CN108986943B - Reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects - Google Patents
Reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects Download PDFInfo
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- CN108986943B CN108986943B CN201810602311.3A CN201810602311A CN108986943B CN 108986943 B CN108986943 B CN 108986943B CN 201810602311 A CN201810602311 A CN 201810602311A CN 108986943 B CN108986943 B CN 108986943B
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- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
- G21C17/00—Monitoring; Testing ; Maintaining
- G21C17/10—Structural combination of fuel element, control rod, reactor core, or moderator structure with sensitive instruments, e.g. for measuring radioactivity, strain
- G21C17/112—Measuring temperature
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
- Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors
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Abstract
The invention discloses a reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects, which comprises a control rod, wherein a thermoacoustic device and a heat dissipation device are sequentially arranged in the control rod from the position close to a reactor core to the position far away from the reactor core, the thermoacoustic device comprises a resonant cavity, a porous electrode plate, a porous medium and a heat conduction electrode plate which are sequentially arranged, the reactor core monitoring device also comprises a passive display connected with the porous electrode plate and the heat conduction electrode plate, and the heat dissipation device is arranged on the heat conduction electrode plate. Compared with the prior art, the invention realizes the monitoring of the reactor core temperature by directly arranging a set of reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects in the control rod on the basis of not changing the overall design of the reactor and not increasing additional openings, and has the function of guiding out the residual heat of the reactor core under extreme accident conditions, thereby solving the problems of large difficulty in extracting audio signals, low monitoring precision and poor operability in actual monitoring when the traditional thermoacoustic sensor is used.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a reactor core temperature monitoring device, in particular to a reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects.
Background
The nuclear reactor safety problem is more and more emphasized by international organization and nuclear design unit due to the three-mile island accident in the united states in 1979, the saudi knobely accident in 1986 and the japanese fukushima accident in 2011.
At present, the passive technology plays an important role in the energy industry, particularly in the field of nuclear energy, and is regarded as a salvage star for nuclear power safety. In spite of the development trend of nuclear power technology, the adoption of a passive safety system becomes an advanced concept and a technological breakthrough direction of the next generation of nuclear power development, is a main mark of advanced nuclear power technology, and is an indispensable means for guaranteeing the safety of nuclear power. The most significant safety features of nuclear power technologies such as the AP1000 developed by westinghouse corporation, the intrinsic safety stack PIUS proposed in sweden, the EPP1000 in europe, the SPWR in japan, and the ACP1000 in china are passive safety systems. Unfortunately, the eye (sensor) for monitoring and controlling the operation of the reactor has been the technology of the second generation nuclear power unit, and is usually supported by an integrated circuit or an independent power supply. This results in the electrically driven sensor devices being the weakest link in the nuclear safety system in severe accident situations. In order to ensure the stability of the sensor operation as much as possible, multiple sets of independent data acquisition and independent power supply devices are generally adopted in the design, and extremely exaggerated design redundancy is given. However, when the nuclear power plant is in an extremely dangerous environment, particularly, the power supply system is damaged due to seawater backflow caused by tsunami in an accident such as the fukushima in japan, and serious consequences such as deviation and even failure of the readings of the sensors are caused.
Due to the fact that the temperature of the nuclear reactor is high (the temperature can reach the melting temperature of the fuel rods when an accident occurs), and the space is narrow (the distance between the fuel rods is 12.6mm), the nuclear reactor cannot be obtained in a direct measurement mode. The reactor core temperature is measured by basically passing an armored thermocouple through a pressure vessel top cover, crossing a top plate of a compression component, and measuring the temperature of the coolant at the outlet of the reactor core through a support cylinder and a guide cylinder to calculate the temperature of the reactor core. Under the condition of a serious accident, particularly a serious breach accident, the temperature of the fuel rod cannot be acquired, and the reactor is seriously endangered to safely operate due to the loss of accurate and timely feedback of data, so that the reactor is melted. Therefore, the chinese patent 201480080472.0 discloses a thermoacoustic nuclear power distribution measuring assembly, which analyzes the power distribution situation in the reactor core through an acoustic remote sensing device, but cannot identify the sound signal under the background of strong noise such as various high-temperature and high-pressure fluids, radiation, pumps, etc. in the containment vessel, so that the current technology still stays in the laboratory research field. The Chinese invention patent 201510136951.6 discloses a nuclear reactor passive temperature measuring device based on thermoacoustic effect, which adopts a technical path that the specific relation of the frequency of sound and the temperature is adopted to convert the temperature signal into an acoustic signal and the temperature of the reactor core is fed back by measuring the acoustic signal, and the device has the same defects as the invention patent 201480080472.0, the working environment in the reactor is extremely complex, and the remote analysis difficulty is extremely high under the condition of a complex sound field under the accident condition. In addition, aiming at the japanese fukushima accident, that is, when a major breach accident and power failure of a primary circuit occur, the problem of overheating of the reactor core cannot be solved by the single sound warning of the thermoacoustic sensor, and further, monitoring of the reactor needs not only a passive temperature measurement technology, but also more importantly, reliable passive reactor core cooling capability can be provided under the condition of the extreme breach accident.
In view of this, there is a need to improve the existing reactor core monitoring device, increase the detection accuracy and monitoring capability thereof, and solve the problem of weak temperature control capability of the reactor core.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that the existing reactor core monitoring device has poor detection precision and monitoring capability and the reactor core temperature control capability under the accident condition is weak.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is to provide a reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects, which comprises a control rod, wherein the control rod is internally provided with:
the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device comprises a resonance cavity, a porous electrode plate, a porous medium and a heat conducting electrode plate which are sequentially arranged, wherein the porous electrode plate and the heat conducting electrode plate are connected with a passive display;
and the heat dissipation device is arranged on the heat conducting electrode plate.
In the above scheme, the resonant cavity is communicated with the porous electrode plate, the porous medium and the heat conducting electrode plate, the resonant cavity, the porous electrode plate, the porous medium and the heat conducting electrode plate are located in a closed chamber, and a gas working medium is filled in the chamber.
In the above scheme, the diameter of the through hole on the porous electrode plate is larger than 0.5 mm.
In the above scheme, the length of the thermoacoustic device is integral multiple of the wavelength of the sound wave 1/4.
In the above scheme, the passive display comprises a needle type voltmeter, a strobe light, a frequency conversion color light and components capable of realizing display or remote transmission through the signal transmitter.
In the above scheme, the heat dissipation device comprises a heat dissipation cavity, wherein a liquid working medium is arranged in the heat dissipation cavity, and an air cooling device with fins is arranged outside the heat dissipation cavity.
In the above scheme, the porous medium is integrally provided with the porous electrode plate and the heat-conducting electrode plate.
In the above scheme, the porous medium comprises a plurality of porous medium monomers which are stacked and arranged, and the porous medium monomers are plate-shaped or tubular.
Compared with the prior art, the invention realizes the monitoring of the reactor core temperature and the waste heat derivation by directly arranging a set of reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects in the control rod on the basis of not changing the overall design of the reactor and not increasing additional openings, and solves the problems of large difficulty in extracting audio signals, low monitoring precision and poor operability in actual monitoring when the traditional thermoacoustic sensor is used.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects, and aims to provide a reactor core temperature sensing device without influencing the structural design of a reactor and a reactor core temperature monitoring device with a passive reactor core heat exporting function under an extreme accident.
On the basis of not changing the integral design of the reactor and not increasing additional openings, the invention realizes the monitoring of the reactor core temperature and the derivation of waste heat by directly arranging a set of reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects in the control rod, and can remotely transmit the temperature signal by a more stable electric signal by introducing the transient thermoelectric device, thereby solving the problems of great difficulty in extracting the audio signal and poor operability in actual monitoring when the traditional thermoacoustic sensor is used. The invention is described in detail below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
As shown in fig. 1, the reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects provided by the present invention includes a control rod 2, and the control rod 2 is provided with: thermo-acoustic, thermo-electric devices and heat sinks 5. The heat sink 5 is disposed on the thermally conductive electrode plate 7. The thermo-acoustic, thermoelectric devices include a thermo-acoustic device 3 and a thermoelectric device 4. The thermoacoustic device 3 comprises a resonant cavity 9, a porous electrode plate 8, a porous medium 10 and a heat conducting electrode plate 7 which are sequentially arranged away from the reactor core 1. The thermoelectric device 4 comprises a porous electrode plate 8, a heat conducting electrode plate 7, a passive display 6, and a porous medium 10 which is reused for the thermoacoustic device 3. The passive display 6 comprises a needle type voltmeter, a strobe light, a variable frequency color light and components capable of realizing display or remote transmission through a signal transmitter. The heat dissipation device 5 comprises a heat dissipation cavity, and a liquid working medium and an air cooling device with fins are packaged in the heat dissipation cavity. In the invention, a closed cavity is arranged in the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device, the resonant cavity 9 is communicated with the porous electrode plate 8, the porous medium 10 and the heat conducting electrode plate 7, the resonant cavity 9, the porous electrode plate 8, the porous medium 10 and the heat conducting electrode plate 7 are positioned in the closed cavity, the length of the closed cavity is integral multiple of 1/4 wavelengths of sound waves in the closed cavity, and the closed cavity is filled with gas working media for transmitting heat.
Preferably, the diameter of the through hole on the porous electrode plate 8 is larger than 0.5mm, the porous medium 10 is made of an electrothermal material, and the porous medium 10 comprises a plurality of porous medium monomers which are stacked and arranged, and the porous medium monomers are in a plate shape or a tubular shape, so that the flow resistance of the oscillating gas can be reduced.
The monitoring principle of the invention is as follows: the heat of the reactor core 1 is converted into pulse temperature fluctuation by utilizing a thermoacoustic effect, pulse oscillation gas is acted on the porous medium 10 at high frequency by virtue of a transient thermoelectric technology, and as the oscillation frequency of the gas is related to the heat transmitted to the control rod 2 by the reactor core 1, when the frequency of the oscillation gas in the resonant cavity 9 is increased, according to the test result of a transient thermoelectric experiment in a laboratory, the electric signal output by the thermoacoustic device 3 is enhanced when the heat acts on a thermoelectric material at high frequency, particularly when the frequency is faster than the relaxation time of the thermoelectric material. In addition, when the reactor is in an accident condition, the temperature of the reactor core 1 rises sharply, the gas in the thermoacoustic device 3 transmits the heat of the reactor core 1 radiated to the control rod 2 at high frequency to the heat dissipation device 5 at the sound velocity of the position of the device, and the passive waste heat is led out through the heat dissipation device 5.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) according to the invention, a set of thermo-acoustic sensing device is directly designed in the control rod body, the passive reading of the reactor core temperature is realized through the insertion depth of the control rod, and the defect that the existing armored thermocouple can only calculate the reactor core temperature by acquiring the outlet temperature of a primary loop after penetrating through the top cover of a pressure vessel is overcome;
(2) the invention is different from the thermoacoustic sensing technology disclosed in the prior art, the thermoacoustic effect is only used for generating the temperature fluctuation of high-frequency pulses in the invention and is used for high-frequency input of a thermoelectric device, and then the relaxation effect of a thermoelectric material is utilized to obtain larger electric signal output, and the accuracy and response accuracy of analyzing the electric signal are far higher than those of the traditional sound wave signal;
(3) according to the invention, heat energy is rapidly transmitted to the heat dissipation device at the speed of sound waves, and the ultrahigh heat transfer performance of the heat pipe is utilized, so that not only can the temperature of the reactor core be monitored in real time by using the thermoelectric device under the accident condition of the reactor, but also the passive high-speed discharge of the heat of the reactor core can be realized by using the heat dissipation device.
According to the monitoring function of the reactor core 1, the control rod 2 can be regarded as a left part and a right part, the left side is provided with the thermoacoustic device 3 and the thermoelectric device 4, the right side is provided with the heat dissipation device 5, and two sides of the porous electrode plate 8 are respectively provided with the resonant cavity 9 and the porous medium 10. The thermoacoustic device 3 comprises a resonant cavity 9, and further comprises a porous medium 10 which is reused in the thermoelectric device 4, the thermoelectric device 4 comprises a porous electrode plate 8, a heat conducting electrode plate 7, a passive display 6, and further comprises a porous medium 10 which is reused in the thermoacoustic device 3. According to the invention, a certain distance exists between the control rods 2 and the reactor core 1, and the temperature of different positions in the reactor core 1 is monitored through the insertion depth of the drive control rods 2. The porous medium 10 is used as a thermoelectric material in the thermoelectric device 4, and can directly convert the temperature difference between the porous electrode plate 8 and the heat conducting electrode plate 7 into electric energy for output, preferably, the porous medium 10 should have good electrical conductivity to reduce internal resistance during thermoelectric conversion, and the porous medium 10 should have poor thermal conductivity to increase the relaxation time of the thermoelectric material and enhance the thermoelectric conversion efficiency. The porous electrode plate 8 is arranged outside the reactor pressure vessel, so that the electric signal between the porous electrode plate 8 and the heat conducting electrode plate 7 can be conveniently led out, and preferably, the porous electrode plate and the porous medium 10 of the porous electrode plate 8 can be made of materials with the same structure and material. In the present invention, the passive display can directly analyze the electric signal of the thermoelectric device 4 without external power supply.
The working principle of each device in the invention is as follows:
thermo-acoustic device 3: the reactor core 1 transmits heat to the gas working medium in the resonant cavity 9, on one hand, the gas working medium expands after being locally heated, and is externally excited to generate perturbation fluctuation and outwards spread by the sound velocity at the position of the thermoacoustic device 3 until the gas working medium is reflected back by the cavity wall. On the other hand, the expanded air mass enters the porous medium 10, exchanges heat with the cooler wall surface and contracts to form another disturbance in the opposite direction, and finally shows superposition and enhancement of a plurality of temperature fluctuations. The reactor core 1 is continuously heated to realize continuous compression of heat waves, and after repeated reinforcement of a plurality of periods, saturation is achieved, and then continuous resonance fluctuation is formed. The thermoacoustic device 3 converts the heat of the reactor core 1 into high-frequency pulse thermal waves of the gas working medium, wherein the temperature of the gas working medium is highest at the wave crest and lowest at the wave trough.
Thermoelectric device 4: the high-frequency pulse heat waves are formed in the working process of the thermoacoustic device 3 and act on the porous medium 10, and the temperature fluctuation characteristics are obviously shown in the porous medium 10, and the early experimental result shows that the transient thermoelectric efficiency of the high-frequency pulses is obviously higher than the steady-state thermoelectric efficiency, namely, the heat of the reactor core 1 acts on the thermoelectric device 4 in a sound wave oscillation mode, so that the traditional thermoelectric signal amplification effect can be realized, the electric signals carry oscillation frequency signals and intensity signals, and for the latter, the parameters which are difficult to obtain by the traditional thermoacoustic sensor are obtained, and the output precision and the response time of the electric signals are in the light velocity level, so that the thermoelectric device 4 is obviously superior to the sound field signal analysis in the traditional thermoacoustic sensor.
The passive display 6 is used as a receiving end of the thermoelectric device 4 and can be a strobe light, and the frequency and the brightness of the strobe light can be used as remote monitoring signals; the sensor can also be a remote sensor, and can be further converted into a special signal to be transmitted to a terminal for analysis.
The heat dissipation device 5: under normal working conditions, the heat dissipation device 5 serves as a sensor and is used as a cold end of the sensor to conduct out part of heat; under the accident condition, the heat dissipation device 5 serves the reactor core 1 and directly guides heat out through the control rod 2 so as to relieve the rapid temperature rise of the reactor core 1 and prolong the time for the emergency of the subsequent nuclear.
Compared with the prior art, the invention realizes the monitoring of the reactor core temperature and the waste heat derivation by directly arranging a set of reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects in the control rod on the basis of not changing the overall design of the reactor and not increasing additional openings, and solves the problems of large difficulty in extracting audio signals, low monitoring precision and poor operability in actual monitoring when the traditional thermoacoustic sensor is used.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned preferred embodiments, and any structural changes made under the teaching of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention, which is similar or similar to the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. The utility model provides a reactor core monitoring device based on heat sound, thermoelectric effect, includes the control rod, its characterized in that, by being close to the reactor core to keeping away from the reactor core and being equipped with in proper order in the control rod:
the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device comprises a resonance cavity, a porous electrode plate, a porous medium and a heat conducting electrode plate which are sequentially arranged, wherein the porous electrode plate and the heat conducting electrode plate are connected with a passive display; the porous medium comprises a plurality of porous medium monomers which are arranged in a stacked mode and are in a plate shape or a tubular shape;
and the heat dissipation device is arranged on the heat conducting electrode plate.
2. The reactor core monitoring device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects according to claim 1, further comprising a closed chamber, wherein the resonant cavity is communicated with the porous electrode plate, the porous medium and the heat conducting electrode plate, the resonant cavity, the porous electrode plate, the porous medium and the heat conducting electrode plate are located in the closed chamber, and the closed chamber is filled with a gas working medium.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the diameter of the through holes of the porous electrode plate is greater than 0.5 mm.
4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the length of the closed chamber is an integer multiple of the wavelength of the acoustic wave 1/4.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the passive display comprises a pin voltmeter, a strobe light, a color-changing light, and a component capable of displaying or transmitting remotely via a signal transmitter.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the heat dissipation device comprises a heat dissipation chamber, the heat dissipation chamber contains a liquid working medium and an air cooling device with fins is disposed outside the heat dissipation chamber.
7. The thermoacoustic, thermoelectric effect based reactor core monitoring device of claim 1, wherein the porous medium is integral with the porous electrode plate and the thermally conductive electrode plate.
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| CN111059008B (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-03-30 | 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 | Novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system |
| CN111128409B (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2022-04-19 | 中国核动力研究设计院 | Heat pipe reactor system based on thermoacoustoelectric |
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| DE60212690D1 (en) * | 2001-11-26 | 2006-08-03 | Shell Int Research | THERMOACUSTIC ELECTRICITY GENERATION |
| JP4912964B2 (en) * | 2007-06-07 | 2012-04-11 | 住友化学株式会社 | Thermoelectric conversion module |
| CN101478271B (en) * | 2009-01-17 | 2010-12-29 | 大连海事大学 | Ultra-low heat value gas burning porous medium internal combustion temperature difference electricity generation device |
| WO2013035921A1 (en) * | 2011-09-08 | 2013-03-14 | 한전원자력연료 주식회사 | Apparatus for charging atomic power plant emergency battery by using thermoelectric generation element |
| WO2014028845A1 (en) * | 2012-08-16 | 2014-02-20 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Thermoacoustic enhancements for nuclear fuel-rods and other high temperature applications |
| CN106471583B (en) * | 2014-07-14 | 2018-03-09 | 西屋电气有限责任公司 | Thermoacoustic formula core power distribution measurement assembly |
| CN105338460B (en) * | 2014-07-21 | 2018-05-01 | 清华大学 | Thermo-acoustic device and preparation method thereof |
| CN104766639A (en) * | 2015-03-26 | 2015-07-08 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Nuclear reactor passive temperature measuring device based on thermoacoustic effect |
| CN207197698U (en) * | 2017-04-20 | 2018-04-06 | 华北电力大学 | Acoustic and thermal sensing device for core temperature monitoring |
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