CN108932987B - Space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects - Google Patents
Space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects Download PDFInfo
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- CN108932987B CN108932987B CN201810600605.2A CN201810600605A CN108932987B CN 108932987 B CN108932987 B CN 108932987B CN 201810600605 A CN201810600605 A CN 201810600605A CN 108932987 B CN108932987 B CN 108932987B
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- G21D7/04—Arrangements for direct production of electric energy from fusion or fission reactions using thermoelectric elements or thermoionic converters
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Abstract
The invention discloses a space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects, which comprises a pressure container, a thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device and a heat output device, wherein fuel for nuclear reaction is arranged in the pressure container, the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device comprises a resonance cavity, a porous electrode plate, a porous medium and a heat conducting electrode plate which are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, the porous medium penetrates through the pressure container, the resonance cavity and the porous electrode plate are arranged in the pressure container, the heat output device is arranged on the heat conducting electrode plate, and a radiation radiator is arranged on the heat output device. According to the invention, according to the thermoacoustic effect, the heat of the reactor core is firstly converted into high-frequency pulse thermal oscillation waves, and the thermal oscillation waves act on the hot side of the thermoelectric material at extremely high frequency, so that a transient thermoelectric conversion process with higher efficiency is realized, the thermoelectric conversion process is a space nuclear power technology combining dynamic and static states, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is higher than that of the existing static thermoelectric conversion technology.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a nuclear power device, in particular to a space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects.
Background
In the field of power generation equipment, two ways of converting heat energy into electric energy are available, one is that through a heat-machine-electricity way, an engine is adopted to generate electricity, and the dynamic conversion is called as the mechanical rotating part is arranged; the other is to convert heat energy directly into electricity without the need for a generator or any mechanical rotating parts, called static conversion. At present, a dynamic conversion mode is generally adopted in a land nuclear power plant, the final heat sink of the land nuclear power plant is a lake, a river or a sea, the nuclear energy utilization efficiency is high, and the thermal efficiency of the existing large nuclear power facility is about 35%. However, space is limited in its special application environment, and cannot adopt a mechanical work system with a complex auxiliary structure like a land nuclear power plant, so that space nuclear reactors successfully launched and applied so far all adopt a static conversion technology to realize conversion of heat energy into electric energy. Among them, the space nuclear power technology that utilizes thermoelectric effect to realize static conversion from heat energy to electric energy is common.
The first spatial nuclear reactor in the world, emitted in the united states in the 20 th century for 60 years, was the SNAP-10A, which employs thermoelectric conversion in the form of thermocouples with a thermoelectric conversion efficiency of only 1.2%. The thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the BUK reactor power supply developed in the 20 s and 70 s was 3%. In the 21 st century, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the HP-STMC space reactor power supply proposed by the United states aiming at space exploration reaches 6.7%. The advance of the static thermoelectric technology provides better technical conditions for the development of space nuclear power supplies. However, the adoption of the thermoelectric technology can cause a large amount of heat energy to directly flow into the outer space in a radiation mode, the static conversion thermal efficiency is low, the requirement of a space nuclear power device for high-power electric power is difficult to meet, the efficiency is low, and the service life of the nuclear power device is influenced. It can be seen that the application of the static thermoelectric conversion technology in the field of space nuclear power is severely restricted by the low energy conversion efficiency. Further improving thermoelectric efficiency in static conversion, and seeking a material with higher thermoelectric efficiency has become a bottleneck in the development of static conversion technology.
If on the existing thermoelectric material, the conversion efficiency from heat energy to electric energy is improved by a certain technical means, and the technical bottleneck of singly seeking the high-performance thermoelectric material is hopefully avoided. A better scheme is that on the basis of the existing static conversion technology, a new process means is developed, a new heat transfer mechanism is introduced, and the heat efficiency of the device is improved. It is worth noting that the existing research related to the space nuclear power thermoelectric technology focuses on the steady-state heat conduction and thermoelectric characteristics, and the recent thermoelectric material research shows that the energy conversion rate of the thermoelectric material is close to the conversion limit value, and it is difficult to make a major breakthrough.
In view of this, there is an urgent need to improve the conventional static conversion device of the space nuclear power supply, increase the thermoelectric conversion efficiency thereof, and improve the utilization rate of energy.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problem that the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the conventional space nuclear power supply static conversion device is low.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects, including a pressure vessel, wherein nuclear fuel for nuclear reaction is provided in the pressure vessel, and the space nuclear power supply device further includes:
the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device comprises a resonant cavity, a porous electrode plate, a porous medium and a heat conducting electrode plate which are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, wherein the porous medium penetrates through the pressure container, and the resonant cavity and the porous electrode plate are arranged in the pressure container;
and the heat output device is arranged outside the pressure container and comprises a liquid absorption core arranged on the heat conducting electrode plate, and a radiation radiator is arranged on the heat output device.
In the above scheme, the diameter of the through hole on the porous electrode plate is larger than 0.5 mm.
In the above scheme, the heat output device is a heat pipe, the hot end of the heat pipe is connected with the heat conducting electrode plate, and the cold end of the heat pipe is connected with the radiation radiator.
In the scheme, the device further comprises a closed cavity, the resonant cavity is communicated with the porous electrode plate, the porous medium and the heat conducting electrode plate, the resonant cavity, the porous electrode plate, the porous medium and the heat conducting electrode plate are located in the closed cavity, and the closed cavity is filled with gas working media.
In the scheme, the length of the closed cavity is integral multiple of the wavelength of the sound wave 1/4 in the closed cavity.
In the above scheme, the porous medium is made of thermoelectric materials.
In the above scheme, the porous medium comprises a plurality of porous medium monomers which are stacked and arranged, and the porous medium monomers are plate-shaped or tubular.
In the above scheme, the porous medium is integrally provided with the porous electrode plate and the heat-conducting electrode plate.
Compared with the prior art, according to the thermoacoustic effect, the reactor core heat is firstly converted into the high-frequency pulse thermal oscillation wave of the packaging gas in the thermoacoustic thermoelectric device, the thermal oscillation wave acts on the hot side of the thermoelectric material at high frequency to realize the transient thermoelectric effect, so that the thermoelectric conversion with higher efficiency is realized, and the reactor core heat conversion device is a space nuclear power technology combining dynamic and static states and has higher thermoelectric conversion efficiency.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects, and aims to provide a device for improving thermoelectric conversion efficiency of a space nuclear power device.
The invention has the technical characteristics that: the heat of the nuclear fuel is converted into high-temperature oscillation flow by using the thermoacoustic effect, and high frequency acts on the thermoelectric device to realize transient thermoelectric conversion. The invention is different from the technical path of realizing thermoelectric conversion by steady-state heat conduction acting on thermoelectric materials in the traditional space nuclear power supply, but the heat is firstly converted into high-frequency pulse thermal oscillation waves by the thermoacoustic effect and acts on the porous electrode plate at high frequency, and the thermoelectric conversion efficiency is obviously enhanced due to the relaxation time of the porous medium. Laboratory test results show that transient thermoelectric output power can be improved by about 2 orders of magnitude compared with steady thermoelectric output power at the temperature difference of about 200 ℃. The invention breaks through the static conversion thought of the traditional space thermal power supply, converts heat into high-frequency thermal oscillation to act on the thermoelectric device by introducing the thermoacoustic technology, realizes the thermoelectric conversion with higher efficiency, and is a space nuclear power technology combining dynamic state and static state. The invention has high thermoelectric conversion efficiency, and is described in detail in the figures and the detailed description of the invention.
As shown in fig. 1, the space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects provided by the invention comprises a pressure vessel 5, nuclear fuel 4 for nuclear reaction is arranged in the pressure vessel 5, and the space nuclear power supply device further comprises a thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device and a heat output device. The thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device comprises a resonant cavity 7, a porous electrode plate 8, a porous medium 6 and a heat conducting electrode plate 9 which are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, wherein the porous medium 6 penetrates through the pressure container 5, and the resonant cavity 7 and the porous electrode plate 8 are arranged in the pressure container 5; the heat output device is arranged outside the pressure container 5 and comprises a heat conducting electrode plate 9, a liquid absorption core 10 and a radiation radiator 11, and liquid working media are packaged in the heat output device. Preferably, the diameter of the through holes in the porous electrode plate 8 is greater than 0.5 mm. In the invention, the heat output device is a heat pipe heat dissipation device. In the invention, a closed cavity is arranged in the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device, the resonant cavity 7 is communicated with the porous electrode plate 8, the porous medium 6 and the heat conducting electrode plate 9, the resonant cavity 7, the porous electrode plate 8, the porous medium 6 and the heat conducting electrode plate 9 are positioned in the closed cavity, the length of the closed cavity is integral multiple of 1/4 wavelengths of sound waves in the closed cavity, and the closed cavity is filled with gas working media for transmitting heat. Preferably, the porous medium 6 is made of an electrothermal material having a high electrical conductivity and a low thermal conductivity, and the porous medium 6 has a stacked plate shape or a stacked tube shape, so that the flow resistance of the oscillating gas can be reduced.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the invention provides the thermoelectric conversion device for improving the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the space nuclear power supply by utilizing the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects in a thermoacoustic and thermoelectric integrated arrangement mode, and effectively solves the problem of low conversion efficiency of the conventional static conversion device of the space nuclear power supply;
(2) the heat of the fuel is skillfully converted into pulsed thermal oscillation, the high-frequency pulse acts on the thermoelectric material, the transient thermoelectric principle is utilized, the space nuclear power static conversion technology is dynamic, and the introduction of the thermal oscillation greatly improves the power supply endurance of the existing space nuclear power device;
(3) the whole set of device has no moving parts, is the comprehensive application of three passive technologies of heat collection and sound effect, thermoelectric technology and heat pipe heat dissipation, fundamentally solves the problems of abrasion and vibration commonly existing in conventional mechanical equipment, meets the requirement of space nuclear power on the reliability of the equipment, does not have working fluid harmful to the space environment, and has better application prospect.
In the present invention, the transport of heat generated by the nuclear fuel 4 can be regarded as the primary circuit 1, the secondary circuit 2, and the thermoelectric device 3. The thermo-acoustic, thermoelectric device of the present invention comprises a thermo-acoustic device and a thermoelectric device 3. The primary loop 1 comprises a heat conducting electrode plate 9, a porous medium 6, a porous electrode plate 8 and a resonant cavity 7, and a closed chamber which is a thermoacoustic device and consists of the heat conducting electrode plate 9, the porous medium 6 and the resonant cavity 7, and the secondary loop 2 comprises a heat output device and the heat conducting electrode plate 9 which is multiplexed with the thermoelectric device 3. The heat conducting electrode plate 9 is the boundary interface of the primary circuit 1 and the secondary circuit 2.
The thermoelectric device 3 is a power generation device in the present invention, and the thermoelectric device 3 includes a heat conducting electrode plate 9, a porous electrode plate 8, and a porous medium 6 multiplexed in a primary circuit 1. The heat conducting electrode plate 9 and the porous electrode plate 8 are two output electrodes of the thermoelectric device 3 and can be used for supplying power to an external load, and the porous medium 6 is tightly combined with the porous electrode plate 8 and the heat conducting electrode plate 9 respectively. Preferably, the porous medium 6 is integrally formed with the porous electrode plate 8 and the heat conductive electrode plate 9, so that the internal resistance of the thermoelectric device 3 can be effectively reduced and the output power can be improved, and preferably, the porous medium 6, the porous electrode plate 8 and the heat conductive electrode plate 9 can be integrally formed by a sintering method.
In order to further improve the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the space nuclear power supply, the nuclear fuel 4 can be directly packaged with the primary loop 1 into a whole so as to improve the temperature of the hot side in the thermoelectric device 3 and improve the conversion efficiency. Preferably, the porous electrode plate 8 should be as thin as possible, and the diameter of the through holes in the porous electrode plate should be on the order of millimeters to reduce the flow resistance of the oscillating gas. Preferably, the porous medium 6 has a stacked plate shape or a stacked tube shape, thereby reducing the flow resistance of the oscillating gas. In order to increase the relaxation time of the porous medium 6 and improve the transient thermoelectric efficiency, the thickness of the thermoelectric material of the porous medium 6 should be appropriately reduced.
The working principle of the invention is as follows:
thermo-acoustic process: the nuclear fuel 4 in the pressure container 5 transmits heat to a gas working medium which is close to the nuclear fuel 4 in the primary circuit 1, the gas working medium in a cavity of the primary circuit 1 expands after being locally heated, perturbation fluctuation is outwards excited, and the fluctuation is outwards transmitted at the local sound velocity until being reflected back by the cavity wall. On the other hand, the expanded air mass enters the porous medium 6, exchanges heat with the cooler wall surface of the porous medium 6 and contracts to form another disturbance in the opposite direction, and is represented by superposition and enhancement of a plurality of temperature fluctuations. The fuel is continuously heated to realize continuous compression of the heat wave, and after repeated reinforcement of a plurality of periods, the fuel reaches saturation to form continuous resonance fluctuation. This process achieves the conversion of the heat of the fuel into high intensity pulsed waves of the working medium of the primary circuit 1. The temperature of the working medium is highest at the wave crest, and the temperature is lowest at the wave trough, thus macroscopically realizing the transfer of heat from the nuclear fuel 4 to the heat conducting electrode plate 9 which is multiplexed on the secondary loop 2.
A thermoelectric process: the porous medium 6 is subjected to high-frequency oscillation gas in the primary circuit 1, the internal heat transfer of the porous medium 6 shows obvious fluctuation characteristics, a large temperature gradient can be formed in the vertical direction of the porous medium 6, the thermoelectric effect can directly convert temperature difference into electric signals, and the external output is realized through the heat conduction electrode plates 9 and the porous electrode plates 8 which are respectively positioned on the upper side and the lower side of the porous medium 6. The early experimental result shows that the power generation performance of the surface pulse thermoelectric efficiency is obviously higher than that of the steady-state thermoelectric power, namely, the heat of the nuclear fuel 4 acts on the thermoelectric device 3 in a sound wave oscillation mode, and compared with the traditional space nuclear power steady-state thermoelectric power, the thermoelectric device has the advantage of higher power generation efficiency.
The operation of the heat pipe: in the invention, the heat output device of the two loops 2 is a heat pipe, the hot end of the heat pipe is connected with a heat conducting electrode plate 9, the cold end of the heat pipe is connected with a radiation radiator 11, a liquid working medium is packaged in the heat pipe, the two loops 2 are separated from a porous medium 6 in a thermoelectric device 3 through the heat conducting electrode plate 9, the heat received in the one loop 1 is transmitted into the two loops 2 through the porous medium 6, the liquid working medium packaged in the heat pipe is quickly evaporated to transmit the heat to the space through the radiation radiator 11 by the radiation radiator, and the cooled liquid working medium returns to the evaporation side under the action of a liquid absorption core 10.
Compared with the prior art, the invention converts heat into high-frequency pulse thermal oscillation waves according to the thermoacoustic effect, and the high frequency acts on the hot side of the thermoelectric material, thereby realizing the thermoelectric conversion with higher efficiency.
The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned preferred embodiments, and any structural changes made under the teaching of the present invention shall fall within the scope of the present invention, which is similar or similar to the technical solutions of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. A space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects comprises a pressure vessel, wherein nuclear fuel for nuclear reaction is arranged in the pressure vessel, and the space nuclear power supply device is characterized by further comprising:
the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric device comprises a resonant cavity, a porous electrode plate, a porous medium and a heat conducting electrode plate which are sequentially arranged from bottom to top, wherein the porous medium penetrates through the pressure container, and the resonant cavity and the porous electrode plate are arranged in the pressure container; the heat conducting electrode plate, the porous medium and the resonant cavity form a closed cavity, and a gas working medium is filled in the closed cavity;
the heat output device is arranged outside the pressure container and comprises a liquid absorption core arranged on the heat conducting electrode plate, and a radiation radiator is arranged on the heat output device; the heat output device is a heat pipe, the hot end of the heat pipe is connected with a heat conducting electrode plate, the cold end of the heat pipe is connected with the radiation radiator, and a liquid working medium is packaged in the heat pipe;
the heat generated by the nuclear fuel can be considered as a primary circuit, a secondary circuit and the thermoelectric device, wherein the primary circuit comprises the heat-conducting electrode plate, the porous medium, the porous electrode plate, the resonant cavity and the closed chamber; the second loop comprises the heat output device and the heat conducting electrode plate which is reused for the thermoelectric device, and the heat conducting electrode plate is a boundary interface of the first loop and the second loop.
2. The space nuclear power supply device based on thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects as claimed in claim 1, wherein the diameter of the through holes on the porous electrode plate is greater than 0.5 mm.
3. The space nuclear power supply device based on the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a closed chamber, wherein said resonant cavity is communicated with said porous electrode plate, porous medium and heat conducting electrode plate, said resonant cavity, porous electrode plate, porous medium and heat conducting electrode plate are located in said closed chamber, and said closed chamber is filled with gas working medium.
4. The space nuclear power device based on the thermoacoustic and thermoelectric effects as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the length of said closed chamber is an integral multiple of the wavelength of sound wave 1/4 in said closed chamber.
5. The device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the porous medium is made of thermoelectric material.
6. The thermoacoustic thermoelectric effect-based space nuclear power supply device according to claim 1, wherein the porous medium comprises a plurality of porous medium single bodies which are stacked and arranged, and the porous medium single bodies are plate-shaped or tubular.
7. The thermoacoustic thermoelectric effect-based space nuclear power supply unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said porous medium is integrated with said porous electrode plate and said heat conducting electrode plate.
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| CN111524624A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-08-11 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Thermionic conversion and Brayton cycle combined power generation reactor system |
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| US20070286324A1 (en) * | 2002-05-18 | 2007-12-13 | Spindletop Corporation | Direct generation of electrical and electromagnetic energy from materials containing deuterium |
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