物联合使用。
还预期本文所述的化合物可与脂肪酶抑制剂和/或葡糖苷酶抑制剂一起给药,其通常用于治疗因存在过量的甘油三酯、游离脂肪酸、胆固醇、胆固醇酯或葡萄糖而引起的病况,尤其包括肥胖症、高脂血症、高脂蛋白血症、X综合征等。
在与本文所述化合物的组合中,可以使用任何的脂肪酶抑制剂或葡糖苷酶抑制剂。一方面,脂肪酶抑制剂包括胃或胰脂肪酶抑制剂。在另一方面,葡糖苷酶抑制剂包括淀粉酶抑制剂。葡糖苷酶抑制剂的实例是选自阿卡波糖、脂解素、伏格列波糖、米格列醇、乙格列酯、卡格列波糖、tendamistate、萃他丁、普那米星-Q(pradimicin-Q)和salbostatin的那些抑制剂。淀粉酶抑制剂的实例包括美国专利号4,451,455中公开的淀粉酶抑肽和与其相关的各种环肽,美国专利号4,623,714中公开的AI-3688和与其相关的各种环状多肽,以及美国专利号4,273,765中公开的萃他丁(trestatin),其由萃他丁A、萃他丁B和萃他丁C的混合物组成和与其相关的各种含有海藻糖的氨基糖,所有这些文献都通过引用并入本文。
脂肪酶抑制剂是抑制膳食甘油三酯代谢裂解成游离脂肪酸和甘油单酯的化合物。在正常生理条件下,脂解作用通过两步过程发生,该过程涉及脂肪酶的活化的丝氨酸部分的酰化。这导致产生脂肪酸-脂肪酶半缩醛中间体,其然后被裂解以释放甘油二酯。在进一步脱酰化后,脂肪酶-脂肪酸中间体被裂解,产生游离脂肪酶、甘油单酯和脂肪酸。得到的游离脂肪酸和甘油单酯被并入胆汁酸磷脂胶束中,随后在小肠的刷状缘水平处吸收。胶束最终以乳糜微粒的形式进入外周循环。因此,包括选择性限制或抑制所摄入的脂肪前体吸收的脂肪酶抑制剂的化合物可用于治疗包括肥胖症、高脂血症、高脂蛋白血症、X综合征等在内的病况。
胰脂肪酶在1-碳和3-碳位置介导来自甘油三酯的脂肪酸的代谢裂解。所摄入的脂肪的主要代谢部位是被胰脂肪酶在十二指肠和近端空肠中,胰脂肪酶通常被分泌的量远远超过在上部小肠中为分解脂肪所需的量。因为胰脂肪酶是吸收膳食甘油三酯所需的初级酶,所以抑制剂在治疗肥胖症和其它相关病况中具有功效。
胃脂肪酶是免疫学上独特的脂肪酶,其负责约10%至40%的膳食脂肪的消化。响应于机械刺激、摄取食物、存在脂肪餐或通过交感神经剂而分泌胃脂肪酶。所摄入的脂肪的胃脂肪分解在提供为引发肠中的胰脂肪酶活性所必需的脂肪酸方面具有生理学重要性,并且对于在与胰腺功能不全相关的各种生理和病理状态中的脂肪吸收也具有重要性。参见,例如,C.K Abrams,et al.,Gastroenterology 92:125(1987),其通过引用并入本文。
多种脂肪酶抑制剂是本领域普通技术人员已知的。在一些实施方案中,脂肪酶抑制剂是那些选自利普斯他汀、四氢利普斯他汀(奥利司他)、FL-386、WAY-121898、Bay-N-3176、缬氨内酯、抑酯酶素、厄比内酯A(ebelactone A)、厄比内酯B(ebelactone B)和RHC80267的抑制剂。
胰脂肪酶抑制剂—利普斯他汀,2S,3S,SS,7Z,1OZ)-5-[(S)-2-甲酰氨基-4-甲基-戊酰氧基]-2-己基-3-羟基-7,1(t-十六烷酸内酯和四氢利普斯他汀(奥利司他),2S,3S,55)-5-[(S)-2-甲酰氨基-4-甲基-戊酰氧基]-2-己基-3-羟基-十六烷酸内酯,以及各种取代的N-甲酰基亮氨酸衍生物及其立体异构体公开于美国专利号4,598,089中,其通过引用并入本文。
胰脂肪酶抑制剂—FL-386,1-[4-(2-甲基丙基)环己基]-2-[(苯基磺酰基)氧基]-乙酮以及与其相关的各种取代的磺酸酯衍生物公开于美国专利号4,452,813,其通过引用并入本文。
胰脂肪酶抑制剂—WAY-121898,4-苯氧基苯基-4-甲基哌啶-1-基-甲酸酯以及与其相关的各种氨基甲酸酯和药学上可接受的盐公开于美国专利号5,512,565;5,391,571和5,602,151中,所有这些文献都通过引用并入本文。
脂肪酶抑制剂—Bay-N-3176,N-3-三氟甲基苯基-N'-3-氯-4-三氟甲基苯基脲和与其相关的各种脲衍生物65公开在美国专利号4,405,644,其通过引用并入本文。
胰脂肪酶抑制剂—缬氨内酯及其通过放线菌菌株MG147CF2的微生物培养的制备方法公开在Kitahara,et al.,J.Antibiotics,40(11):1647-50(1987)中,其通过引用并入本文。
脂肪酶抑制剂—esteracin及其某些通过链霉菌属菌株ATCC 31336的微生物培养的制备方法公开于美国专利号4,189,438和4,242,453中,其通过引用并入本文。
胰脂肪酶抑制剂—厄比内酯A和厄比内酯B以及它们的通过放线菌菌株MG7-G1的微生物培养的制备方法公开在Umezawa,et al.,J.Antibiotics,33,1594-1596(1980)。厄比内酯A和B在抑制甘油单酯形成中的用途公开于1996年6月4日公开的日本Kokai 08-143457,其通过引用并入本文。
脂酶酶抑制剂—RHC 80267,环-O,O'-[(1,6-己二基)-双-(亚氨基羰基)]二肟和与其相关的各种双(亚氨基羰基)二肟可按照Petersen et al.,Liebig's Annalen,562:205-29(1949)所述的制备,其通过引用并入本文。
RHC 80267抑制心肌脂蛋白脂肪酶活性的能力公开在Carroll et al.,Lipids,27305-7(1992)和Chuang et al.,J.Mol.Cell.Cardiol.,22:1009-16(1990),所有这些文献都通过引用并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,本文描述的化合物可以与另外的抗肥胖剂联合使用。在一个方面,另外的抗肥胖剂选自3-肾上腺素能受体激动剂、胆囊收缩素-A激动剂、单胺再摄取抑制剂、拟交感神经剂、5-羟色胺能剂、多巴胺激动剂、促黑激素受体激动剂或模拟物、促黑激素受体类似物、大麻素受体拮抗剂、黑色素浓缩激素拮抗剂、瘦素、瘦素类似物、瘦素受体激动剂、甘丙肽拮抗剂、脂肪酶抑制剂、铃蟾肽激动剂、神经肽-Y拮抗剂、拟甲状腺素剂、脱氢表雄酮或其类似物、糖皮质激素受体激动剂或拮抗剂、食欲素受体拮抗剂、尿皮质素结合蛋白拮抗剂、胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂和睫状神经营养因子。
在另一方面,抗肥胖剂包括那些选自西布曲明、芬氟拉明、右芬氟拉明、溴隐亭、芬特明、麻黄碱、瘦素、苯丙醇胺伪麻黄碱、{4-[2-(2-[6-氨基吡啶-3-基]-2(R)-羟乙基氨基)乙氧基]苯基}乙酸、{4-[2-(2-[6-氨基吡啶-3-基]-2(R)-羟乙基氨基)乙氧基]苯基}苯甲酸、{4-[2-(2-[6-氨基吡啶-3-基]-2(R)-羟乙基氨基)乙氧基]苯基}丙酸、和{4-[2-(2-[6-氨基吡啶-3-基]-2(R)-羟乙基氨基)乙氧基]苯氧基}乙酸的化合物。
在一些实施方案中,糖尿病的预防或治疗可包括糖耐量降低、胰岛素抵抗、胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(I型)和非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(NIDDM或II型)。糖尿病的预防或治疗还包括糖尿病并发症,例如神经病、肾病、视网膜病或白内障。
在一个方面,通过本文描述的化合物治疗的糖尿病类型是非胰岛素依赖性糖尿病,也称为II型糖尿病或NIDDM。
可通过向患有糖尿病(I型或II型)、胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量降低或任何糖尿病并发症(例如神经病、肾病、视网膜病或白内障)的患者施用治疗有效量的本文所述的化合物来治疗糖尿病。还预期通过一起施用本文所述的化合物和可用于预防或治疗糖尿病的其它药剂来治疗糖尿病。
可与本文所述的化合物联合用于治疗糖尿病的代表性药剂包括胰岛素和胰岛素类似物(例如,LysPro胰岛素);GLP-1(7-37)(促胰岛素)和GLP-1(7-36)-NH2。增强胰岛素分泌的药剂,例如,eblorpropamide、格列本脲、甲苯磺丁脲、妥拉磺脲、乙酰苯磺酰环己脲、格列吡嗪、格列美脲、瑞格列奈、那格列奈、美格列奈;双胍类:二甲双胍、苯乙双胍、丁双胍;A2-拮抗剂和咪唑啉:咪格列唑、伊格列哚、德格列哚、咪唑克生、依法克生、氟洛克生;其它胰岛素促分泌素利诺格列、A-4166;格列酮类:环格列酮、吡格列酮、恩格列酮、曲格列酮、达格列酮、BR149653;脂肪酸氧化抑制剂:氯莫克舍、乙莫克舍;α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂:阿卡波糖、米格列醇、乙格列酯、伏格列波糖、MDL25,637、卡格列波糖、MDL-73,945;~3-激动剂:BRL 35135、BRL 37344、RO 16-8714、ICI D7114、CL 316,243;磷酸二酯酶抑制剂:-386,398;降脂剂苯氟雷司;抗肥胖剂:芬氟拉明;钒酸盐和钒络合物(例如双(半胱氨酸酰胺N-辛基)氧钒)和过氧钒络合物;胰淀素拮抗剂;胰高血糖素拮抗剂;糖异生抑制剂;生长抑素类似物;抗脂肪分解剂:烟酸、阿西莫司、WAG 994。普兰林肽(symlinTM)、AC 2993和那格列奈也可以考虑与本文所述化合物联合使用。可以如上文所述施用任何药剂或药剂的组合。
此外,本文所述的化合物可与一种或多种醛糖还原酶抑制剂、DPPIV抑制剂、糖原磷酸化酶抑制剂、山梨糖醇脱氢酶抑制剂、NHE-1抑制剂和/或糖皮质激素受体拮抗剂联合使用。
任何的具有作为果糖-1,6-二磷酸酶(FBPase)抑制剂的活性的化合物可以用作联合治疗中的第二化合物(例如,2-氨基-5-异丁基-4-{2-[5-(N,N′-双((S)-1-乙氧基羰基)乙基)膦酰氨基]呋喃基}噻唑)。FBPase是糖异生中的关键调节酶,糖异生是肝脏由3-碳前体合成葡萄糖的代谢途径。术语FBPase抑制剂是指抑制FBPase酶活性从而阻断果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯(酶的底物)转化为果糖-6-磷酸酯的化合物。本领域技术人员可以根据标准方法学(例如,Gidh-Jain M,Zhang Y,van Poele P D et al.,J Biol Chem.1994,269(44):27732-8,其通过引用并入本文)直接在酶水平确定FBPase抑制。或者,可以通过测量由分离的肝细胞或在灌注的肝脏中的葡萄糖产生的抑制或通过测量正常的或糖尿病动物中的血糖降低来根据标准方法学评估FBPase抑制(例如,Vincent M F,Erion M D,Gruber H E,Van den Berghe,Diabetologia.1996,39(10):1148-55;Vincent M F,Marangos P J,Gruber H E,Van den Berghe G,Diabetes 1991 40(10):1259-66,所有这些文献都通过引用并入本文)。在一些情况下,可能需要化合物的体内代谢活化来产生FBPase抑制剂。这类化合物在酶抑制筛选中可能是无活性的,可能在肝细胞中活化或不活化,但在体内是有活性的,如通过在正常的禁食大鼠和/或糖尿病动物模型中的葡萄糖降低所证明。
以下描述并引用了多种FBPase抑制剂;然而,其它FBPase抑制剂对于本领域技术人员来说是已知的。Gruber等人的美国专利号5,658,889描述了使用FBPase的AMP位点的抑制剂来治疗糖尿病;WO 98/39344和美国专利号6,284,748描述了嘌呤抑制剂;WO 98/39343和美国专利号6,110,903描述了用于治疗糖尿病的苯并噻唑抑制剂;WO 98/39342和美国专利号6,054,587描述了用于治疗糖尿病的吲哚抑制剂;以及WO 00/14095以及美国专利号6,489,476描述了用于治疗糖尿病的杂芳族膦酸酯抑制剂。其它FBPase抑制剂描述于WrightS W,Carlo A A,Carty M D et al.,J Med Chem.200245(18):3865-77和WO 99/47549,所有这些文献都通过引用并入本文。
本文所述的化合物还可以与磺酰脲类联合使用,所述磺酰脲类例如arnaryl、alyburide、格列吡嗪、氯磺丙脲、特泌胰、妥拉磺脲、甲磺吖庚脲、乙酰苯磺酰环己脲、格列吡嗪、甲苯磺丁脲、甲糖宁、格列美脲、达安疗、优降糖、格列本脲和格列齐特。
本文所述的化合物还可与抗高血压剂联合使用。在这种组合中,任何的抗高血压剂都可以用作第二药剂。目前市售的含有抗高血压剂的产品的实例包括钙通道阻滞剂,例如地尔硫卓、硝苯地平、卡兰(Calan)、尼卡地平、Covera、Dilacor、导脉顺(DynaCirc)、硝苯地平控释片(Procardia XL)、尼索地平(Sular)、盐酸地尔硫(Tiazac)、卡普地尔(Vascor)、盐酸维拉帕米缓释胶囊剂(Verelan)、异搏定(Isoptin)、Ninotop、络活喜和非洛地平(Plendil);血管紧张素转换酶(ACE)抑制剂,例如喹那普利、雷米普利、卡托普利、洛汀新、群多普利、蒙诺(Monopril)、赖诺普利、莫西普利、依那普利和捷赐瑞。
可与本文所述化合物联合使用以预防或治疗骨质疏松症的化合物的实例包括:骨吸收抑制剂,包括黄体酮、多膦酸盐、二膦酸盐、雌激素激动剂/拮抗剂、雌激素、雌激素/孕激素组合、倍美力、雌酮、雌三醇或17.α.-或17.β.-乙炔基雌二醇);黄体酮包括双羟孕酮缩苯乙酮、烯丙孕素、醋酸阿马地酮、醋酸阿那孕酮、醋酸氯地孕酮、烯孕醇、醋酸氯孕酮、醋酸氯美孕酮、醋酸dehnadinone、去氧孕烯、地美炔酮、地屈孕酮、氯炔诺酮、双醋炔诺醇、依托孕烯、醋酸氟孕酮、孕氯酮、孕二烯酮、己酸孕诺酮、孕三烯酮、卤孕酮、己酸羟孕酮、左炔诺孕酮、炔雌烯醇、美罗孕酮、醋酸甲羟孕酮、醋酸美仑孕酮、双醋甲异炔诺醇、炔诺酮、醋酸炔诺酮、异炔诺酮、诺孕酯、诺孕美特、炔诺孕酮、苯丙奥索孕酮、黄体酮、醋酸奎孕醇、奎孕酮和替孕醇;和抑制骨吸收的多膦酸盐,包括诸如美国专利号3,683,080中公开的类型的多膦酸盐,其公开内容通过引用并入本文。多膦酸盐的实例包括偕二膦酸盐(也称为双膦酸盐)、替鲁膦酸二钠、伊班膦酸、阿仑膦酸盐、resindronate唑来膦酸、6-氨基-1-羟基-亚己基-二膦酸和1-羟基-3-(甲基戊基氨基)-亚丙基-二膦酸。同样包括多膦酸盐的盐、共晶和酯。具体实例包括乙烷-1-羟基1,1-二膦酸、甲烷二膦酸、戊烷-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸、甲烷二氯二膦酸、甲烷羟基二膦酸、乙烷-1-氨基-1,1-二膦酸、乙烷-2-氨基-1,1-二膦酸、丙烷-3-氨基-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸、丙烷-N,N-二甲基-3-氨基-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸、丙烷-3,3-二甲基-3-氨基-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸、苯基氨基甲烷二膦酸、N,N-二甲氨基甲烷二膦酸、N(2-羟乙基)氨基甲烷二膦酸、丁烷-4-氨基-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸、戊烷-5-氨基-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸和己烷-6-氨基-1-羟基-1,1-二膦酸。
雌激素激动剂/拮抗剂包括3-(4-(1,2-二苯基-丁-1-烯基)-苯基)-丙烯酸,他莫昔芬:(乙胺,2-(4-(1,2-二苯基-1-丁烯基)苯氧基)-N,N-二甲基,(Z)-2-,2-羟基-1,2,3-丙烷三羧酸酯(1:1))和相关化合物,它们公开于美国专利号4,536,516中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,4-羟基他莫昔芬,其公开于美国专利号4,623,660中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,雷洛昔芬:(甲酮,(6-羟基-2-(4-羟基苯基)苯并[b]噻吩-3-基)(4-(2-(1-哌啶基)乙氧基)苯基)-盐酸盐,其公开于美国专利号4,418,068中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,托瑞米芬:(乙胺,2-(4-(4-氯-1,2-二苯基-1-丁烯基)苯氧基)-N,N-二甲基-,(Z)-,2-羟基-1,2,3-丙烷三羧酸酯(1:1),其公开于美国专利号4,996,225中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,森可曼:1-(2-((4-(-甲氧基-2,2,二甲基-3-苯基-chrornan-4-基)-苯氧基)-乙基)-p-吡咯烷,其公开于美国专利号3,822,287中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,左美洛昔芬,艾多昔芬:(E)-1-2-(4-(1-(4-碘-苯基)-2-苯基-丁-1-烯基)-苯氧基)-乙基)-吡咯烷酮,其公开于美国专利号4,839,155中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,2-(4-甲氧基-苯基)-3-[4-(2-哌啶-1-基-乙氧基)-苯氧基]-苯并[b]硫代-苯-6-醇,其公开于美国专利号5,488,058中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,6-(4-羟基-苯基)-5-(4-(2-哌啶-1-基-乙氧基)-苄基)-萘-2-醇,其公开于美国专利号5,484,795中,其公开内容通过引用并入本文,(4-(2-(2-氮杂-双环[2.2.1]庚-2-基)-乙氧基)-苯基)-(6-羟基-2-(4-羟基-苯基)-苯并[b]噻吩-3-基)-甲酮,其与制备方法一起公开于PCT公开号WO95/10513中,其转让给PfizerInc,TSE-424(Wyeth-AyerstLaboratories)和阿左昔芬,顺式-6-(4-氟-苯基)-5-(4-(2-哌啶-1-基-乙氧基)-苯基)-5,6,-7,8-四氢萘-2-醇;(-)-顺式-6-苯基-5-(4-(2-吡咯烷-1-基-乙氧基)-苯基)-5,6,7,8-四氢-萘-2-醇(也称为拉索昔芬);顺式-6-苯基-5-(4-(2-吡咯烷-1-基-乙氧基)-苯基)-5,6,7,8-四氢-萘-2-醇;顺式-1-(6'-吡咯烷基乙氧基-3'-吡啶基)-2-苯基-6-羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢化萘;1-(4'-吡咯烷基乙氧基苯基)-2-(4”-氟苯基)-6-羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢异喹啉;顺式-6-(4-羟基苯基)-5-(4-(2-哌啶-1-基-乙氧基)-苯基)-5,6,-7,8-四氢萘-2-醇;1-(4'-吡咯烷基乙氧基苯基)-2-苯基-6-羟基-1,2,3,4-四氢-异喹啉,2-苯基-3-芳酰基-苯并-噻吩和2-苯基-3-芳酰基苯并噻吩-1氧化物。
可与本文所述化合物联合的用作第二药剂的其它抗骨质疏松剂包括例如以下物质:甲状旁腺激素(PTH)(骨合成代谢剂);甲状旁腺激素(PTH)促分泌素(参见,例如,美国专利号6,132,774),特别是钙受体拮抗剂;降钙素;和维生素D及维生素D类似物。其它抗骨质疏松剂包括选择性雄激素受体调节剂(SARM)。合适的SARM的实例包括化合物,例如醋酸环丙孕酮、氯地孕酮、氟他胺、羟基氟他胺、比卡鲁胺、尼鲁米特、螺内酯、4-(三氟甲基)-2(1H)-吡咯烷并[3,2-g]喹啉衍生物、1,2-二氢吡啶并[5,6-g]喹啉衍生物和哌啶并[3,2-g]喹啉酮衍生物。其它实例包括cypterone,也称为(1b,2b)-6-氯-1,2-二氢-17-羟基-3'-H-环丙烷[1,2]孕甾-1,4,6-三烯-3,20-二酮,公开于美国专利号3,234,093。氯地孕酮,也称为17-(乙酰氧基)-6-氯孕甾-4,6-二烯-3,20-二酮,以其乙酸酯形式,用作抗雄激素剂,并公开于美国专利号3,485,852。尼鲁米特,也称为5,5-二甲基-3-[4-硝基-3-(三氟甲基)苯基]-2,4-咪唑烷二酮,商品名为并公开于美国专利号4,097,578中。氟他胺,也称为2-甲基-N-[4-硝基-3-(三氟甲基-1)苯基]丙酰胺,商品名为并公开于美国专利号3,847,988中。比卡鲁胺,也称为4'-氰基-a',a',a',-三氟-3-(4-氟苯基磺酰基)-2-羟基-2-甲基丙酰基-间甲苯胺,商品名为康士得并公开于EP-100172中。Tucker和Chesterton,J.Med.Chem.1988,31,885-887中讨论了biclutamide的对映体。已经提出羟基氟他胺(已知的在大多数组织中的雄激素受体拮抗剂)起SARM作用以用于通过成骨细胞影响IL-6产生,如Hofbauer et al.J.Bone Miner.Res.1999,14,1330-1337所公开的。另外的SARM已公开于美国专利号6,017,924;WO 01/16108、WO 01/16133、WO 01/16139、WO 02/00617、WO 02/16310、美国专利申请公开号US 2002/0099096、美国专利申请公开号US 2003/0022868、WO 03/011302和WO 03/011824,所有上述文献均通过引用并入本文。
以下实施例将进一步描述本发明,并且仅用于示例性说明的目的,而不应视为限制。
实施例
实施例1.化合物I的制备
已经开发出适合于大规模的化合物I的八步合成(五个线性步骤)。合成方案显示在下文的方案1中。
方案1
将12L烧瓶配备有顶置式搅拌器、加热套、温度探针、出口处具有氮气鼓泡器的冷凝器和加料漏斗。向烧瓶中加入多聚甲醛(488g,16.3mol)、碳酸钾(94g,0.7mol)和2-丙醇(4.5L)。将混合物加热至50℃,然后关闭加热套。从加料漏斗加入亚磷酸二异丙酯(化合物1A,2260g,13.6mol),加入速率使温度保持在50-60℃,历时2.5小时。通过1HNMR监测反应进程。将混合物在2小时内冷却至35℃,然后通过硅藻土过滤。将垫用2-丙醇(2×200mL)洗涤。减压浓缩混合物。将无色残油(2950g)溶解在二氯甲烷(9L)中。将溶液用1N HCl(1.35L)和饱和NaHCO3水溶液(2.25L)洗涤,并用MgSO4(1kg)干燥。将混合物通过硅藻土过滤,并将垫用二氯甲烷(2×500mL)洗涤。减压浓缩滤液,得到化合物1B,为无色油状物,重2836g(98%纯度)。
将22L四颈烧瓶配备有顶置式搅拌器、冷却浴、温度探针、2L加料漏斗和氮气鼓泡器。向烧瓶中加入化合物1B(1408g,6.67mol)、三乙胺(1350g,13.34mol)和二氯甲烷(4L)。使用冰/水浴将所得溶液冷却至5℃。从加料漏斗中加入对甲苯磺酰氯(1335g,7.0mol)的二氯甲烷(10L)溶液,加入速率使温度保持在10℃以下,历时3小时。将混合物在冰浴中搅拌1.75小时,然后在环境温度(~20℃)下搅拌15小时。通过1HNMR监测反应进程。将反应混合物用1N HCl(6L)洗涤,然后用饱和NaHCO3水溶液(6L)洗涤。将有机层用MgSO4(400g)干燥并过滤。减压浓缩滤液,得到甲苯磺酸酯化合物1C,为黄色油状物,重2111g(收率90%)。
将50L的4颈烧瓶配备有顶置式搅拌器、温度探针和冷却浴。向烧瓶中加入3,5-二甲基苯酚(化合物1D,2497g,20.5mol)、水(14L)和50%(wt/wt)氢氧化钠水溶液(1636g,20.5mol)。将混合物搅拌1.5小时以完全溶解。使用冰/水浴将混合物冷却至4℃。一次性加入甲醛(1496g,18.5mol)溶液。在整个白天将混合物冷搅拌并使其缓慢升温过夜。通过HPLC监测反应进程。将反应混合物用二氯甲烷(5L)和乙酸乙酯(5L)稀释。在30分钟内加入浓HCl(1.5L,18.0mol)至pH 5。搅拌6小时后,过滤收集固体。将滤饼用水(1.2L)和二氯甲烷(2L)洗涤。将米色固体在真空烘箱(50℃,-30mmHg)中干燥至恒重,得到1222g(39%收率)的苄醇化合物1E。
将22L四颈烧瓶配备有顶置式搅拌器、温度探针、加热套和在出口处具有氮气鼓泡器的冷凝器。向烧瓶中加入甲苯磺酸酯化合物1C(2054g,5.45mol)、DMSO(2L)、苄醇化合物1E(928g,5.62mol)、碳酸铯(2841g,8.72mol)和DMSO(2.5L)。将混合物在2小时内加热至55℃并在50℃-60℃下保持6小时。通过HPLC监测反应进程。将反应混合物冷却至20℃过夜,然后冷却至5℃(冰/水浴)。加入乙酸乙酯(3.6L),然后缓慢加入1%(wt/vol)NaCl水溶液(7.2L)。分离各相,用乙酸乙酯(2.7L)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(2×2.7L)洗涤,用MgSO4(500g)干燥,过滤,用乙酸乙酯(500mL)冲洗。减压浓缩滤液,得到化合物1F,为浓稠的深琥珀色浆液,重1935g。
向500mL圆底烧瓶中加入化合物1F(28.0g,84.8mmol)、二氯甲烷(200mL)和2-苄基苯酚(31.23g,169.6mmol)。使用冰/MeOH浴将溶液冷却至-1℃。在1分钟内从加料漏斗加入三氟乙酸(18.9mL,254.4mmol)。通过HPLC监测反应进程。将反应混合物倒入水(200mL)中并将混合物搅拌5分钟。分离各相,用水(200mL)洗涤有机层。将有机层用MgSO4干燥,过滤,并浓缩为浓稠的棕色油状物。加入乙醚(200mL)并将混合物在环境温度(~18℃)下搅拌。10秒后,开始形成固体,混合物迅速变稠。在室温下搅拌18小时后,过滤收集固体并用乙醚(50mL)洗涤。将白色固体在高真空下干燥,得到30.34g化合物1G(72%收率)。
向250mL圆底烧瓶中加入二异丙酯化合物1G(29.33g,59.1mmol)、碘化钾(31.38g,189.12mmol)、乙腈(120mL)和氯三甲基硅烷(24.0mL,189.12mmol)。将所得悬浮液在50℃下加热。通过HPLC监测反应进程。将混合物冷却至25℃。加入水(120mL),将混合物搅拌5分钟,分离各层。用乙酸乙酯(60mL)萃取水层。将合并的有机层用盐水(60mL)洗涤,用硫酸镁干燥,过滤并浓缩至干,得到稠的油状物化合物1I。静置后,该物质固化成棕褐色固体,将其研磨成细粉,并在35℃-40℃下用25mL水剧烈搅拌30分钟。过滤棕褐色固体,用一小部分水冲洗并在冷冻干燥器上干燥过夜。
在室温下,在2L圆底烧瓶中将碘化钠(398.1g,2.49mol)加入到丙酮(850mL)中。冷却至室温后,一次性加入新戊酸氯甲酯化合物1J(250g,1.66mol),反应混合物变浑浊。将白色浆液在室温下搅拌过夜。滤除盐并用丙酮(100mL)冲洗。将合并的棕色滤液浓缩至干,得到棕色浆液,将其溶于乙醚(500mL)中。滤除固体并用乙醚(100mL)冲洗。将合并的滤液浓缩至干,得到粗制的新戊酸碘甲酯化合物1K,其不经纯化就使用。
在室温下,将二乙基异丙胺(19.5mL,118.2mmol)加入到粗制膦酸化合物1I(59.1mmol)的乙腈(300mL)溶液中。将橙色混浊混合物在40℃下加热,并加入粗制的新戊酸碘甲酯化合物1K(28.6g,118.2mmol)。通过HPLC监测反应。3.5小时后,加入另外的粗制新戊酸碘甲酯化合物1K(14.3g,59.1mmol)和二乙基异丙胺(9.75mL,59.1mmol)。将反应混合物在40℃下搅拌过夜。加入最后等份的粗制新戊酸碘甲酯化合物1K(14.3g,59.1mmol)和二乙基异丙胺(9.75mL,59.1mmol)。再搅拌2小时后,将冷却的反应混合物倒入乙酸乙酯(150mL)和水(300mL)的混合物中。分离各层,依次用水(150mL)、饱和碳酸氢钠溶液(100mL)和盐水(100mL)洗涤有机物,然后干燥(MgSO4),过滤并浓缩至干,得到棕色油状物。将残余物溶于1/1丙酮/己烷(400mL)中并通过二氧化硅垫过滤。将垫用1/1丙酮/己烷(100mL)冲洗。将橙色滤液浓缩至干,并将橙色油状物溶于丙酮(60mL)中。加入己烷(300mL)并在室温下搅拌浑浊的溶液。几分钟后,出现固体,混合物慢慢变成稠浆。在室温下搅拌过夜后,通过过滤收集棕褐色固体,用1/6丙酮/己烷(100mL)冲洗,空气干燥,然后在高真空下干燥,得到灰白色固体化合物I(24.06g,收率68.7%)。
实施例2.单次口服剂量对血浆胆固醇水平的影响
测试化合物I以确定在向高胆固醇血症的标准啮齿动物模型—胆固醇喂养的Sprague Dawley大鼠单剂量口服给药后化合物I的降低胆固醇的有效性和效力。
雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠得自Harlan(Livermore,CA),体重为250g,笼养3只大鼠/笼,并在12小时:12小时,光照:黑暗循环(在上午7点开灯)下饲养。在开始治疗之前提供含有1.5%胆固醇和0.5%胆酸(Harlan Teklad,Indianapolis,IN)的粒状5001食物。随意提供食物和水。
将化合物I溶于100%PEG-400中。将T3溶于100%PEG-400(方案1)或100%PBS(方案2)中。所有制剂在即将开始治疗之前制备。
在开始治疗之前,给雄性Sprague Dawley大鼠(~250g)喂食含有1.5%胆固醇和0.5%胆酸的饮食2周。化合物I分别以PEG-400口服溶液和磷酸盐缓冲盐水口服溶液的形式给药,剂量范围为0.3-100mg/kg的化合物I。评价甲状腺激素T3(0.1mg/kg)作为阳性对照。
在治疗之前,通过尾静脉中的小切口从每只大鼠中获得小血样。将血样采集在含有肝素锂的管中。根据下表1中显示的时间表,通过强饲法向动物(6只/组)给药:
表1.用于方案1的给药时间表
在给药后24小时时,如上所述取第二份血样。
血浆胆固醇的分析:通过在Eppendorf Microfuge中离心(14,000rpm,2分钟,室温)从血样中制备血浆。使用Infinity胆固醇试剂(Thermo Electron Corporation,Waltham,MA)和用300mg/dL胆固醇标准品制备的标准曲线测量总血浆胆固醇。使用Infinity胆固醇试剂在基线和在治疗后24小时时测量血浆胆固醇水平。
图1显示在媒介物或化合物I的给药后在基线和在24小时时的雄性、胆固醇喂养的Sprague Dawley大鼠(n=6/组)的总血浆胆固醇水平(平均值±SEM)。图2显示在将化合物I向雄性、胆固醇喂养的Sprague Dawley大鼠(n=6/组)给药后24小时时,总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平从基线值的百分比变化。图3显示化合物I的ED50值,其被定义为引起总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平从基线的半数最大降低的剂量。如图1和2所示,化合物I的口服给药导致血浆胆固醇水平剂量依赖性降低至约120mg/dL(图1)或相对于基线水平的约50%(图2)。胆固醇水平的降低在两个最高剂量30mg/kg和100mg/kg下相似,这表明在这些剂量下观察到的~120mg/dL或~50%的降低是最大反应。在图3中,胆固醇降低反应的ED50值为约2mg/kg。在化合物I的两个最高剂量下胆固醇降低幅度与以0.1mg/kg剂量下给药的T3的胆固醇降低幅度相当(图1)。
因此,化合物I向胆固醇喂养的大鼠的单次口服给药导致血浆胆固醇的剂量依赖性降低,ED50值为约2mg/kg。
实施例3.对血浆胆固醇水平和甲状腺功能指标的影响
评估化合物I的每日一次口服给药对比格犬的血浆胆固醇水平和甲状腺功能指标的影响,持续14天。
雄性和雌性比格犬购自Marshall Farms(North Rose,NY),体重约9-15kg。在12小时光照循环(上午7点至下午7点光照)和受控温度(~22℃)下单独圈养动物。每天两次给犬只喂食Teklad 8563食物(Harlan Teklad,Madison,WI)并允许随意饮水。
将化合物I溶于100%PEG-400中。在即将开始治疗之前制备制剂并储存在4℃。每7天治疗期制备新鲜制剂。
将12只比格犬(9-15kg)随机分成6个给药组(每组1只雄性和1只雌性),并以0.1mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg、3mg/kg或10mg/kg的剂量每天一次强饲化合物I的PEG-400溶液或强饲媒介物,持续14天。在治疗周期(周期1)结束时,将犬只清洗6周,然后进入第二个14天治疗周期。周期2使用与周期1相同的给药范例,但是将动物以这样的方式随机化为周期2:使得来自两个周期的组合的给药组各自由4只不同的动物(2只雄性,2只雌性)组成。在基线和之后的适当时间间隔采集血样并分析总血浆胆固醇水平、总T4血清水平(tT4)、游离T4血清水平(fT4)、总T3血清水平(tT3)、游离T3血清水平(fT3)、促甲状腺激素血清水平(TSH)和血浆药物水平。
血浆胆固醇:使用Infinity胆固醇试剂(Thermo Electron Corporation,Waltham,MA)并使用由300mg/dL胆固醇标准品制备的标准曲线测量总血浆胆固醇。计算所有治疗组的平均值±平均值的标准误差(SEM)。
甲状腺功能测试(TFT).将血清样品在干冰上运送至人口与动物健康诊断中心(Lansing,MI)并对总T4(tT4)、游离T4(fT4)、总T3(tT3)、游离T3(fT3)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)进行测定。计算所有治疗组的平均值±平均值的标准误差(SEM)。
在各种治疗组中在基线时的总血浆胆固醇水平的平均值为135.5mg/dl至154.9mg/dl。图4显示了化合物I的每日一次口服给药对比格犬的总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平的影响,表示为从基线的水平变化,mg/dL。图5显示化合物I的每日一次口服给药对比格犬的(n=4/组)总血浆胆固醇(TPC)水平的影响,表示为从基线的%变化。如图4和图5所示,化合物I的每日一次给药导致总血浆胆固醇水平从基线开始渐进的剂量依赖性降低,以最低剂量(0.1mg/kg/天)评估时第15天平均降低约20mg/dL或从基线的约15%,并且在最高剂量(10mg/kg/天)评估时第15天平均降低约60mg/dL或从基线的约38%。
图6显示在将化合物I向比格犬每天一次口服给药14天后tT4的血清水平。在图6中,在用0.1mg/kg/天、0.3mg/kg/天和3mg/kg/天的剂量的化合物I治疗的组中,在第15天时观察到从基线降低6.7-9.5%。在用1mg/kg/天和10mg/kg/天的化合物I治疗的组中,相对于基线,第15天时tT4水平分别降低约29%和约44%。在第15天时在媒介物治疗组中观察到tT4水平从基线的小幅增加(约5%)。
图7显示在将化合物I向比格犬每天一次口服给药14天后血清中的fT4水平。在图7中,在第15天时在化合物I治疗组中观察到从基线降低约13-32%。然而,这些变化不是剂量依赖性的。此外,在第15天时在媒介物治疗组中观察到fT4水平从基线降低约19%。
图8显示在将化合物I向比格犬每天一次口服给药14天后血清中的tT3水平。在图8中,在治疗组中相对于基线,在第15天时观察到约8-15%的降低。然而,降低不是剂量依赖性的。此外,在第15天时在媒介物治疗组中观察到tT3水平从基线降低约13%。
图9显示在将化合物I向比格犬每天一次口服给药14天后血清中的fT3水平。在图9中,在用剂量高达并包括3mg/kg/天的化合物I治疗的组中,在第15天时观察到从基线降低约8-20%。在用10mg/kg/天的化合物I治疗的组中,相对于基线值,tT4水平在第15天时降低~45%。在第15天时在媒介物治疗组中观察到fT3水平从基线降低约4%。
图10显示在将化合物I向比格犬每天一次口服给药14天后血清中的TSH水平。在图10中,在第15天时在任何的治疗组中未观察到从基线值的有意义变化。施用化合物I(0.1mg/kg/天至10mg/kg/天)对狗血清中TSH水平没有显示出任何影响。
因此,用化合物I(0.1-10mg/kg/天)每天一次口服治疗比格犬14天,以剂量依赖性方式将总血浆胆固醇水平降低15-38%。血清TSH水平基本上不受用化合物I进行治疗的影响。除最高剂量组(10mg/kg/天)外,其它甲状腺功能指标一般没有发生重大变化,在最高剂量组中观察到tT4和fT3降低约45%。
实施例4.化合物1对游离3,5,3'-三碘甲状腺原氨酸(fT3)和游离3,5,3',5'-四碘
甲状腺原氨酸(fT4)水平的影响
测试化合物I以测量其在0至100μM的浓度范围内对人、猴、狗和大鼠血清中游离3,5,3'-三碘甲状腺原氨酸(fT3)和游离3,5,3',5'-四碘甲状腺原氨酸(fT4)水平的离体作用。
在100%DMSO中制备化合物I的储备溶液。将测试物质以1μM、3μM、10μM、30μM和100μM的浓度与人、猴、狗或大鼠血清在微量离心管中组合,并使用Thermomixer R(Eppendorf,Inc.;Westbury,NY)在37℃下搅拌(800rpm)孵育1小时。血清孵育物中的DMSO浓度保持恒定在1%。在血清孵育后,分别使用GammaCoatTM FT3和GammaCoatTM FT4RIA试剂盒完成fT3和T4量化。根据制造商的建议使用试剂盒。T3测定说明书表明与T4的交叉反应性为0.2%,而T4测定说明书表明与T3的交叉反应性为0.5%。在这些RIA测定中,使用振动水浴和WallacWizard 1470自动化γ计数器(Perkin Elmer,Inc.;Waltham,MA)。在每个测试浓度下,从数据中减去背景信号。在不存在血清的情况下,在PBS中的测试物质样品中测定该背景信号。所有测定均一式两份进行。
图11a和11b显示化合物I对人血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。图12a和12b显示化合物I对猴血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。图13a和13b显示化合物I对狗血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。图14a和14b显示化合物I对大鼠血清中fT3和fT4水平的影响。实线和虚直线表示在含有1%DMSO的未处理的血清样品中fT3或fT4水平的平均值和标准偏差。表2总结了在将人、猴、狗或大鼠血清暴露于化合物I后未观察到fT3或fT4水平增加时的最高浓度。
表2.在暴露人、猴、狗或大鼠血清后未观察到fT3或T4水平增加时的最高浓度的总结
如表中所示,对于人血清,当浓度小于30μM时,化合物I没有显示对fT3的影响,以及当浓度小于100μM时,化合物I没有显示对fT4的影响。
实施例5.化合物I和化合物MB07811的比较
将化合物I与化合物MB07811就它们降低胆固醇的功效及其对总T4(tT4)和促甲状腺激素(TSH)的影响进行比较。
图15显示化合物I和化合物MB07811的口服功效。在图15中,这两个化合物在14天测试期间在降低胆固醇水平方面显示出相似的口服功效。
测试化合物I和化合物MB07811以确定每个化合物每日一次口服给药14天然后隔日给药14天时对比格犬中血浆胆固醇水平和甲状腺功能指标的影响。
雄性和雌性比格犬购自Marshall Farms(North Rose,NY),约9-15kg。在12小时光照循环(上午7点至下午7点光照)和受控温度(~22℃)下单独圈养动物。每天用Teklad8563食物(Harlan Teklad,Madison,WI)喂养犬只两次,并允许随意饮水。
MB07811以在0.5%CMC/1%Lutrol去离子水溶液中的悬浮液形式给药。为了制备媒介物,称取所需量的CMC并使用Waring混合器将其溶解在去离子水中。称取所需量的Lutrol F68并在混合时缓慢加入Waring混合器中。将混合器的内容物混合直至溶解并冷藏储存。为了制备给药制剂,将所需量的MB07811称入烧杯中,并在使用磁力搅拌棒和搅拌板进行搅拌的同时将所需体积的媒介物缓慢加入烧杯中。搅拌烧杯中的内容物直至获得细糊状物。在搅拌下将媒介物加入烧杯中,直至获得均匀的MB07811悬浮液。每周新鲜制备制剂并冷藏储存。
将12只比格犬(9-15kg)随机分成6个给药组(每组1只雄性和1只雌性),以0.1、0.3、1、3或10mg/天的剂量每天一次强饲MB07811的0.5%CMC/1%Lutrol F68悬浮液或强饲媒介物,持续14天。在治疗周期(周期1)结束时,将犬只清洗4周,然后进入第二个14天治疗周期。周期2采用与周期1相同的给药范例,但是将动物以这样的方式随机化为周期2:使得来自两个周期的组合的给药组各自由4只不同的动物(2只雄性,2只雌性)组成。当周期2结束时,每隔一日继续给药14天,持续另外的14天周期(周期2延长)。在基线和之后的适当时间间隔采集血样,并分析总血浆胆固醇水平、总T4(tT4)血清水平、游离T4(fT4)血清水平、总T3(tT3)血清水平、游离T3(fT3)血清水平和促甲状腺激素(TSH)血清水平。
将化合物I溶于100%PEG-400中。在即将开始治疗之前制备制剂并储存在4℃下。每7天治疗期制备新鲜制剂。
将12只比格犬(9-15kg)随机分成6个给药组(每组1只雄性和1只雌性),以0.1、0.3、1、3或10mg/kg的剂量每天一次强饲化合物I的PEG-400溶液或强饲媒介物,持续14天。在治疗周期(周期1)结束时,将犬只清洗6周,然后进入第二个14天治疗周期。周期2采用与周期1相同的给药范例,但是将动物以这样的方式随机化为周期2:使得来自两个周期的组合的给药组各自由4只不同的动物(2只雄性,2只雌性)组成。在基线和之后的适当时间间隔采集血样,并分析总血浆胆固醇水平、总T4(tT4)血清水平、游离T4(fT4)血清水平、总T3(tT3)血清水平、游离T3(fT3)血清水平和促甲状腺激素(TSH)血清水平,以及对于血浆药物水平
图16a和图16b显示当分别以多个剂量用化合物MB07811和化合物I治疗时动物血清中的平均tT4水平。在给药前采集样品作为基线,在给药后第8天和第15天采集样品。如图16a和16b所示,与化合物I相比,化合物I在所有五个剂量(0.1mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg、3mg/kg和10mg/kg)下显示出降低的对T4水平的影响。图17a和17b显示当分别以多个剂量用化合物I和化合物MB07811治疗时血清TSH水平。在给药前采集样品作为基线,在给药后第8天和第15天采集样品。如图17a和17b所示,与化合物MB07811相比,化合物I在所有五个剂量(0.1mg/kg、0.3mg/kg、1mg/kg、3mg/kg和10mg/kg)下显示出对TSH水平没有影响。
因此,化合物I具有与化合物MB07811相似的降胆固醇活性,但其比化合物MB07811具有大幅降低的对甲状腺激素轴(T4和TSH)的影响。
实施例5.化合物I的安全性研究
使用化合物I进行试验大鼠28天研究以测试其安全性。测试了两个剂量,1mg/kg/天和5mg/kg/天。在研究期间,对照组未注射化合物I。在第29天处死小鼠,然后分析临床症状、BW、FC临床病理学(包括TSH、T3、T4)、总病理学、器官重量、组织病理学、毒代动力学。
在两个剂量水平下,研究结果显示没有死亡或对体重、摄食量、血液学、血清化学或尿分析或宏观或微观病理学的不利影响。也没有心脏或肝脏坏死的证据,或比化合物MB07811大的TFT影响。
Claims (20)
1.具有以下结构的化合物:
或其药学上可接受的盐。
2.药物组合物,其包含权利要求1所述的化合物和药学上可接受的赋形剂。
3.治疗与甲状腺激素受体β有关的疾病的方法,包括将有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物施用于有需要的个体。
4.如权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述疾病选自肥胖症、高脂血症、高胆固醇血症和糖尿病、非酒精性脂肪肝病、NASH(非酒精性脂肪性肝炎)、动脉粥样硬化、心血管疾病、甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺癌。
5.激动甲状腺激素受体β的方法,包括对有需要的个体,使所述甲状腺激素受体β与有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物接触。
6.降低胆固醇水平的方法,包括将有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物施用于有需要的个体。
7.降低甘油三酯水平的方法,包括将有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物施用于有需要的个体。
8.预防或治疗代谢疾病的方法,包括将药物有效量的权利要求1所述的化合物施用于有需要的个体。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述代谢疾病选自肥胖症、高胆固醇血症、高脂血症、动脉粥样硬化、冠心病和高血压。
10.如权利要求3-7中任一项所述的方法,还包括施用另外的治疗剂。
11.如权利要求3-10中任一项所述的方法,其中所述化合物具有小于6小时的血浆半衰期。
12.如权利要求3-11中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,所述个体的LDL水平在施用后降低至少10%。
13.如权利要求3-12中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,所述个体的LDL水平在施用后降低至少20%。
14.如权利要求3-13中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,所述个体的甘油三酯水平在施用后降低至少10%。
15.如权利要求3-14中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,所述个体的甘油三酯水平在施用后降低至少20%。
16.如权利要求3-15中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,在施用后所述个体中的总T4水平的变化小于50%。
17.如权利要求3-16中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,在施用后所述个体中的总T3水平的变化小于50%。
18.如权利要求3-17中任一项所述的方法,其中与施用前水平相比,在施用后所述个体中的促甲状腺激素(THS)水平的变化小于50%。
19.如权利要求3-18中任一项所述的方法,其中所述化合物是肠胃外施用的。
20.如权利要求3-18中任一项所述的方法,其中所述化合物是口服施用的。
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US201662326392P | 2016-04-22 | 2016-04-22 | |
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PCT/US2017/028518 WO2017184811A1 (en) | 2016-04-22 | 2017-04-20 | Thyroid hormone receptor agonist and use thereof |
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EP (1) | EP3445769A4 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP6957601B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN109071577A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2017184811A1 (zh) |
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CN109922812A (zh) * | 2016-09-16 | 2019-06-21 | 维京治疗公司 | 减少与甲状腺相关的副作用的方法 |
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US20090232879A1 (en) | 2005-05-26 | 2009-09-17 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Thyromimetics for the Treatment of Fatty Liver Diseases |
CN110198719A (zh) | 2016-11-21 | 2019-09-03 | 维京治疗公司 | 治疗糖原贮积病的方法 |
AU2018280118B2 (en) | 2017-06-05 | 2021-07-15 | Viking Therapeutics, Inc. | Compositions for the treatment of fibrosis |
CA3094167A1 (en) | 2018-03-22 | 2019-09-26 | Viking Therapeutics, Inc. | Crystalline forms and methods of producing crystalline forms of a compound |
JP2022510691A (ja) | 2018-12-05 | 2022-01-27 | バイキング・セラピューティクス・インコーポレイテッド | 線維症及び炎症の処置のための組成物 |
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CN1237965A (zh) * | 1996-11-15 | 1999-12-08 | 赫彻斯特-舍林农业发展有限公司 | 季氮杂环,其制法及作为杀虫剂的用途 |
CN101005847A (zh) * | 2004-08-18 | 2007-07-25 | 症变治疗公司 | 果糖1,6-双磷酸酶的新颖噻唑类抑制剂 |
WO2011038207A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-03-31 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Phosphorus-containing thyroid hormone receptor agonists and methods of use |
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WO2005051298A2 (en) * | 2003-11-19 | 2005-06-09 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Novel phosphorus-containing thyromimetics |
GB0406378D0 (en) * | 2004-03-22 | 2004-04-21 | Karobio Ab | Novel pharmaceutical compositions |
MX2007014501A (es) * | 2005-05-26 | 2008-02-07 | Metabasis Therapeutics Inc | Tiromimeticos novedosos que contienen acido fosfinico. |
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- 2017-04-20 JP JP2019506599A patent/JP6957601B2/ja active Active
- 2017-04-20 CN CN201780025054.5A patent/CN109071577A/zh active Pending
- 2017-04-20 US US15/492,398 patent/US20170319604A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-04-20 EP EP17786606.8A patent/EP3445769A4/en not_active Withdrawn
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Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN1237965A (zh) * | 1996-11-15 | 1999-12-08 | 赫彻斯特-舍林农业发展有限公司 | 季氮杂环,其制法及作为杀虫剂的用途 |
CN101005847A (zh) * | 2004-08-18 | 2007-07-25 | 症变治疗公司 | 果糖1,6-双磷酸酶的新颖噻唑类抑制剂 |
WO2011038207A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-03-31 | Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc. | Phosphorus-containing thyroid hormone receptor agonists and methods of use |
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CN109922812A (zh) * | 2016-09-16 | 2019-06-21 | 维京治疗公司 | 减少与甲状腺相关的副作用的方法 |
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US10420781B2 (en) | 2019-09-24 |
JP6957601B2 (ja) | 2021-11-02 |
EP3445769A1 (en) | 2019-02-27 |
JP2019516783A (ja) | 2019-06-20 |
WO2017184811A1 (en) | 2017-10-26 |
US20180344752A1 (en) | 2018-12-06 |
EP3445769A4 (en) | 2020-02-12 |
US20170319604A1 (en) | 2017-11-09 |
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