CN111059008B - Novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a novel thermion-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system, which comprises a thermion power generation module and a thermoacoustic power generation module, wherein one end of the thermion power generation module receives a high-temperature heat source, and the other end releases waste heat; the thermoacoustic power generation module receives the waste heat released by the thermionic power generation module and converts the waste heat into electric energy; the thermionic power generation module comprises a thermionic converter, wherein the thermionic converter is divided into an emitter, an electrode gap, a receiver and a carbon nano tube heat exchange layer along the transfer direction of a high-temperature heat source; the thermoacoustic power generation module comprises a resonance tube, a generator, a heat regenerator, a heater and a cooler, wherein the heat regenerator, the heater and the cooler are arranged in the resonance tube; the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer is arranged on the outer peripheral wall of the resonance tube and corresponds to the heater, and the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer transfers waste heat. The invention utilizes the waste heat discharged by the thermionic power generation module as the heat source of the thermoacoustic power generation module, efficiently recycles the low-grade heat energy of the thermionic power generation module, and greatly improves the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the system.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thermoelectric conversion, in particular to a novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system.
Background
Thermionic power generation is a thermoelectric conversion technology for generating electric energy by utilizing the surface thermionic emission phenomenon of metal or semiconductor materials, has the advantages of no rotating mechanical parts, small mass specific power, high thermoelectric conversion efficiency and the like, and is applied to the fields of space power technologies such as Russian TOPAZ and the like, ocean power technologies and the like.
Thermoacoustic power generation is a thermoelectric conversion technology based on a thermoacoustic effect, mainly comprises a thermoacoustic heat engine and an acoustoelectric conversion unit, has no high-temperature moving part, and is applied to the fields of solar power generation and the like because sound energy generated by the thermoacoustic heat engine is converted into electric energy through the acoustoelectric conversion unit.
The temperatures of the emitting electrode and the receiving electrode of the existing thermionic power generation are generally 1500-2200K and 600-1300K respectively, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is only 10-15%, so that more heat energy is wasted, and the energy utilization rate is low. The thermoacoustic power generation mode requires that the temperature of the hot end is about 1000K, which is close to the temperature of the receiving electrode of the thermionic conversion module, and the actual thermoelectric conversion efficiency is only about 17%.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved thermoelectric conversion system with higher thermoelectric conversion efficiency.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system with high thermoelectric conversion efficiency.
The invention adopts the following technical scheme to solve the technical problems:
a novel thermion-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system comprises a thermion power generation module and a thermoacoustic power generation module; one end of the thermionic power generation module receives a high-temperature heat source and converts the high-temperature heat source into current, and the other end of the thermionic power generation module releases waste heat through the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer; the thermoacoustic power generation module receives the waste heat released by the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer and converts the waste heat into electric energy;
the thermionic power generation module comprises one or more thermionic converters, and each thermionic converter is divided into an emitter, an electrode gap, a receiver and a carbon nano tube heat exchange layer along the transfer direction of a high-temperature heat source; the thermionic power generation module receives a high-temperature heat source through an emitting electrode and transmits the waste heat of the receiving electrode to the thermoacoustic power generation module through the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer;
the thermoacoustic power generation module comprises a resonance tube, a generator, a heat regenerator, a heater and a cooler, wherein the heat regenerator, the heater and the cooler are arranged in the resonance tube; the resonance tube is of a tubular structure, and a cavity of the resonance tube is filled with gas; the heat regenerator is arranged in the middle of the resonant tube, and a heater and a cooler are respectively arranged at two ends of the heat regenerator; the generator is arranged at one side end of the resonance tube, and the interior of the cavity of the generator is communicated with the interior of the cavity of the resonance tube; the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer is attached to the position, corresponding to the heater, on the outer peripheral wall of the resonance tube, and the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer transfers waste heat to the heater.
As one preferable aspect of the present invention, the plurality of thermionic converters are connected in series-parallel, thereby improving the reliability of the thermionic power generation module.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, one end of the emitter is connected to a positive terminal, one end of the receiver is connected to a negative terminal, an insulator is fitted around an electrode gap, and cesium vapor is filled in the electrode gap.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the emitter and the receiver are both made of a high temperature resistant metal material, and the emitter material has a work function greater than that of the receiver.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the emitter specifically uses tungsten or molybdenum as a base material to form a base layer, an annular trench is formed outward from a center of a surface of the base layer on a side close to the electrode gap, and a platinum plating layer or a rhenium plating layer covers a surface of the annular trench.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the annular trenches have a trench width of 0.5 to 1mm, a trench depth of 0.1 to 0.5mm, and a gap between adjacent trenches of 1 to 1.5mm, which increase an effective electron emission area and improve an electron emission capability of the emitter. The thickness of the platinum plating layer or the rhenium plating layer on the surface of the annular groove is 1-10 mu m.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the electrode gap distance between the emitter and the receiver is 0.01 to 5 mm.
As one of the preferable modes of the invention, the carbon nanotube heat exchange layer specifically comprises a plurality of vertically arranged carbon nanotubes, and the carbon nanotubes are closely arranged in parallel; the receiving electrode is connected with the outer peripheral wall of the resonance tube through the carbon nano tube. Because the carbon nano tube layer has strong axial heat transfer capability and almost no radial heat conduction heat transfer property, the waste heat discharged by the receiving electrode can pass through the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer and be used for heating the hot end of the resonance tube, so that the heat loss of the thermionic receiving electrode in the process of transferring heat to the thermoacoustic power generation heating end is greatly reduced, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the high-temperature heat source is a heat source having a temperature of 1500K or more, and is specifically derived from chemical energy, solar energy, or nuclear energy; the high-temperature heat source heats the emitter to 1500-2200K, and thermal electrons are emitted from the emitter and finally captured by the receiver through the electrode gap to generate current; at this time, the temperature of the receiving electrode is 600- & ltwbr & gt 1300K, and the waste heat of 600- & ltwbr & gt 1300K is discharged.
As one preferable mode of the present invention, the thermionic power generation module specifically derives waste heat through the nanotube heat exchange layer and transfers the waste heat to the heater in the resonant tube, and under the driving of the temperature difference between the heater and the cooler, the gas in the resonant tube generates a thermoacoustic oscillation effect at the heat regenerator, and the generator connected with the resonant tube converts acoustic energy into electric energy.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the invention integrates the thermionic power generation module and the thermoacoustic power generation module, integrates the advantages of the two thermoelectric conversion modes, utilizes the waste heat discharged by the receiving electrode of the thermionic power generation module as the heat source of the thermoacoustic power generation module, efficiently recycles the low-grade heat energy of the thermionic power generation module, and greatly improves the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the system;
(2) the invention adopts the carbon nano tubes which are arranged in parallel as the heat exchange layer structure of the thermionic power generation module and the thermoacoustic power generation module, the heat exchange layer structure is arranged at the contact part of the receiving electrode of the thermionic power generation module and the heating end of the thermoacoustic power generation module, and the structure has good one-way heat transfer property, can realize low heat loss heat transfer, greatly improves the heat exchange efficiency and improves the utilization rate of the waste heat of the receiving electrode;
(3) compared with the traditional thermionic converter, the emitter of the thermoelectric converter adopts refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum and the like as substrate materials, the center of the surface of the emitter is outwards carved with an annular groove, the surface of the groove is covered with a platinum or rhenium coating (1-10 mu m), the groove width is 0.5-1mm, the groove depth is 0.1-0.5mm, and the distance between adjacent grooves is 1-1.5mm, so that the thermoelectric converter has the functions of increasing the effective electron emission area and improving the electron emission capability of the emitter.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the overall structure of the novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system of example 1;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a structure of a single thermionic converter of the thermionic electric power generation module of embodiment 1;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an emitter structure of a thermionic electric power generating module in example 1;
FIG. 4 is a schematic bottom view of the structure of FIG. 3;
fig. 5 is a schematic structural view of the carbon nanotube heat exchange layer of the thermionic electric power generation module in example 1.
In the figure: the device comprises a thermionic power generation module 1, a thermionic converter 11, an emitter 12, a substrate 121, an annular groove 122, a platinum plating layer or a rhenium plating layer 123, an electrode gap 13, a receiver 14, a carbon nanotube heat exchange layer 15, a carbon nanotube 151, a terminal anode 16, a terminal cathode 17, an insulating part 18, a thermoacoustic power generation module 2, a resonator tube 21, a generator 22, a heat regenerator 23, a heater 24, a cooler 25, a high-temperature heat source 3 and waste heat 4.
Detailed Description
The following examples are given for the detailed implementation and specific operation of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1-5, the novel thermion-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system of the present embodiment includes a thermion power generation module 1 and a thermoacoustic power generation module 2; one end of the thermionic power generation module 1 receives a high-temperature heat source 3 and converts the high-temperature heat source into current, and the other end releases waste heat 4 through the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer 15; the thermoacoustic power generation module 2 receives the waste heat 4 released by the carbon nanotube heat exchange layer 15 and converts the waste heat into electric energy.
Referring to fig. 1 and 2, the thermionic electric power generation module 1 includes one or more thermionic converters 11, and each thermionic converter 11 is divided into an emitter 12, an electrode gap 13, a receiver 14, and a carbon nanotube heat exchange layer 15 along a transfer direction of the high-temperature heat source 3. The high-temperature heat source 3 is a heat source with the temperature of more than 1500K and is specifically derived from chemical energy, solar energy or nuclear energy; the thermionic power generation module 1 receives the high-temperature heat source 3 through the emitter 12, the emitter 12 is heated to 1500-; at this time, the temperature of the receiving electrode 14 is 600-.
Referring to fig. 1, the thermoacoustic power generation module 2 includes a resonator tube 21, a generator 22, and a regenerator 23, a heater 24, and a cooler 25 disposed in the resonator tube 21. The resonance tube 21 is a tubular structure, and the cavity of the resonance tube is filled with gas; the heat regenerator 23 is arranged in the middle of the resonant tube 21, and a heater 24 and a cooler 25 are respectively arranged at two ends of the heat regenerator 23; the generator 22 is disposed at one side end of the resonance tube 21, and the inside of the cavity of the generator 22 is communicated with the inside of the cavity of the resonance tube 21. The carbon nanotube heat transfer layer 15 is attached to a position on the outer peripheral wall of the resonator tube 21 corresponding to the heater 24, and based on this, the carbon nanotube heat transfer layer 15 can transfer waste heat to the heater 24. When the thermionic power generation module 1 guides out the waste heat 4 through the nanotube heat exchange layer 15 and transfers the waste heat to the heater 24 in the resonant tube 21, the gas in the resonant tube 21 generates a thermoacoustic oscillation effect at the heat regenerator 23 under the driving of the temperature difference between the heating of the heater 24 and the cooling of the cooler 25, and finally the generated sound energy is converted into electric energy through the generator 22 connected with the resonant tube 21.
Further, in the present embodiment, referring to fig. 1, a plurality of thermionic converters 11 are connected in series-parallel to improve the reliability of the thermionic power generation module 1.
Further, in the present embodiment, referring to fig. 2, one end of the emitter 12 is connected to the positive terminal 16, one end of the receiver 14 is connected to the negative terminal 17, and the periphery of the electrode gap 13 is sleeved with the insulating member 18; wherein the distance between the electrode gaps 13 is 0.01-5mm, and cesium vapor is filled in the electrode gaps 13.
Further, in the present embodiment, the emitter electrode 12 and the receiver electrode 14 are both made of high temperature resistant metal material, and the work function of the emitter electrode 12 material is larger than that of the receiver electrode 14. Specifically, referring to fig. 3 and fig. 4, the emitter 12 specifically uses tungsten or molybdenum as a base material to form a base layer 121, an annular trench 122 is formed outside the center of a side surface of the base layer 121 close to the electrode gap 13, and a platinum plating layer or a rhenium plating layer 123(1-10 μm thick) is covered on the surface of the annular trench 122. Wherein, the groove width of the annular groove 122 is 0.5-1mm, the groove depth is 0.1-0.5mm, and the distance between adjacent grooves is 1-1.5mm, which plays the role of increasing the effective electron emission area and improving the electron emission capability of the emitter 12.
Further, in the present embodiment, referring to fig. 5, the carbon nanotube heat exchanging layer 15 specifically includes a plurality of vertically arranged carbon nanotubes 151, and the carbon nanotubes 151 are closely arranged in parallel; the receiving electrode 14 is connected to the outer peripheral wall of the resonator tube 21 via the carbon nanotube 151. Because the carbon nanotube layer 15 has strong axial heat transfer capability and almost no radial heat conduction heat transfer property, the waste heat 4 discharged by the receiving electrode 14 can pass through the carbon nanotube heat exchange layer 15 and be used for heating the hot end of the resonance tube 21, so that the heat loss of the thermionic receiving electrode 14 in the heat transfer process to the thermoacoustic power heating end is greatly reduced, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is improved.
The working principle and the process are as follows:
the high-temperature heat source 3 heats the emitter 12, the emitter 12 is heated to release electrons, and the electrons pass through the electrode gap 13 and are absorbed by the receiver 14 to form current output. Meanwhile, the receiver 14 is subjected to radiation heat transfer and electron transfer of the emitter 12 to carry energy, so that the temperature of the receiver is increased; the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer 15 is used for leading out the waste heat 4 of the receiving electrode 14 to be used as a heat source of a heater 24 of the thermoacoustic power generation module 2; the heater 24 is heated to cause the gas medium in the resonance tube 21 to be heated and expanded, a thermoacoustic oscillation effect is generated at the heat regenerator 23, heat energy is converted into sound, and finally sound energy is converted into electric energy through the generator 22 to be output, so that the high-efficiency utilization of the waste heat 4 of the thermionic power generation module 1 is realized, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the whole system is greatly improved.
The device of the embodiment has the advantages that: the heat ion converter power generation technology with high temperature of discharged waste heat 4 is combined with the thermoacoustic power generation technology with low operation temperature, the thermionic power generation module 1 is applied to a high-temperature region, and the cold end of the thermionic power generation module 1 is used as a heat source of the thermoacoustic power generation module 2, so that the full utilization of energy is realized, the energy utilization efficiency is improved, and the integral thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the system is improved.
Example 2
This example illustrates the final thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system of example 1 above.
In the solar power generation system, light energy is converted into heat energy through the tower type heat collector to heat the emitter 12-2000K of the thermionic converter 11. The relevant operating parameters of the high-efficiency combined heat-electricity conversion system are as follows: the emitter 12 temperature Te is 2000K, and the receiver 14 temperature Tc is 1000K; the work function Φ e of the emitter 12 is 2.8eV, and the work function Φ c of the receiver 14 is 2.2 eV; the actual heat exchange efficiency of the carbon nanotube heat exchange layer 15 is about 85%.
According to the richardson-dushman emission equation, the output current of the thermionic power generation module 1 is calculated as follows:
J＝AT2exp(-φ/kT) (1)
wherein A is Richardson constant (1.202 multiplied by 10)6A/m2K2) K is Boltzmann constant (1.38X 10)-23J/K-1) T is the electrode temperature (K) and phi is the electrode work function (eV).
The output current density J of the emitter 12 is calculated according to the formula (1)e＝21.14A/cm2Reverse current density J of receiver electrode 14c＝4.9×10-4A/cm2。
According to the related art, the efficiency formula of the thermionic electric power generation module 1 is as follows:
calculated from equation (2):
in the above embodiment 1, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency η of the thermionic electric power generation module 11＝17％。
The thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the thermoacoustic power generation module 2 is set as the ratio of the total output electric energy to the total heat absorption capacity, and the calculation formula is as follows:
the heat-electricity conversion efficiency of the thermionic power generation module 1 is 17 percent, the heat exchange rate of the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer 15 is 85 percent, and the heat-electricity conversion efficiency eta of the thermoacoustic power generation module 22Finally, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency η of the thermoelectric conversion system in example 1 is approximately equal to 28% based on 16%, compared with the 17% thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the individual thermionic power generation module 1 and the 16% thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the thermoacoustic power generation module 2, the thermoelectric conversion system in example 1 effectively improves the thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and realizes efficient utilization of heat energy.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A novel thermion-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system comprises a thermion power generation module and a thermoacoustic power generation module, and is characterized in that one end of the thermion power generation module receives a high-temperature heat source and converts the high-temperature heat source into current, and the other end of the thermion power generation module releases waste heat through a carbon nano tube heat exchange layer; the thermoacoustic power generation module receives the waste heat released by the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer and converts the waste heat into electric energy;
the thermionic power generation module comprises one or more thermionic converters, and each thermionic converter is divided into an emitter, an electrode gap, a receiver and a carbon nano tube heat exchange layer along the transfer direction of a high-temperature heat source; the thermionic power generation module receives a high-temperature heat source through an emitting electrode and transmits the waste heat of the receiving electrode to the thermoacoustic power generation module through the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer;
the thermoacoustic power generation module comprises a resonance tube, a generator, a heat regenerator, a heater and a cooler, wherein the heat regenerator, the heater and the cooler are arranged in the resonance tube; the resonance tube is of a tubular structure, and a cavity of the resonance tube is filled with gas; the heat regenerator is arranged in the middle of the resonant tube, and a heater and a cooler are respectively arranged at two ends of the heat regenerator; the generator is arranged at one side end of the resonance tube, and the interior of the cavity of the generator is communicated with the interior of the cavity of the resonance tube; the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer is attached to the position, corresponding to the heater, on the outer peripheral wall of the resonance tube, and the carbon nano tube heat exchange layer transfers waste heat to the heater.
2. The novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system of claim 1, wherein said plurality of thermionic converters are connected in series-parallel.
3. The thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system according to claim 1, wherein one end of the emitter is connected to a positive terminal, one end of the receiver is connected to a negative terminal, an insulating member is sleeved around the electrode gap, and cesium vapor is filled in the electrode gap.
4. The new thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system according to claim 1, wherein both the emitter and receiver electrodes are made of high temperature resistant metal material, and wherein the emitter electrode material has a work function greater than that of the receiver electrode.
5. The thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system according to claim 1, wherein the emitter is formed by using tungsten or molybdenum as a base material, an annular groove is formed outwards at the center of one side surface of the base layer close to the electrode gap, and the surface of the annular groove is covered with a platinum plating layer or a rhenium plating layer.
6. The novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system according to claim 5, wherein the annular trenches have a trench width of 0.5-1mm, a trench depth of 0.1-0.5mm, and a spacing between adjacent trenches of 1-1.5 mm; the thickness of the platinum plating layer or the rhenium plating layer on the surface of the annular groove is 1-10 mu m.
7. The new thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system according to claim 1, wherein the electrode gap spacing between the emitter and receiver electrodes is 0.01-5 mm.
8. The novel thermionic-thermoacoustic combined thermoelectric conversion system according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotube heat exchange layer comprises a plurality of vertically arranged carbon nanotubes, each carbon nanotube being closely arranged in parallel; the receiving electrode is connected with the outer peripheral wall of the resonance tube through the carbon nano tube.
9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the high temperature heat source is a heat source with a temperature above 1500K, in particular from chemical, solar or nuclear sources; the waste heat is 600-1300K waste heat.
10. The system according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the thermionic power generation module derives waste heat and transfers the waste heat to the heater in the resonant tube through the nanotube heat exchanging layer, and the gas in the resonant tube generates a thermo-acoustic oscillation effect at the heat regenerator under the driving of the temperature difference between the heater and the cooler, and converts the sound energy into electric energy through the generator connected to the resonant tube.
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