CN1087768C - 在柴油机中使用铂族金属 - Google Patents

在柴油机中使用铂族金属 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1087768C
CN1087768C CN96192513A CN96192513A CN1087768C CN 1087768 C CN1087768 C CN 1087768C CN 96192513 A CN96192513 A CN 96192513A CN 96192513 A CN96192513 A CN 96192513A CN 1087768 C CN1087768 C CN 1087768C
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fuel
catalyst
particulate
platinum group
diesel engine
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CN1179174A (zh
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詹姆斯·M·瓦伦丁
杰里米·D·彼得-霍布林
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Platinum Plus Inc
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Platinum Plus Inc
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    • B01PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01D53/34Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

本发明提供一种使用燃料添加剂来改善通过式氧化催化剂的操作方法,使其在长时间内具有连续催化活性且不发生不希望的SO2向SO3的转化。通过式催化剂载体被含有铂族金属组合物(其燃烧释放出活性形式的金属催化剂)的燃料的燃烧来连续选择性催化。本方法的有效性是由于该催化剂和燃烧放出的活性催化剂金属处理该催化氧化剂而改善了发动机中的燃烧的缘故,使得在尾气系统中,微粒的可溶性有机组分和未燃烧的气态烃和一氧化碳的含量显著降低。本发明改善的催化剂使SO2向SO3的转化最低。该铂族金属组合物可溶解或分散在该柴油燃料中,其加入量能有效提供该金属在该燃料中的浓度低于百万分之一(ppm)。

Description

在柴油机中使用铂族金属
本申请是普通转让的题为“用于含水燃料的铂金属燃料添加剂”的美国专利申请序号08/372,188(1995年1月13日提交,署名J.D.Peter-Hoblyn,B.N.Sprague和J.M.Valentine)的同时待审的部分继续申请,08/372,188申请又是题为“降低柴油机排出的氧化氮”的美国专利申请序号08/251,520(以J.D.Peter-Hoblyn和J.M.Valentine的名字在1994年5月31日提交)的一个部分继续申请,而08/251,520申请又是题为“降低车用柴油机排出的氧化氮”的美国专利申请序号07/918,679(以J.M.Valentine的名字在1992年7月22日提交)的一个部分继续申请。本申请也是普通转让的题为“降低柴油机排出的氧化氮”的美国专利申请序号08/251,520(以J.D.Peter-Hoblyn和J.M.Valentine的名字在1994年5月31日提交)的一个同时待审的部分继续申请,而08/251,520申请又是题为“降低车用柴油机排出的氧化氮”的美国专利申请序号07/918,679(以J.M.Valentine的名字在1992年7月22日提交)的一个部分继续申请。本申请也是题为“降低装备有微粒捕集器柴油机的有害排放物的方法”的美国专利申请序号08/003,245(以J.D.Peter-Hoblyn,W.R.Epperly和J.M.Valentine的名字在1993年1月11日提交)的一个部分连续申请,而08/003,245又是题为“降低柴油机微粒排放物的方法”的美国专利申请序号07/808,435(以J.D.Peter-Hoblyn,J.M.Valentin,W.R.Epperly和B.N.Spragne的名字在1991年12月16日提交)的一个部分连接申请,而07/808,435又是题为“降低排放或增加燃料的可用能来驱动内燃机的方法”的美国专利申请序号07/794,329(以W.R.Epperly,O.N.Sprague,D.Kelso和W.E.Bowers的名字在1991年11月12日提交)的一个部分连续申请,07/794,329又是美国专利申请序号07/291,245(1988年12月28日提交,现在放弃)的一个部分连续申请。这些现有申请的每一个公开文版在此整个引为参考。
本发明涉及降低带有“通过式催化氧化剂”的柴油机废气所排出的微粒、气态烃和一氧化碳的复合总量,本发明还涉及该领域中的“流过式氧化催化剂”。根据本发明,首先通过降低SO2氧化成SO3的趋势,并随时间流逝保持催化剂的活性,来改进这类流过式氧化催化剂。
柴油机和四冲程型发动机相比有一系列重要的优点。其中能节约燃料、容易修理和长寿命。但是,从排放角度考虑,柴油机的现有问题与其火花-点火的对应物相比就严重得多。排放问题涉及微粒、氧化氮(NOx)、未燃烧的烃类(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)。微粒本身就有许多组分-每一种单独都是麻烦问题。微粒包括含碳组分、可溶性有机组分(SOF)和SO3。当改进发动机使其降低微粒和未燃烧的烃类时,NOx的排放则增加了。因此,除了改进发动机外,还必须对新发动机采取一些措施,而现有的发动机不容易改进。
曾提出用催化氧化剂降低从柴油机排放出来的微粒、气态烃类和一氧化碳。这些措施主要用于氧化称之为微粒的可溶性有机组分(SOF),同时优选地氧化未燃烧的烃类和一氧化碳以降低它们的排放。流过式催化氧化剂引导微粒流经过已催化表面的曲径,该催化的表面与微粒接触,而不象柴油微粒捕集器来捕集这些微粒,也不象用于汽油机的三重作用的催化剂来减少NOx
燃烧后通常用来降低微粒和未燃烧的烃的催化剂,也往往会把SO2氧化成SO3-因而把一种良性的气体组分转化成附着在微粒上的含水硫酸,这是一种不能令人满意的折衷做法。另外,催化剂昂贵且其表面会很快污染。
现需要一种经济的改进办法,使通过式催化装置既能在一开始又能在长期运行中降低柴油机排放出来的微粒。
柴油机用于小轿车,并在更大程度上用于卡车和公共汽车;然而由于它们用途广泛,因而它们的排放对环境会有重大的负面影响。此外,甚至在环境中如采矿中最有节制的应用都会产生问题。因此,人们非常感兴趣于开发运行柴油机的方法,同时控制它们最麻烦的性能。
在1994年7月的一篇题为“控制使用柴油燃料车辆的微粒排放”的文章中,B.I.Bertelsen做了一个“情况报告”讨论了未来的规则、目前的成绩和当前工艺的缺点。他提到本领域为柴油机开发了催化氧化剂,其形式为捕集器和通过式催化剂。两种类型的催化剂结构都可以使柴油机在运行中减少微粒的排放。但是,就目前可得的,没有一种类型可以做到在长期运行下有效。捕集器会堵塞,并且难以除掉它们捕集的微粒。此外,催化剂会由于各种原因而失活并往往会把SO2氧化成SO3。后面的这个问题会影响通过式的催化设备。为了延长使用时间而增加贵金属的含量,又加剧了把SO2氧化成SO3的这一问题。
柴油微粒,它们的作用和控制,已成为关心和争论的中心。它们的化学性质和对环境的影响成为复杂的问题。通常,柴油的微粒物基本上是碳和金属化合物的固体颗粒及其吸附的烃、硫酸盐和含水物质。吸附物中有可溶性有机组分(SOF),已知含有醛类和多环芳香烃(也叫PAH′s)。某些这类有机物曾报导过是潜在的致癌物。未燃烧的烃类与柴油所特有的气味有关,并含有醛类如甲醛和丙烯醛。醛类和一氧化碳相同,是不完全燃烧的产物。
关心的不只是这些有机物。在一项研究工作中,柴油微粒在没有任何吸附的烃类存在下,用TiO2和碳进行实验。(U.Heinrich等人,“动物吸入实验,柴油机排气的两只实验鸽的感应肿胀问题”,环境研究BMFT/GSF,慕尼黑,1992(U.Heinrich,等人,“Tierexperimentelle lnhalationsstudien Zur Frage derTumorinduzierenden Wirkung von Dieselmotorabgasen und zwei Teststauben”,Oklolgische Forschung BMFT/GSF,Munich,1992))。报告人确定所有实验的物类都表现出致癌的倾向。直到另外研究工作澄清此事之前,要谨慎地寻找能控制所有组合物微粒的系统。
不幸地,用捕集设备增加微粒的回收,由于微粒在捕集器中的积累,增加了废气的背压,因而降低了燃料的经济性。此外,各种污染物似乎相互关连,降低了一个,有时却提高了另一个的含量。通过改进燃烧来达到更完全的氧化,可降低来自不完全燃烧的污染物,但在这种条件下,NOx一般增加了。
NOx主要是NO和NO2,会生成烟雾、地面臭氧和酸雨。柴油机高温燃烧时大量生成NO。NO2主要在柴油机废气中NO的再氧化时生成。尝试了几种办法降低NOx,如延迟电机定时、废气再循环,等等,但在目前的工艺水平下,在NOx和微粒之间存在着一种折衷。当NOx降低时,微粒排放却增加了。而且,已注意到,有利于低NOx排放的条件也经常有利于增加CO和HC的生成量。理想的是能找到一种催化剂系统,可以控制微粒的排放到一个允许的水平,这时就可以采用已知的方法去降低NOx
在“新一代的柴油机氧化催化剂”,汽车工程师协会(A New Generation ofDiesel Oxidation Catalysts”,Society of Automotive Engineers)(SAE文章号922330,1992)一文中,R.Beckman等人宣称技术方面的挑战是寻找一种在低废气温度,即典型的柴油机部分负荷下,能够选择性地催化氧化含碳的组分,而此催化剂在高负荷温度下并不氧化二氧化碳或氧化氮。它们介绍了试验(未特别明确催化剂),研究了铂催化的堇青石蜂窝状阱的老化,结论是老化特别和吸附硫有关,这取决于燃料的硫含量和润滑油的磷含量。如果控制了这两个含量,老化就减慢。但是,硫将继续在柴油燃料中存在,甚至按计划降低也还有0.05%,因此继续需要一种维持催化剂活性的方法以便降低微粒的排放,还优选地减少一氧化碳和未燃烧烃类的排放。
在“地下采矿中控制柴油机废气排放”,第二届美国采矿通风专题论文集,离诺,内华达9月23-25,1985,第637页,S.Snider和J.J.Stekar报告指出:在催化捕集器氧化剂和“催化的科尔宁捕集器”中的贵金属催化剂在捕捉微粒物方面是有效的,但两个系统都增加了SO2转化成SO3的量。无毒的气态二氧化物氧化成三氧化物的速度加快了,造成排出的微粒吸附了大量的酸性硫酸盐和附带的水,增加了它们的质量。
Snider等人的报告还讨论了几种其它的处理方法,包括采用一种含80ppm锰和20ppm铜的燃料添加剂来降低捕集器的再生温度。这样做对于降低捕集器中微粒的着火温度是有效的,但对于不捕集微粒的流过式氧化剂就没有考虑。没有提到一氧化碳、未燃烧的烃类或NOx有可测试的降低。
在一个1987年的报告中,R.W.McCabe和R.M.Sinkevitch总结了他们用铂和锂(单独或联合地)催化的柴油机捕集器的研究工作。(1.用催化的壁-流整体过滤器来氧化柴油机的微粒。2.铂、锂和铂-锂催化的过滤器的再生特性;SAE技术文章序列号-872137)。他们指出一氧化碳转化成二氧化碳经过锂过滤器是可以忽略不计的,用铂过滤器则是好的,但对该复合的催化剂则只在开始时是好的。他们进一步指出由于存在SO2,铂经受了可逆的抑制,但是在锂催化剂存在下铂的晶粒明显地被Li2O2润湿。
使用催化剂可以采取很多形式,但是没有一种是完全令人满意的。当催化剂在降低一氧化碳和未燃烧的烃类有效时,它们或是太容易结垢,与危及健康有关,或把SO2催化氧化成SO3(它然后与水结合并增加微粒的质量),或者具有这两种或更多的缺点。
催化剂通常应加到一种耐热的载体上,并含有两种或更多的催化剂金属的组合-优选选自铂族金属,如铂、钯、和/或铑,过渡金属如铈、铜、镍和钛。不幸地是,把催化剂金属包括钯、铂和甚至更昂贵的铑复合起来,一般经验都是在相当短期运行后它们就失去了最佳活性。更换这些催化剂通常要求更换设备-这是成本非常高的任务。最好能简单且不昂贵地实现初始选择性催化反应来把烃类氧化,而不生成SO3,并连续操作很长时间。
当不涉及柴油机的流过式氧化剂时,Dalla Batta,Tsurumi和Shoji在美国专利5,258,349中公开了:有时需要分级的钯催化剂来提供低的点火温度并避免热点(hot spots)。在美国专利5,216,875中,Kennelly和Farrauto公开了有必要保持燃烧温度以避免钯氧化催化剂的失活。
此外,现有技术到处都是如下的教导:产生的污染物如未燃烧的烃类会造成催化剂严重失活。还有,硫和其它化合物,如氯、磷、砷、铅等往往会使催化剂中毒或使催化剂失活。以上专利和这里所有涉及或提到的都特别全部引用作为参考,来说明流过式氧化催化剂的结构、组成和操作。
当前需要一种使柴油机废气变得对环境更无害的改进措施,特别是做到这一点又不使昂贵的催化装置迅速失活或有害副产物如硫酸盐产生的数量不致增加。需要使通过式催化氧化剂在连续的催化活性下长期操作,且不使SO2过量地转化成SO3
本发明的目的是提供一种通过如下操作改进柴油机操作的方法:使通过式氧化催化剂在连续的催化活性下长期运行。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种使用燃料添加剂的方法,以改善通过式氧化催化剂的操作,使其长时间内既能降低微粒、气态烃和一氧化碳的量又有连续的催化活性。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种通过如下操作来改进柴油机操作的方法:使通过式氧化催化剂在连续的催化活性下长期运行又不使SO2不受欢迎地转化成SO3
本发明的另一个目的是提供使用一种燃料添加剂的方法,以改善通过式氧化催化剂的操作,使其能在长期的催化活性下降低微粒、气态烃和一氧化碳的数量的同时,又不使SO2不受欢迎地转化成SO3
本发明的方法包括:提供一种包括废气系统的柴油机,此废气系统采用一种有足够表面来支撑一种活性氧化剂的通过式催化剂载体,此催化剂氧化至少一部分从柴油机运行时排出的微粒;把一种含铂族金属组合物的燃料引入到柴油机的燃烧室中,所述的铂族金属组合物燃烧前在燃料组合物中是稳定的,在燃烧时消耗放出呈活性状的铂金属催化剂;在所述的燃烧室内燃烧燃料时,从燃料中释放出一种活性催化剂并沉积在通过式催化剂载体中,因而催化了该载体并使其保持催化活性。
通过式的催化剂载体起初可以是催化的也可以是未催化的,如果催化可以是在任何活性阶段。优选该载体完全催化以起通过式催化氧化剂的作用,一般能够除去至少40%,优选至少60%的柴油机运行产生的微粒中的可溶性有机组分(SOF),最优选还能降低未燃烧的气态烃类和一氧化碳的至少40%。优选微粒、气态烃类和一氧化碳的总重量降低至少30%。同时,本发明的催化剂应优选既在初始时又在保持活性时有选择性。这就是说提供催化剂的活性可以降低排出物中的微粒,优选一氧化碳和未燃烧的烃类,但只引起最低的SO2转化成SO3
铂族金属组合物优选地溶解在柴油燃料中,加入的量能有效使该金属在燃料中的浓度低于百万分之一(ppm)。它们可以和大量的燃料预先混合或加油后加到油箱中或运载工具油箱的油管中。然而铂族金属组合物可以简单地分散在燃料中并用作乳液部分,或是部分或完全溶解成亲油或亲水相,以下将对此详细说明。铂族金属组合物也可以加至燃烧空气中,但这不是优选的。为了叙述的目的,所有的“百万分之几”的数值都是重量比体积,即克/百万立方厘米(也可以用毫克/升表示),百分数给的是重量百分数,除非另外说明。
在本说明书中,“柴油机”一词是指包括所有压缩-点火的发动机,运动的(包括航海)和固定的动力装置两类、每循环两冲程、每循环四冲程和转动型。
本发明的优越性在于采用铂族金属化合物通过如下操作改进了通过式氧化催化剂的操作,一方面降低了它接受的污染物的负荷,同时也有助于维持它的催化活性和好的选择性。不受任何特定理论的束缚,认为起始柴油燃料的燃烧增强了,并在装有通过式氧化催化剂的微弱燃料燃烧的柴油机(如超过化学计量所需的氧2至约12%)的排气系统中继续氧化。优选净效果是降低微粒、气态烃和一氧化碳的总量至少25%,优选至少45%,与不存在铂金属时相比。推迟催化剂失活的机理尚未完全弄清楚,但是相信与活性催化剂在通过式氧化催化剂载体表面的补充有关。
特别设计通过式氧化催化剂来降低不完全燃烧废气中微粒的可溶性有机组分和气体组分,即未燃烧的烃类和一氧化碳。和捕集器不同,通过式催化氧化剂并不滤掉或捕集微粒。这类设备的一般结构和操作已介绍在前面引入作为参考的文献中。
起初通过降低SO2氧化成SO3的倾向,流过式氧化催化剂得到改进。通过在这时间内保持催化活性也改进了该催化剂。该通过式氧化催化剂载体在初期可以是催化或未催化的,如果是催化的也可以在任何活性阶段。载体的性质是为了接受催化金属,但是它们也可以根据要求特别处理来增强由尾气中接受活性催化剂金属的能力。
优选该载体是完全催化来起通过式催化氧化剂的作用,能除去柴油机运行所产生的微粒的SOF(可溶性有机物组分)的至少60%,优选75%,最优选还降低未燃烧气态烃类和一氧化碳的至少40%。优选微粒、气态烃和一氧化碳的总量降低至少40%。此外,本发明的催化剂优选既在初期又在保持活性时应有选择性。这就是说提供催化剂的活性来降低微粒的排放,并优选地降低一氧化碳和未燃烧的烃类的排放,但是使最少的SO2转化成SO3
铂族金属组合物,以下将详细介绍,最优选直接加入到柴油机燃料中,该燃料可以是“馏出的燃料”包括符合ASTM柴油燃料定义的柴油燃料或其它甚至不完全由馏出物组成的其它燃料,并包含醇类、醚类、有机硝基化合物等(如甲醇、乙醇、二乙基醚、甲基乙基醚、硝基甲烷),以及以乳化的形式加到水中。在本发明的范围内还包括来自于植物或矿物来源如玉米、苜蓿、页岩和煤的液体燃料。这些燃料也可以含有本领域熟练技术人员已知的添加剂。它们可以包括染料、十六烷值改进剂、抗氧剂如2,6-二叔丁基-4甲基苯酚、防锈剂如烷基化的琥珀酸和琥珀酸酐、抑菌剂、防胶剂、金属减活剂、上部气缸润滑剂、防冻剂、破乳剂等。
有效的铂族催化剂金属组合物是那些已在上述引为参考的专利和申请中叙述过的组合物。特别优选呈组合物形式的铂族金属(通常是特定的化合物或反应混合物),它们可以直接地或以乳状液形式溶解或分散在燃料中。这些组合物在开始燃烧时会放出活性形式的催化剂金属。特别包括可溶于石油的有机金属铂族金属配位化合物,这在Bowers等人的美国专利4,891,050号和4,892,562号,Epperly等人的美国专利5,034,020号和美国专利5,266,093号中进行了讨论并包括这方面的内容。此外,在该燃料中存在的催化剂组合物可以包括更多的水敏性甚至水溶性的化合物。下面给出这种类型化合物的有代表性的例子。有代表性的可溶于石油化合物的例子可以在上述全文引为参考的专利中找到。
和含铂金属催化剂组合物(如一个指定的化合物)相混合的优选燃料是柴油燃料,含催化剂的添加剂可以直接加到燃料中或加至发动机(如其中润滑油和燃料一起燃烧的二冲程发动机)的润滑油中。在这类发动机中可把油和燃料混起来加到汽缸中,也可以单独把油注入发动机中。当油作为燃料的一部分加入时,它的具体掺合比率为约1∶10至约1∶75,如由1∶15至约1∶25。当加至燃料中时,铂族金属组合物可以在主燃料罐中和大量燃料相混合或在与主燃料罐分开的运输设备的油箱中以浓缩形式提供。此外,铂族金属组合物可以加至燃烧空气中并在燃烧室中和燃料相混合,这不是特别优选的。在后面这种情况下,该组合物可以由运输设备的油箱中按与其它情况相同的相对燃料的比率加入。
本发明的有利之处在于这种有效的添加剂催化剂组合物不必是高度燃料可溶性的。然而,这种有效的催化剂组合物可以包括在Bowers等人的美国专利4,891,050号和4,892,562号、Epperly等人的美国专利5,034,020号和Peter-Hoblyn等人的美国专利5,266,093号中描述并涉及的含有任何可溶于石油的有机金属铂族金属配位化合物。
除了本领域指出的高度可溶于燃料的化合物在有水的情况下是稳定的以外,本发明能够采用通常有任何水时会溶解的铂族金属和其它催化剂化合物。这类铂族金属化合物可以是简单的水敏性或是基本溶于水的。水敏性铂族金属化合物的特征是在约0.01至约0.5%的水存在下是不稳定的,但和燃料有足够的亲合性,当按照本发明采用一种水-官能性的添加剂时,这类含铂化合物留在燃料中,对它们预期的催化作用仍然有效。水-敏性化合物一般有约小于50,至约1的分配率。按照本发明,化合物的分配率低至40和以下,如25,甚至更窄小于1至20时仍是有效的。按照本发明,分配率低于1的基本可水溶的铂族金属化合物也可以采用。
燃料添加剂可以包括选自亲油乳化剂、在其中水能混溶的亲油有机化合物以及其混合物的一种水-官能性组合物。优选的化合物具有阻止水从燃料中直接分开的能力并优选使水和燃料紧密结合在一起,优选地,和非极性燃料组分完全混溶或已呈不大于约2μ的小液滴,优选直径小于约1μ,以重均液滴大小为基准。应优选避免出现不连接的水阱或水层,这时就打乱了铂族金属在燃料中的均匀分布。
除了所需的组分之外,优选采用一种合适的烃稀释剂,如任何一种高级脂族醇(如有3个以上的碳,即3至22个碳)、四氢呋喃、甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)、硝酸辛酯、二甲苯、石油溶剂油或煤油,其量为能有效提供一种可倾倒并分散的混合物。另外,当准备使用燃料添加剂而在市场购得的燃料可能含有破乳剂时,那就需要应用另外量的乳化剂来克服这种破乳剂的作用。还有,前面所述的和引证的参考文献中叙述的本领域已知的添加剂,当本发明需要时也可以采用。尤其是,有时需要加入一种或多种抗腐蚀剂、十六烷值增进剂、辛烷值增进剂、润滑控制剂、清洗剂、防胶凝组合物等等。
本发明可以广泛地用于含约0.01至约0.5%水作为污染物(如混入的水)的汽油和柴油燃料中。但是与控制水使铂族金属化合物失活的趋势这一目标一致,有例子表明明显加入水是有利的。本发明的独特优点是明显加入如1至约65%的水也不会使铂族金属化合物失活。
例如,燃料混合物可以制成柴油燃料和水的乳状液,如前面所述,优选含有约5至约45%(更窄一些,10至30%)的水,目的是控制燃烧时产生的NOx的量。这类乳液可以含占燃料混合物重量约0.1至约1.0%的铂族金属化合物,以降低一氧化碳和烃类的排放,并采用一种亲油的乳化剂,以铂的重量为基准,比例为1∶10,000至约1∶500,000(更窄些,约1∶50,000至约1∶250,000)。
另外,有采用复合乳液的例子(通常包括一个具有在那里分散的水滴的连续烃相,而水滴中又有在那里分散的亲油液滴)。在这类复合乳液的一个典型配方中,作为内分散相的亲油液滴可以含有燃料添加剂,其包括铂族金属和水功能组合物,如合适的具有保持这种乳液能力的乳化剂。
对该复合乳液有效的乳化剂优选含有一种亲水的乳化剂,如高级乙氧基化的壬基酚,烷基和烷基醚硫酸盐,乙氧基化程度高的壬基酚,高级聚乙二醇单酯或双酯,和高级乙氧基化脱水山梨醇酯(在这类场合下高级是指由较低的4-6至约10或更高)。用于制备该复合乳液的燃料添加剂优选包括含有约0.1至约10%浓度的亲水乳化剂的连续烃相,和一种有铂金属化合物溶解或分散于其中的含水液滴分散相以及浓度为约为0.1至约10%的亲油乳化剂,以铂族金属在添加剂组合物中重量计,所述亲油乳化剂的特征是油溶的并在水中是可分散的。
为了更好理解以上的含意,给出以下的实范步骤:(1)把亲油性乳化剂加入作为内相的油中,其比率为总组合物的约0.1至约10%。根据要求铂族金属化合物可以溶解或分散在此油中。(2)把刚才所述的复合油/亲油乳化剂在搅拌下加至亲水乳化剂在水中的溶液中,得到了水包油型乳液。水中亲水乳化剂的浓度也占总组合物的约0.1至10%。按照需要水溶性和水分散性的铂族金属化合物也可分散在水中。(3)然后把在步骤(2)中所述的水包油型乳液加至含亲油乳化剂占总组合物0.1-10%的油中,得到最终的油/水包油型乳液。
在适于用作水-功能组合物的亲油乳化剂中,优选HLB低于约10,更优选低于约8的乳化剂。术语“HLB”指亲水-亲油平衡值,按威尔明顿,特拉华州美国ICI公司开发的方法测定,试验乳化剂在水中的相对溶解性或分散性,不分散是1-4,完全分散是13。
乳化剂可以是阴离子、非离子或阳离子型的。优选的阴离子乳化剂有石油磺酸的钠盐或三乙醇胺盐,二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠,异硬脂酰2-乳酸的铵盐或钠盐。优选的阳离子乳化剂有低级乙氧基化的胺,油酰咪唑啉和其它咪唑啉衍生物。优选的非离子乳化剂有链烷醇酰胺,包括油酰胺,油酰胺二乙醇胺和其它类似的化合物,低级乙氧基化的烷基酚,脂肪胺氧化物和低级乙氧基化的脱水山梨糖醇酯(如,在这类场合下低级是指由1至较高量约4-6)。在功能上,符合以下标准的物质可以单独地或复合有效使用,以便在含水体系中稳定水敏性或水溶性铂族金属化合物的存在。浓度取决于确切的配方和燃料中预计的含水量,浓度最高约0.05%时,优选浓度为所燃烧燃料重量的约0.01至约5%。在某些情况下,更有意义的是用铂族金属为基准表示浓度,在这种情况下,在添加剂组合物中,和铂族金属重量的比率,优选从约10∶1至约500,000∶1。
有时优选采用复合乳化剂,因为燃料中各种烃类和同一种乳化剂的作用是不同的。经常地,个别的乳化剂不如复合的乳化剂有效,这是由于互相作用的缘故,包括在燃料和乳化剂之间的作用。一种可以使用的典型乳化剂复合物,这里也叫作乳化体系,包括约25%至约85%重量的酰胺,特别是链烷醇酰胺或正-取代的烷基胺;约5%至约25%重量的苯酚表面活性剂;和约0%至约40%重量的以伯羟基封端的双官能嵌段共聚物。更窄一些,该酰胺可以含约45%至约65%的该乳化体系;苯酚表面活性剂5%至约15%;以及双官能的嵌段共聚物约占乳化系统的30%至约40%。
适用的正取代的烷基胺和链烷醇酰胺分别由烷基胺和有机酸缩合或羟基胺与有机酸缩合而得,它优选的长度通常和脂肪酸有关。它们可以是单-,双-或三乙醇胺,并可以包括以下任何一种或多种:油酸二乙醇酰胺,椰油酸二乙醇酰胺(DEA),月桂酰胺DEA,聚氧乙烯(POE)椰油酰胺,椰油酰胺单乙醇胺(MEA),POE油酰胺DEA,油酰胺DEA,亚油酰胺DEA,硬脂酰胺MEA和油酸的三乙醇胺,以及它们的混合物。这类链烷醇酰胺可从市场购得,包括商标为Clindorl 100-0,由芝加哥Clintwood Chemical Company生产,伊利诺伊州;Schercomid ODA,由克利夫顿Scher Chemials,Inc.生产,新泽西州;Schercomid SO-A,也由Scher Chemicals,Inc.生产;Mazamide和Mazamide系列,由古尔尼PPG-Mazer Products Corp.生产,伊利诺伊州;Mackamide系列,由大学公园Mclntyre Group,Inc.生产,伊利诺伊州;和Witcamide系列,由休斯敦Witco Chemical Co.生产,德克萨斯州。
酚类表面活性剂可以是乙氧基化的烷基酚,如乙氧基化的壬基酚或辛基酚。特别优选的是环氧乙烷壬基酚,它可从市场以商标名Triton N购得,由旦伯里Union Carbide生产,康涅狄格州以及Connecticut和Igepal,由威尔明顿Rhone-Poulenc Company生产,特拉华州。
嵌段共聚物是乳化体系的任选部分,它可以包括非离子的以伯羟基封端的双官能嵌段共聚物,其分子量范围从约1,000至约15,000以上。这种聚合物通常被认为是丙二醇的聚氧化烯衍生物,并可自市场以商标Pluronic购得,由BASF-Wyandotte Company怀安多特生产,新泽西州。优选的聚合物是环氧丙烷/环氧乙烷嵌段共聚物,可自市场以上商标Pluronic 17R1购得。
乳化体系的量应能保证其单独或与一种和水混溶的亲油有机化合物一起有效乳化存在的水(下面详细叙述)。举一个例子,乳化体系的量至少是燃料重量的0.05%才能做到这一点。虽然乳化体系的量没有实际的上限,但量多了就会产生更大的乳化作用并持续更长的时间,但一般按重量计没有必有超过5%,实际上按重量计不超过约3%。
也可以采用一种物理的乳化稳定剂和上述的乳化体系共同最大限度地稳定乳液。采用物理稳定剂也可以获得经济益处,因为它们的成本较低。虽然不希望受任何理论束缚,但认为物理稳定剂通过提高不混溶相的粘度,因而推迟了油/水介面的分离,来增加乳液的稳定性。合适的物理稳定剂的例子有蜡、纤维素产物和胶如whalen胶和黄原胶。
当采用乳化体系和物理乳化稳定剂两类物质时,以化学乳化剂和物理稳定剂的总重量计,物理稳定剂的量约占0.05%至约5%。所得乳化剂/稳定剂组合物的用量与上述用乳化体系时的用量相同。
该乳化剂优选和铂族金属化合物掺合起来,所得的掺合物再与燃料相混合并乳化。为了获得稳定的乳液,特别是打算用大量的水时,可以使用适当的机械乳化装置如在管线中的乳化器。优选乳液稳定性以时间表示从最少10天到约一个月或更长。更优选,乳液至少在3个月内是稳定的。
本发明有效的、水可混溶于其中的亲油有机化合物是与水可混溶的、溶于燃料的化合物,如丁醇、丁基溶纤剂(乙二醇单丁醚)、二丙二醇单甲醚、2-己基己醇、二丙酮醇、己二醇和二异丁基酮。在功能上,符合下列标准的物料是有效的:每升物料至少能混溶10g水,并在燃料中至少每升总燃料中可溶入10g的物料(当物料含10g水时)。另外,水功能组合物以下列结构为特征:羟基、酮、羧酸官能基、醚键、胺基、或其它极性官能团,它们可以用作在烃链上水的受体。浓度取决于确切的配方和燃料的预计水含量,但是其中优选的浓度按燃烧的燃料重量计为约0.01至约1.0%。在某些情况下用铂族金属为基准来表示浓度更有意义,此时,相对于在添加剂组合物中铂族金属的重量,其比例优选为由约1000∶1至约500,000∶1。
铂族金属包括铂、钯、铑、钌、锇和铱。根据它们相对高的蒸气压,优选含铂、钯和铑的化合物,特别是只含铂或可能还含铑的化合物。
那些有效的铂族金属化合物是任何能在燃烧室中有效地释放出催化铂族金属的化合物。本发明的优点是可以使用可水溶的铂族金属化合物以及在烃类燃料中有不同溶解度的铂族金属化合物,而水的存在不通过沉淀或在燃料储存和供应表面析出来把铂从该燃料中释放出来。这些包括铂族金属以II和IV氧化态存在的化合物。
Bowers等人的美国专利4,891,050号、Bpperly等人的美国专利5,034,020号、和Peter-Hoblyn等人的美国专利5,266,093号叙述了高度溶于燃料并有高分配比率的铂族金属化合物。这些专利对适当的铂族金属化合物和其制备方法的描述的全部公开内容这里引为参考。除这些物料以外,还有市场可购得或容易合成的铂族金属乙酰丙酮化物、铂族金属二亚苄基丙酮化物、四胺铂金属配合物的脂肪酸皂如四胺油酸铂。另外,还有水溶性铂族金属盐如氯铂酸、氯铂酸钠、氯铂酸钾、氯铂酸铁、氯铂酸镁、氯铂酸锰、和氯铂酸铈、以及Haney和Sullivan在美国专利第4,629,472号的说明书中定义和包括的那些化合物的任意一种。
一般,铂族金属化合物所用的量以此铂族金属足够提供每升燃料约含0.05至约2.0毫克的铂族金属,优选每升燃料约含0.1至约1毫克的铂族金属。一个更优选的范围是每升燃料约含0.10至约0.5毫克的铂族金属。在用来配制这些量的浓缩物中就需要更高的浓度。
在实用和操作中,添加剂的温度稳定性是很重要的。一般,添加剂的破坏温度至少约40℃,优选至少约50℃,这样保护它以抗预计要经受的多数温度。在某些情况下,破坏温度有必要不低于约75℃。
添加剂还优选基本不含有害微量物质或官能团如磷、砷、和锑(或它们不应含相当数量的这类官能团),它们具有如“毒化”或降低铂族金属化合物的效力的严重缺点。优选精制的铂族金属添加剂化合物含有不超过约500ppn(以重量计)的磷、砷或锑,更优选不超过约250ppm。最优选添加剂不含磷、砷或锑。
本发明在实施中优选含铂、钯和铑的化合物,特别是只含铂的化合物或带一种或多种其它催化金属的化合物。
在其它实施方案中,添加剂可以和其它金属化合物一起使用以提高经济性、降低污染物如烃类和一氧化碳的排放并改善微粒捕集器或氧化催化剂的操作。这些有用的金属化合物是锰、铁、铜、铈、钠、锂和钾的盐,它们可以用量适当,如由1至约100ppm,优选在柴油或汽油中30至60ppm的催化金属和铂族金属组合物共同使用。在汽油发动机中,锰化合物可用于提高燃料的经济性。在柴油发动机中,锰、铁、铜、铈、钠和锂的化合物可以有效地降低已在柴油捕集器中捕集的微粒的点火温度。和铂族金属共同使用,能显著降低一氧化碳和未燃烧烃类的含量,同时也能从捕集器中更容易地除去微粒。以上的资料在此引作参考来说明特定的盐或这些金属的其它化合物,包括丙酮酸盐、丙酰丙酮酸盐和甲酰丙酮酸盐。
合适的锂和钠的组合物分别是锂和钠的盐,合适的有机化合物如醇或酸,如脂族、脂环和芳香醇和酸。具体盐的例子是叔丁醇的锂盐和钠盐及其混合物。可以获得其它锂和钠的有机盐,在它们是可溶于燃料的并在溶液中稳定时就可以采用。虽然不是优选的,无机盐在能有效地分散在燃料中时,如在稳定的乳液中或其它中,则也可以采用。要选择特定的化合物以避免发动机或其它部件结垢。
具体的钠化合物是:磺化烃的盐,如石油磺酸钠,从Witco化学公司购得的石油酸钠(NaO3SR,R=烷基、芳基、芳烷基、,R是含有多于三个碳的烃基);醇钠,如叔丁醇钠和其它溶于燃料的醇盐(NaOR,其中R是一个低级烷基,如1至3个碳;和环烷酸钠(由煤焦油和石油中产生的环烷酸的钠盐)。具体的锂化合物是上述钠化合物的锂类似物。
的含铈化合物有:乙酰丙酮化铈III、环烷酸铈III、辛酸铈和其它皂类如硬脂酸铈、新癸酸铈和辛酸铈(2-乙基己酸铈)。这些含铈的化合物全是符合下式的三价化合物:Ce(OOCR)3,其中R=烃基。
具体的含铜化合物是:乙酰丙酮化铜、环烷酸铜、树脂酸铜,以及皂类如硬脂酸铜等包括辛酸铜和新癸酸铜。这类铜化合物全部是二价化合物,皂类符合下式:Cu(OOCR2)。此外,还有Lubrizol专利国际申请号WO 92/20764中公开的带不同有机物来生成有机金属配合物的含铜化合物的产物。
具体的含铁化合物是:二茂铁、三价铁和二价铁的乙酰丙酮铁、含铁的皂类如辛酸铁和硬脂酸铁(市场购得通常是三价铁化合物)、五羰基铁Fe(CO)5、环烷酸铁和树脂酸铁。
具体的含锰化合物是:甲基环戊二烯合锰三羰基CH3C5H4Mn(CO)3,此化合物在Niebylski的美国专利4,191,536号中曾报导过;乙酰丙酮锰,II和III价;皂类包括新癸酸锰、硬脂酸锰、树脂酸锰、环烷酸锰和辛酸锰。
以上说明书的目的是教给本领域普通技术人员去实现本发明,而并没有详述技术人员读过本说明后可以做出的显而易见的改进和变化。但是所有这些显而易见的改进和变化都包括在用以下权利要求所限定的本发明范围以内。为了简明扼要,对化学品的清单和范围做出了几项约定。本说明书中所有化学品的清单只是代表性的,而不是有意排除等价的物料、前体或活性物。同样地,每种范围在数字范围时,包括每个整数,在化学式范围时,化学式也包含在该范围内。权利要求书覆盖了有助于达到目的的每个顺序中所要求专利保护的组分和步骤,除非特别说明不是这样。

Claims (14)

1.一种通过以下操作改进柴油机运行的方法:使通过式氧化催化剂在连续催化活性下长期运行而不发生不希望的SO2向SO3转化,包括:
提供一台柴油机,包括燃烧室,用来燃烧柴油燃料并因此产生含微粒的燃烧气体,和一种从燃烧室排掉燃烧气体的废气系统,所述的废气系统包括一种有足够表面来支持活性氧化催化剂的通过式催化剂载体,来氧化至少一部分柴油机在运行时排出的微粒;
向柴油机的燃烧室中加入含铂族金属组合物的燃料,所述的铂族金属组合物的浓度为0.05-2.0ppm且燃烧前在燃料组合物中是稳定的,并在燃烧时消耗释放出活性形式的铂金属催化剂;和
在所述的燃烧室内在过量氧存在下燃烧该燃料,以在该燃料燃烧时释放出活性形式的催化剂;
从该燃烧室中排放出废气并使它通过该通过式催化剂载体,来在该通过式催化剂载体中沉积活性形式的催化剂,因此把该载体催化成具有选择性的催化活性。
2.权利要求1的方法,其中该通过式催化剂载体最初是被催化的。
3.权利要求1的方法,其中该通过式催化剂载体最初是未被催化的。
4.权利要求1的方法,其中该通过式催化剂载体被废气中的活性金属催化剂有效地催化使其所保持的活性足够除掉柴油机运行时所产生微粒的至少25%可溶性有机组分。
5.权利要求4的方法,其中该通过式催化剂载体被废气中的活性金属催化剂有效地催化使其所保持的活性能够降低未燃烧的气态烃类和一氧化碳的至少40%。
6.权利要求4的方法,其中该通过式催化剂载体被废气中的活性金属催化剂有效地催化,使得把SO2转化成SO3的量降低50%。
7.权利要求1的方法,其中该铂族金属组合物包含一种可溶解在柴油燃料中的化合物,其加入量应能有效地提供该金属在该油中的浓度低于百万分之一。
8.权利要求1的方法,其中该铂族金属组合物包括一种可分散在具有乳化水相的燃料中的化合物,所说的铂族金属组合物的加入量应能有效地提供该金属在该油中的浓度低于百万分之一。
9.权利要求1的方法,其中该柴油机是一种贫油-燃烧的柴油机,该柴油机用超过化学计算量2至约12%的氧操作。
10.权利要求1的方法,其中使用铂族金属组合物和通过式氧化催化剂有效地把微粒、气态烃类和一氧化碳的总重量比没有用铂族金属时降低至少25%。
11.权利要求10的方法,其中使用铂族金属组合物和通过式氧化催化剂有效地把微粒、气态烃和一氧化碳的总重量降低至少45%。
12.权利要求11的方法,其中该铂族金属组合物是由和主燃料罐分开的运载工具上的油槽提供的。
13.权利要求1的方法,其中处理该载体以提高其在废气中接受活性催化金属的能力。
14.一种降低了微粒和气体污染物排放的操作柴油机的方法,包括:
提供一台柴油机,包括燃烧室,用于燃烧一种柴油燃料并因此产生含微粒的燃烧气体,和一种从燃烧室排掉燃烧气体的废气系统,所述的废气系统包括一种有足够表面支撑活性氧化催化剂的通过式催化剂载体,来氧化掉至少一部分柴油机在运行时排出的微粒;
向柴油机的燃烧室中加入一种含铂族金属组合物的燃料,所述的铂族金属组合物的浓度为0.05-2.0ppm且燃烧前在该燃烧组合物中是稳定的,并在燃烧时消耗释放出活性形式的铂金属催化剂;和
在所述的燃烧室内在过量氧存在下燃烧该燃料,通过降低微粒、烃类和一氧化碳的量并在燃烧时从该燃料中释放出活性形式的催化剂,以改善燃烧;
由燃烧室中排放出废气并使它通过该通过式催化剂载体,以在该通过式催化剂载体中沉积该活性形式的催化剂,由此把该载体催化成有选择性的催化活性,并由于和该催化剂接触通过氧化进一步降低该燃料的微粒、一氧化碳和烃。
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