CN108832087B - 一种电池负极材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种电池负极材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108832087B CN108832087B CN201810583702.5A CN201810583702A CN108832087B CN 108832087 B CN108832087 B CN 108832087B CN 201810583702 A CN201810583702 A CN 201810583702A CN 108832087 B CN108832087 B CN 108832087B
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- graphite
- bromide
- electrode material
- negative electrode
- functionalized
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 126
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical group [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical group [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KPWJBEFBFLRCLH-UHFFFAOYSA-L cadmium bromide Chemical compound Br[Cd]Br KPWJBEFBFLRCLH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003767 Gold(III) bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BZRRQSJJPUGBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) bromide Chemical compound Br[Co]Br BZRRQSJJPUGBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- RJYMRRJVDRJMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dibromomanganese Chemical compound Br[Mn]Br RJYMRRJVDRJMJW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SRVXDMYFQIODQI-UHFFFAOYSA-K gallium(iii) bromide Chemical compound Br[Ga](Br)Br SRVXDMYFQIODQI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- OVWPJGBVJCTEBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K gold tribromide Chemical compound Br[Au](Br)Br OVWPJGBVJCTEBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NGYIMTKLQULBOO-UHFFFAOYSA-L mercury dibromide Chemical compound Br[Hg]Br NGYIMTKLQULBOO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UQPSGBZICXWIAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dibromide;trihydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.Br[Ni]Br UQPSGBZICXWIAG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 4-(2-chloroacetyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)N1CCN(C(=O)CCl)CC1 PUGUQINMNYINPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PGAPATLGJSQQBU-UHFFFAOYSA-M thallium(i) bromide Chemical compound [Tl]Br PGAPATLGJSQQBU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N uranium(0) Chemical compound [U] JFALSRSLKYAFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- IMNIORQANNGBDO-UHFFFAOYSA-J uranium(4+);tetrabromide Chemical compound Br[U](Br)(Br)Br IMNIORQANNGBDO-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) bromide Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Br-].[Br-] GYCHYNMREWYSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910021578 Iron(III) chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe](Cl)Cl RBTARNINKXHZNM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 8
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004437 phosphorous atom Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002329 infrared spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PFRUBEOIWWEFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[S] Chemical group [N].[S] PFRUBEOIWWEFOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000053 physical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002791 soaking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011592 zinc chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Zn+2] JIAARYAFYJHUJI-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101150050331 PGIC gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium ion Chemical compound [K+] NPYPAHLBTDXSSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 aluminum ion Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SOIFLUNRINLCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium thiocyanate Chemical compound [NH4+].[S-]C#N SOIFLUNRINLCBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001425 magnesium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001414 potassium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 1
- FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K tribromoiron Chemical compound Br[Fe](Br)Br FEONEKOZSGPOFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 235000005074 zinc chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract
本发明提供一种石墨层间化合物基电池负极材料,包括功能化石墨及金属卤化物基石墨层间化合物,通过对石墨主体进行功能化改性处理,引入功能基团,以提高石墨片层与金属卤化物插入客体之间的化合键合力,获取高可逆容量的同时保持较好的循环稳定性。本发明同时还提供该负极材料的制备方法,该制备方法能够克服现有技术中的不足之处,提供一种高容量且循环性能好的负极材料,同时该生产过程安全、环保、适合大规模生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于电池技术领域,尤其涉及一种石墨层间化合物基电池负极材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
负极材料是制造电池的关键材料之一,是决定电池性能和价格的重要因素。对于锂离子电池而言,目前商业化的负极材料主要是石墨,其实际容量已接近理论值(372mAh/g),且随着循环次数的增加容量显著下降,无法满足电池日益增长的容量和性能要求。天然石墨结晶程度高,具有很高的容量( 接近石墨理论容量372mAh/g),但其结构不稳定,循环性能差,即使通过各种手段对其表面进行改性,仍无法满足要求。人造石墨结构稳定,具有优秀的循环寿命,但容量较天然石墨偏低。尽管通过选择合理的原料和石墨化工艺,可以具备接近天然石墨的容量,但仍然无法完全满足高端消费电子产品的应用要求。
由于石墨片层之间的结合力弱,间距较大,在插层剂的作用下,化学反应物质插入石墨片层间,并在层间与碳原子键合,形成的一种并不破坏石墨层状结构的石墨层间化合物。定向选择可与Li+、Na+、K+等离子发生可逆反应的金属卤化物作为插层剂,制备金属卤化物基石墨层间化合物,如氯化铁-石墨层间化合物。以锂离子电池为例,由于金属氯化物与锂离子反应所具有的容量远高于纯石墨负极的容量,因而该石墨层间化合物作为电极材料使用,其石墨主体和金属氯化物客体均能作为锂离子存储的活性位点,从而,获取远高于纯石墨作为电极材料时的可逆容量。另外,由于插入的金属卤化物与石墨片层的相互作用,可改变石墨片层的电子结构,作为电极材料时能够表现出高的可逆容量。由于石墨片层的束缚作用,插入的卤化物客体在空气中较为稳定,材料存储时不需要采取特殊的保护措施以避免其分解。然而,在作为电极材料使用时,由于离子反复地嵌入脱出,会造成石墨片层束缚力的削弱,导致卤化物溶解于电解液中,造成活性物质的损失,最终导致电极材料循环性能不稳定。为了提高金属卤化物基石墨层间化合物作为电极材料的结构稳定性,避免金属卤化物的溶解问题,需对石墨主体进行改性处理以提高其对金属卤化物插入客体的化学键合能力。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供一种石墨层间化合物基电池负极材料及其制备方法。为了在获取高可逆容量的同时保持较好的循环稳定性,通过对石墨主体进行功能化改性处理,引入功能基团,以提高石墨片层与金属卤化物插入客体之间的化合键合力。该制备方法能够克服现有技术中的不足之处,提供一种高容量且循环性能好的负极材料,同时该生产过程安全、环保、适合大规模生产。
一种电池负极材料,包括功能化石墨及石墨层间化合物。
所述的功能化石墨是通过化学法或物理法在石墨片层间引入氧、氮、硫、磷杂原子中的一种或几种获得的。
所述的石墨层间化合物是通过熔盐法将金属卤化物作为插层剂插入到功能化石墨层间,形成石墨层间化合物。
所述的功能化石墨,优选氧杂原子中的环氧官能团;所述功能化石墨中杂原子与碳原子的原子比为0-20%。
所述的石墨包括天然石墨、人造石墨或膨胀石墨。
所述的金属卤化物插层剂都是无水化合物,形成受电子型的石墨层间化合物,包括铍、镁、钪、钇、锆、铪、铌、钽、铬、钼、钨、锰、铼、铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂、铜、银、金、锌、镉、汞、铝、镓、铟、铊、锗、锡、铅、锑、铋、铀的金属氯化物以及溴化铁、溴化镍、溴化铝、溴化镓、溴化锰、溴化钴、溴化镉、溴化金、溴化汞、溴化铊和溴化铀中的一种或几种。
所述的熔盐法制备石墨层间化合物的所有过程都在空气中进行,所制备的石墨层间化合物可以为1阶、2阶、3阶、4阶或混合阶数。
所述的电池,包括锂离子电池、钠离子电池、钾离子电池、镁离子电池、铝离子电池和超级电容器。
一种负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)先通过化学法或物理法在石墨片层间引入氧、氮、硫、磷杂原子中的一种或几种,获得功能化石墨主体材料;
(2)以功能化石墨为主体,与金属卤化物插层剂混合,再通过熔盐法将金属卤化物插入到功能化石墨层间,使得金属卤化物以分子的形式存在于石墨片层间隙;所述的熔盐法的条件为:插层剂与石墨的质量比为1:0.2-20,干燥温度为60-150℃,干燥时间为0.2-5h,插层反应温度300-1100℃,反应时间为1-72h。
作用机理:以环氧基功能化的石墨主体和金属卤化物FeCl3客体为例,主体与客体之间的结合能高达0.216 eV,而未功能化的石墨主体与客体之间的结合能仅0.059 eV,更高的结合能意味着更加稳定的化学结构。因而,在作为电极材料使用时,本发明所制备的石墨层间化合物可避免FeCl3客体溶解于电解液中,从而在保证高容量的同时具有稳定的循环性能。另外,由于FeCl3的插入,改变了石墨片层的电子结构,大大增加了石墨的电化学离子存储活性位点,能够获取极高的可逆容量。
本发明的有益效果:
(1)容量大
本发明所制备材料作为锂离子电池负极材料使用,具有1200 mAh g-1 以上的可逆容量,远高于石墨主体372 mAh g-1的理论容量。同时,较高的振实密度(1.3 g cm-3)使其具有较高的体积能量密度。
本发明所制备的材料作为钠离子电池负极材料使用,具有583 mAh g-1可逆容量(纯石墨难以储存钠离子),扩大的石墨层间距和插入的金属卤化物均有利于钠离子的存储。
(2)循环性能好
本发明所制备材料作为锂离子电池负极材料使用,50次循环后具有90%以上的容量保持率。而传统金属卤化物石墨层间化合物的循环性能较差,经过50次循环后,容量保持率不到15%。
(3)制备方法简单
以功能化的石墨作为主体材料,制备金属卤化物基石墨层间化合物,在熔盐法插入金属卤化物过程中不会造成石墨中杂原子的损失,插层剂以单分子层的形式存在于石墨层间。功能化的石墨片层与金属卤化物之间的化学键合力远远大于纯石墨片层与金属卤化物之间的键合力;且合成方法简单、易于操作、制作成本低,适合大规模量产。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例1中环氧基功能化石墨和纯石墨的傅里叶红外光谱图;
图2为本发明实施例1中FeCl3-OGIC和对比例1 中FeCl3-GIC的(a)XRD图和(b)Raman图;
图3为本发明实施例1中FeCl3-OGIC和对比例1 中FeCl3-GIC作为锂离子电池负极材料的循环性能图。
具体实施方式
为了更好地理解本发明,下面结合附图和实施例进一步阐明本发明的内容,但本发明的内容不仅仅局限于下面的实施例。
实施例1:
一种负极材料FeCl3-OGIC的制备方法:
(1)制备环氧基功能化石墨:在机械搅拌条件下,将10g天然鳞片石墨(D50=16μm)、5.4g高锰酸钾依次加入盛有60g混酸(80%的硫酸与浓硝酸按质量比3:1制成混合物)的烧杯中,室温搅拌反应50min,再用30%的过氧化氢还原体系中残余的KMnO4,用蒸馏水洗涤产物3次,抽滤,在60℃下干燥4h,得到氧化石墨。最后将氧化石墨在马弗炉中900℃热处理12s,得到环氧基团功能化的石墨主体。如附图1的傅里叶红外光谱图所示,经过处理之后,石墨内部引入了大量的环氧基团,通过元素分析测试得知氧原子含量为15.04 at%。
(2)制备FeCl3插层的GICs:将上述功能化的石墨与无水氯化铁按照质量比1:2在空气中搅拌混合,然后在120℃下真空干燥1h后转移至反应釜中,将反应釜密封后在加热器中加热到450℃保温24h。得到的产物用去离子水、酒精和丙酮清洗后在80℃下干燥12h后得到FeCl3-OGIC(O表示环氧基官能化)。附图2可以看出氯化铁以分子形式成功插入石墨层间形成了石墨层间化合物,而不是混合物,也没有铁的其他化合物存在。
电化学结果显示,实施例1制备的FeCl3-OGIC作为锂离子电池负极材料使用可逆比容量在1371 mAh g-1以上,经过50次循环后,容量保持率为98%,循环性能稳定;FeCl3-OGIC作为钠离子电池负极材料使用,具有583 mAh g-1可逆容量(纯石墨难以储存钠离子)。
对比例1:使用未功能化的石墨作为主体
一种负极材料的制备方法:直接以天然石墨作为客体插入氯化铁,具体做法如下:将粒度为16μm的天然石墨在120℃下干燥4h后与无水氯化铁按照质量比1:2在空气中搅拌混合,然后在120℃下真空干燥1h后转移至反应釜中,将反应釜密封后在铸铜加热器中在450℃中保温24h。得到的产物用去离子水、酒精和丙酮清洗后在80℃下干燥12h后收集备用,样品命名为FeCl3-GIC。
与实施例1比,对比例1的该材料没有引入环氧官能团,作为锂离子电池负极材料,容量仅为752mAh g-1,且50次循环后,容量保持率仅为36%,循环性能不稳定。
实施例2:
一种负极材料FeCl3+ZnCl2-OGIC的制备方法:
(1)制备环氧基功能化石墨:在机械搅拌条件下,将10g天然鳞片石墨(D50=16μm)、5.4g高锰酸钾依次加入盛有60g混酸(80%的硫酸与浓硝酸按质量比3:1制成混合物)的烧杯中,室温搅拌反应50min,再用30%的过氧化氢还原体系中残余的KMnO4,用蒸馏水洗涤产物3次,抽滤,在60℃下干燥4h,得到氧化石墨。最后将氧化石墨在马弗炉中900℃热处理12s,得到环氧基团功能化的石墨主体。如附图1的傅里叶红外光谱图所示,经过处理之后,石墨内部引入了大量的环氧基团,通过元素分析测试得知氧原子含量为15.04 at%。
(2)制备FeCl3和ZnCl2插层的GICs:将上述功能化的石墨与无水氯化铁和无水氯化锌按照质量比1:2:1在空气中搅拌混合,然后在120℃下真空干燥1h后转移至反应釜中,将反应釜密封后在加热器中加热到450℃保温24h。得到的产物用去离子水、酒精和丙酮清洗后在80℃下干燥12h后得到FeCl3+ZnCl2-OGIC(O表示环氧基官能化)。
电化学结果显示,实施例2的FeCl3+ZnCl2-OGIC作为锂离子电池负极材料使用,可逆比容量在1289 mAh g-1以上,经过50次循环后,容量保持率为95%,循环性能稳定。
实施例3:
一种负极材料FeCl3-PGIC的制备方法:
(1)制备磷原子掺杂的石墨:在机械搅拌条件下,将10g天然鳞片石墨(D50=16μm)、5.4g高锰酸钾依次加入盛有60g混酸(80%的硫酸与浓硝酸按质量比3:1制成混合物)的烧杯中,室温搅拌反应50min,再用30%的过氧化氢还原体系中残余的KMnO4,用蒸馏水洗涤产物3次,抽滤,在60℃下干燥4h,得到氧化石墨。最后将氧化石墨在马弗炉中900℃热处理12s后置于管式炉中加热到900℃处理2h除去环氧基团。将得到的石墨粉末浸渍在1.0 mol/L的磷酸溶液中,取出烘干后在管式炉中加热到800℃处理2h得到磷原子掺杂的石墨。
(2)制备FeCl3插层的GICs:将上述磷原子掺杂的石墨与无水氯化铁按照质量比1:2在空气中搅拌混合,然后在120℃下真空干燥1h后转移至反应釜中,将反应釜密封后在加热器中加热到450℃保温24h。得到的产物用去离子水、酒精和丙酮清洗后在80℃下干燥12h后得到FeCl3-PGIC(P表示磷原子官能化)。
电化学结果显示,实施例3的FeCl3-PGIC作为锂离子电池负极材料使用,可逆比容量在1254 mAh g-1以上,经过50次循环后,容量保持率为91%,循环性能稳定。
实施例4:
一种负极材料FeCl3-NSGIC的制备方法:
(1)制备氮硫原子共掺杂的石墨:在机械搅拌条件下,将10g天然鳞片石墨(D50=16μm)、5.4g高锰酸钾依次加入盛有60g混酸(80%的硫酸与浓硝酸按质量比3:1制成混合物)的烧杯中,室温搅拌反应50min,再用30%的过氧化氢还原体系中残余的KMnO4,用蒸馏水洗涤产物3次,抽滤,在60℃下干燥4h,得到氧化石墨。最后将氧化石墨在马弗炉中900℃热处理12s后置于管式炉中加热到900℃处理2h除去环氧基团。将得到的石墨粉末浸渍在1.0 mol/L的硫氰酸铵溶液中,取出烘干后在管式炉中加热到600℃处理2h得到氮硫原子共掺杂的石墨。
(2)制备FeCl3插层的GICs:将上述氮硫原子共掺杂的石墨与无水氯化铁按照质量比1:2在空气中搅拌混合,然后在120℃下真空干燥1h后转移至反应釜中,将反应釜密封后在加热器中加热到450℃保温24h。得到的产物用去离子水、酒精和丙酮清洗后在80℃下干燥12h后得到FeCl3-NSGIC(NS表示氮硫原子官能化)。
电化学结果显示,实施例4的FeCl3-NSGIC作为锂离子电池负极材料使用,可逆比容量在1242 mAh g-1以上,经过50次循环后,容量保持率为90%,循环性能稳定。
尽管参照实施例对所公开的涉及一种石墨层间化合物及衍生物的制造方法进行了特别描述,本领域技术人员将能理解,在不偏离本发明的范围和精神的情况下,可以对它进行形式和细节的种种显而易见的修改。因此,以上描述的实施例是说明性的而不是限制性的,在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,所有的变化和修改都在本发明的范围之内。
Claims (8)
1.一种电池负极材料,其特征在于,包括功能化石墨及金属卤化物基石墨层间化合物;所述的功能化石墨是通过化学法在石墨片层间引入氧、氮、硫、磷杂原子中的一种或几种获得的;
所述负极材料的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)先通过化学法在石墨片层间引入氧、氮、硫、磷杂原子中的一种或几种,获得功能化石墨主体材料;
(2)以功能化石墨为主体,与金属卤化物插层剂混合,再通过熔盐法将金属卤化物插入到功能化石墨层间,使得金属卤化物以分子的形式存在于石墨片层间隙;插层剂与石墨的质量比为1:0.2-20,干燥温度为60-150℃,干燥时间为0.2-5h,插层反应温度300-1100℃,反应时间为1-72h。
2.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述的功能化石墨为在石墨片层间引入氧杂原子中的环氧官能团得到的石墨。
3.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述功能化石墨中杂原子与碳原子的原子比为0-20%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述的石墨层间化合物是通过熔盐法将金属卤化物作为插层剂插入到功能化石墨层间,形成石墨层间化合物。
5.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述的熔盐法制备石墨层间化合物的所有过程都在空气中进行,所制备的石墨层间化合物为1阶、2阶、3阶、4阶或混合阶数。
6.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述的金属卤化物插层剂都是无水化合物,形成受电子型的石墨层间化合物,包括铍、镁、钪、钇、锆、铪、铌、钽、铬、钼、钨、锰、铼、铁、钌、锇、钴、铑、铱、镍、钯、铂、铜、银、金、锌、镉、汞、铝、镓、铟、铊、锗、锡、铅、锑、铋、铀的金属氯化物以及溴化铁、溴化镍、溴化铝、溴化镓、溴化锰、溴化钴、溴化镉、溴化金、溴化汞、溴化铊和溴化铀中的一种或几种。
7.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述的石墨包括天然石墨、人造石墨或膨胀石墨。
8.根据权利要求1所述的负极材料,其特征在于,所述的电池为锂离子电池。
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