CN108743655A - 一种白刺花黄酮提取物及其制备方法和用途 - Google Patents
一种白刺花黄酮提取物及其制备方法和用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108743655A CN108743655A CN201810717809.4A CN201810717809A CN108743655A CN 108743655 A CN108743655 A CN 108743655A CN 201810717809 A CN201810717809 A CN 201810717809A CN 108743655 A CN108743655 A CN 108743655A
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- sophora viciifolia
- sophora
- extract
- chromocor extract
- viciifolia
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种白刺花黄酮提取物及其制备方法和用途,属于医药领域。本发明提供的这种白刺花黄酮提取物用途广泛,包括:在制备促进葡萄糖摄取的激动剂中的用途、制备一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶的激动剂中的用途、在制备葡萄糖转运蛋白4的激动剂中的用途、以及在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途,为由代谢异常所致疾病的治疗提供新的治疗手段和思路,同时也开发了白刺花新的药用价值。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医药领域,具体而言,涉及一种白刺花黄酮提取物及其制备方法和用途。
背景技术
白刺花又名白花刺、狼牙刺、白刻刺,属于豆科植物(Sophora davidi(Franch.)Skeels),生长在海拔2000~3500米的山坡、路边或灌木丛中,主要分布在中国的贵州、云南、四川、宁夏等省。白刺花的花、根、叶和果实均可入药。其根有清热利咽、凉血消肿等功效,主治咽喉肿痛、便血、肺热咳嗽、痢疾等。花有清热解暑等功效,用于治疗暑热烦渴等。叶有凉血、解毒、杀虫等作用,主治衄血、便血、疔疮种毒、阴道滴虫病等。其果实有清热利湿、消积止痛等作用,主治食积、胃痛、腹痛等。
目前关于白刺花的化学成分和药理作用报道不多,近十多年来对于白刺花的研究大多都集中在槐属药物植物所特有的生物碱成分。王秀坤等从白刺花种子中首次分离出6种生物碱成分,分别为氧化苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、槐胺碱、槐定碱,并首次从白刺花幼果中得到氧化苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱这四种生物碱。阎玉凝等从白刺花干燥花中首次分得氧化苦参碱、氧化槐果碱、苦参碱、槐果碱、槐胺碱、槐定碱6种生物碱。Ping Xiao等从白刺花种子中分离出13个生物碱,其中有3个新羽扇豆碱类生物碱:14β-羟基槐定碱、12β-羟基槐果碱、9α-羟基槐果碱,同时还得到10个已知的羽扇豆生物碱,分别是:9α-羟基苦参碱、14β-槐果碱、羽扇豆宁、5,6-脱氢羽扇豆宁、金雀花碱、氮氧化苦参碱。
Zhigang Tai等研究发现白刺花的可食用花的提取物,特别是其可溶于乙酸乙酯的馏分,显示出强大的抗氧化活性,表明白刺花的花可以提供有价值的功能成分,并且可以用于通过修复人体内氧化剂/抗氧化剂平衡来预防与人体代谢的各种氧化剂副产物有关的疾病。张明发等发现白刺花叶总生物碱能明显抑制乙酸提高小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性和二甲苯引起的小鼠耳壳肿胀以及角叉菜胶引起的足跖肿胀。有实验表明,来自白刺花种子的6中生物碱对人白血病HL-60及表皮癌A431有较强的抑制作用。曾有报道临床上用与白刺花同属的常用中药苦参煎剂治疗白血病取得较好疗效,此6种生物碱也是中药苦参的主要成分,这为开发利用白刺花资源提供了一定依据。除了上述抗氧化、抗过敏、抗白血病等作用外,对于白刺花药用价值的研究仍然有发展空间。
发明内容
本发明的第一目的在于提供一种白刺花黄酮提取物,可用于治疗或者预防糖尿病。
本发明的第二目的在于提供一种白刺花黄酮提取物的制备方法,使用该方法可以相对容易的从白刺花中提取得到白刺花黄酮提取物,其中包括活性成分芹菜素、高丽槐素、理查酮A和理查酮B。
本发明的第三目的在于提供一种上述白刺花黄酮提取物的应用,包括在制备促进葡萄糖摄取的激动剂中的用途、制备一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶的激动剂中的用途、在制备葡萄糖转运蛋白4的激动剂中的用途、以及在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途,为由代谢异常所致疾病的治疗提供新的治疗手段和思路,同时也开发了白刺花新的药用价值。
为了实现本发明的上述目的,特采用以下技术方案:
一种白刺花黄酮提取物的制备方法,其包括:
采用醇-水混合溶液提取白刺花,将所得到的白刺花提取物用弱极性有机溶剂萃取,得到白刺花萃取物;以及将白刺花萃取物过大孔树脂柱,用醇-水混合溶液梯度洗脱,收集洗脱剂为70%~90%的醇溶液时的流分,得到白刺花黄酮萃取物。
一种由上述制备方法所制得的白刺花黄酮提取物。
一种治疗糖尿病的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述药物组合物包括白刺花黄酮提取物,以及药学上可接受的载体或辅料。
一种治疗糖尿病的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述药物组合物包括白刺花黄酮提取物,以及药学上可接受的载体或辅料。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备促进葡萄糖摄取的激动剂中的用途。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备葡萄糖转运蛋白4的激动剂中的用途。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶的激动剂中的用途。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果例如包括:
本发明从传统中药白刺花中分离纯化得到对糖尿病具有治疗活性的活性部位,即白刺花黄酮提取物,其中含有活性成分:芹菜素、高丽槐素、理查酮A和理查酮B。白刺花黄酮提取物均具有良好的降糖活性,可用于制备临床糖尿病用药。
研究发现,白刺花黄酮提取物,能够降低由代谢异常所致疾病中的总胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量,能够缓解或治疗脂质代谢紊乱所引起的高血脂症、糖尿病。同时发现,白刺花黄酮提取物能够在一定程度上激活一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶和葡萄糖转运蛋白4上膜,从而促进葡萄糖的摄取,以治疗或预防由代谢异常所致的疾病,例如糖尿病、肥胖症、高血压症和高血脂症。
附图说明
图1白刺花黄酮提取物对L6细胞葡萄糖摄取的影响(纵坐标为促进细胞葡萄糖摄取增加的倍数),***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,与正常组相比;
图2白刺花黄酮提取物对L6细胞GLUT4转位活性的影响:(A)加入30μg/mL SD-FRE30min后,细胞的IRAP-mOrange荧光有显著的增强;(B)在加入30μg/mL SD-FRE后的30min内,细胞膜上的IRAP-mOrange荧光强度逐渐增强。(纵坐标为IRAP荧光增强倍数),***P<0.001,**P<0.01,与正常组相比。
图3白刺花黄酮提取物通过AMPK信号通路促进L6细胞GLUT4的转位:(A)AMPK的抑制剂Compound C(10μM)显著地抑制了SD-FRE引起的L6细胞GLUT4的转位;PI3K的抑制剂Wortmannin(100nM)(B)及PKC的抑制剂(10μM)(C)对ALO引起的L6细胞GLUT4的转位没有影响。***P<0.001,**P<0.01,与正常组相比;
图4白刺花黄酮提取物通过AMPK信号通路促进L6细胞GLUT4的表达:(A)10、20、30μg/mL SD-FRE显著提升了L6细胞中GLUT4表达及AMPK磷酸化水平;(B)AMPK的抑制剂Compound C(10μM)显著抑制了SD-FRE引起的L6细胞GLUT4蛋白表达水平的升高。***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,与正常组相比;
图5白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖的影响(纵坐标为血糖水平,横坐标为时间,单位周),+++P<0.001,与正常组相比,***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,与模型组相比;
图6白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠体重的影响(纵坐标为体重,横坐标为时间,单位周),+++P<0.001,与正常组相比,***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,与模型组相比;
图7白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠口服糖耐量的影响(A)灌胃2.0g/kg葡萄糖后,2h内小鼠血糖水平;(B)血糖曲线下面积(AUC),+++P<0.001,与正常组相比,***P<0.001,与模型组相比;
图8白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠血清胰岛素及胰岛素抵抗指数的影响,+++P<0.001,与正常组相比,***P<0.001,**P<0.01,与模型组相比;
图9白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠血清脂质指标的影响:白刺花黄酮提取物对KK-Ay小鼠血清胆固醇(A)、甘油三酯(B)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(D)、游离脂肪酸(F)的影响。+++P<0.001,与正常组相比,***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,与模型组相比;
图10白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠肝脏形态学的影响,(标尺50μm);
图11白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠胰腺形态学的影响(标尺50μm);
图12白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠骨骼肌(A)、脂肪组织(B)、肝脏(C)中p-AMPK和GLUT4蛋白的影响,+++P<0.001,与正常组相比,***P<0.001,**P<0.01,*P<0.05,与模型组相比。
图1-图4中,Normal表示正常组,AICAR表示阳性组,SD-FRE表示白刺花黄酮提取物。
图5-图12中,NC表示正常组,DC表示模型组,SFL表示白刺花黄酮提取物低剂量组,SFH示白刺花黄酮提取物高剂量组,MET表示阳性二甲双胍组。
具体实施方式
下面将结合实施例对本发明的实施方案进行详细描述,但是本领域技术人员将会理解,下列实施例仅用于说明本发明,而不应视为限制本发明的范围。实施例中未注明具体条件者,按照常规条件或制造商建议的条件进行。所用试剂或仪器未注明生产厂商者,均为可以通过市售购买获得的常规产品。
本实施方式提供一种治疗糖尿病的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述药物组合物包括白刺花黄酮提取物,以及药学上可接受的载体或辅料。
本实施方式还提供一种白刺花黄酮提取物,其包括:芹菜素、高丽槐素、理查酮A和理查酮B。
其中,活性成分芹菜素的结构式为:
活性成分高丽槐素的结构式为:
活性成分理查酮A的结构式为:
活性成分理查酮B的结构式为:
进一步的,该药物组合物包括白刺花萃取物,白刺花萃取物中含有所述白刺花黄酮提取物。
其中,白刺花萃取物的制备方法包括:采用醇-水混合溶液提取白刺花,将所得到的白刺花提取物用弱极性有机溶剂萃取,得到白刺花萃取物。
优选地,弱极性有机溶剂包括石油醚、正己烷、环己烷中的任意一种。更为优选的,弱极性有机溶剂为石油醚。
更为具体的,白刺花萃取物的制备方法为:用醇或者醇水混合液回流、浸渍或渗漉白刺花粉末,过滤后得到提取液;将提取液中的溶剂蒸发得到浸膏;再将浸膏加水搅拌,得到混悬液;最后,用弱极性有机溶剂对上述的混悬液进行萃取,得到萃取物以及水溶性部位。
进一步的,白刺花黄酮提取物的制备方法为:将由上述方法所得的白刺花萃取物过大孔树脂柱,用醇-水混合溶液梯度洗脱,收集洗脱剂为70~90%的乙醇溶液时的洗脱液,得到白刺花黄酮提取物。
更为具体的,白刺花黄酮提取物的制备方法为:取白刺花萃取物过大孔树脂柱,并以10~30%、30~50%、50~70%、70~90%、90~100%乙醇溶液进行梯度洗脱,或者以10%、30%、50%、70%、90%、100%乙醇溶液进行梯度洗脱。将不同梯度乙醇溶液洗脱得到的组分分别合并,并且分别进行活性筛选。活性筛选结果显示,70~90%醇溶液洗脱下来的组分活性最好,即为白刺花黄酮提取物。
本实施方式还提供了上述白刺花黄酮提取物的医药用途,即:
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备促进葡萄糖摄取的激动剂中的用途。发明人研究发现,白刺花黄酮提取物对基础水平下和胰岛素刺激下的葡萄糖摄取具有显著性的促进作用。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备葡萄糖转运蛋白4的激动剂中的用途。
葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT4),是一种跨膜蛋白,它主要在脂肪以及肌肉细胞中表达,是动物机体中负责转运葡萄搪的主要蛋白。在脂肪细胞及骨骼肌细胞中,GLUT4存在于特殊的膜结构中,称为GLUT4囊泡。胰岛素刺激是促使胞内的GLUT4囊泡大量向细胞膜转运的直接原因。胰岛素的刺激胞内GLUT4囊泡转运至膜上释放,导致膜上GLUT4含量的增加。膜上有活性的GLUT4将葡萄糖转运入肌肉、脂肪等组织中代谢、储存,以维持机体的糖代谢平衡。在未刺激的状态下,约有95%的GLUT4位于贮存胞内的囊泡内。当运动或信号刺激激发胰岛素与受体结合,激发一系列的信号反应,导致富含GLUT4的囊泡向质膜移动,GLUT4转位至质膜且活性增加,与葡萄糖结合并发生构象的改变,此时葡萄糖被转运至细胞内。
IRAP(胰岛素调节的氨肽酶)是GLUT4囊泡上除GLUT4外的另外一种主要蛋白,在胰岛素刺激条件下,它也能随GLUT4囊泡转运至细胞膜上,与GLUT4具有极高的共定位现象,所以它同样可以用来标记胞内的GLUT4囊泡。IRAP的动态转运过程间接反应了细胞内GLUT4的转运。
研究发现,白刺花黄酮提取物,能够促进GLUT4囊泡转运至细胞膜上,葡萄糖结合并将葡萄糖转运至细胞内,从而增加细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶的激动剂中的用途。
一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)是调控细胞和全身能量代谢的重要蛋白。作为细胞能量的调控者,AMPK在糖脂代谢和调控代谢异常(如糖尿病,肥胖和癌症)中都起着重要的作用,因此AMPK是治疗代谢疾病的重要靶标。激活AMPK通路可以增加脂肪酸氧化,抑制脂质合成,也能提高胰岛素的能力。大量研究显示AMPK调控大量不同的代谢通路,它是安全有效的治疗二型糖尿病和脂代谢异常的靶点。GLUT4是骨骼肌和脂肪组织吸收葡萄糖的限速步骤,而AMPK是GLUT4的主要调控蛋白之一。在糖脂代谢中,外界刺激增加AMPK磷酸化作用,促使AMPK信号通路被激活,从而促进GLUT4由胞质内转运至细胞膜上,最终增强细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。
研究发现,白刺花黄酮提取物能够增加AMPK磷酸化作用,激活AMPK信号通路,从而促进GLUT4蛋白的转膜和表达,最终起到改善Ⅱ型糖尿病症状的效果。
一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途。
由于该白刺花黄酮提取物能够激活AMPK,而AMPK是治疗代谢疾病的重要靶标;且研究发现,白刺花黄酮提取物能够降低由代谢异常所致疾病中的总胆固醇和甘油三酯的含量,因此,能够用于缓解或治疗治疗或预防由代谢异常所致的疾病,例如糖尿病、肥胖症、高血压症和高血脂症。其中,对Ⅱ型糖尿病有显著的治疗作用。
进一步的,为了使该药物快速、连续并在很长一段时间里释放活性成分,本发明的药物组合物可以根据公开在那些本技术领域中的常规方法制造。本实施方式的药物的给药途径可以为口服、鼻吸入、或肠胃外给药。包含该组合物的制剂可以是片剂、软胶囊、硬胶囊、口服液、丸剂、栓剂、粉末、颗粒、乳剂、糖浆、气雾剂、灭菌注射剂、和灭菌粉等。
本发明中,术语“药学上可接受的”指当化合物给人类施用时该化合物是生理上可接受的,且不会发生胃肠道紊乱、头晕等过敏反应或者类似这些过敏反应的全身过敏反应。
在本发明中,“药学上可接受的载体或辅料”包括但不限于:粘合剂(如微晶纤维素、藻酸盐、明胶和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮)、填充剂(如淀粉、蔗糖、葡萄糖和无水乳酸)、崩解剂(如交联PVP、交联羧甲基淀粉钠、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、和低取代羟丙基纤维素)、润滑剂(硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸铝、滑石、聚乙二醇、苯甲酸钠)、润湿剂(如甘油)、表面活性剂(如十六烷醇)以及吸收促进剂、矫味剂、甜味剂、稀释剂、包衣剂等。
下面结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明,以使本领域的技术人员可以更好地理解本发明并能予以实施,但所举实施例不作为对本发明的限定。
实施例1
本实施例提供一种白刺花黄酮提取物,其制备方法包括:
一、白刺花石油醚萃取物的制备
白刺花全株购于贵州省贵阳药材市场,经中南民族大学药学院万定荣教授鉴定为药用植物白刺花(Sophora davidii(Franch.)Skeels)。取白刺花根的干燥粉末500g,按料液比1:20(1.0kg药材对应20.0L的溶剂)用体积浓度为80%的乙醇水溶液浸渍3天,过滤取滤液,滤渣按照上述的提取方法再用80%乙醇水溶液提取3次,过滤合并四次提取的滤液,减压浓缩得到113g黄褐色残留物;按体积比1:10加水溶解稀释,用与水部位等体积的石油醚萃取水液4次,减压回收浓缩得到17g的白刺花石油醚萃取物。
二、白刺花黄酮提取物化合物的分离
取白刺花石油醚萃取物16g,以50mL氯仿溶解,加入大孔树脂(D101型号)25g搅拌均匀,减压干燥后分散均匀充分添加至大孔树脂柱(D101,400g)上,以10%、30%、50%、70%、90%、100%的含水乙醇梯度洗脱,不同浓度的醇水洗脱液减压浓缩干燥,采用GLUT4转膜活性筛选方法筛选,70%-90%的部位显示好的促GLUT4转膜活性,即白刺花黄酮提取物(SD-FRE,6g)。100mg的SD-FRE溶解于2.0mL的二甲亚砜与甲醇的混合溶剂(50%二甲亚砜:50%甲醇),过滤。200μL的SD-PRE采用Waters半制备液相与Waters Sunfire C18HPLC柱(5μm,19×250mm i.d.)进行分离,以纯水和乙腈作为流动相(两相分别含0.1%的甲酸)梯度洗脱,90%H2O+10%乙腈→100%乙腈,25min,100%乙腈等梯度维持5min,25-30min。手动收集4个主要的色谱峰,重复进样10次,合并相同时间段流分,收集的4个峰采用一根葡聚糖凝胶柱(350×10mm,65%MeOH:35%CH2Cl2,分别包含0.1%甲酸)进行纯化,得到4个纯化合物,芹菜素(1,4.3mg)、高丽槐素(2,6.7mg)、理查酮A(3,41.5mg)和理查酮B(4,11.8mg)。
实验例
下面结合药效试验对本发明实施例1提供的芹菜素、高丽槐素、理查酮A和理查酮B、以及白刺花黄酮提取物进行药效学评价:
实验例一白刺花黄酮提取物对L6肌肉细胞葡萄糖摄取的影响
将冻存的L6细胞复苏,用含10%FBS以及1%双抗的α-MEM培养基进行培养,待其生长至对数期时,换用含2%FBS以及1%双抗的α-MEM培养基进行分化,待其完全分化为肌管后,按照1×104–5×104细胞/孔的密度接种于96孔板中,每孔加入100μL的培养液。然后用含2%FBS的α-MEM培养基使96孔板中的L6细胞分化5-7天。分化之后将96孔板中的细胞用无血清的α-MEM培养基饥饿2h,然后分别加入10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL白刺花黄酮提取物(其中含有150μg/mL 2-NBDG)再放入37℃和5%CO2的恒温培养箱中培养30min,每个组均有三个以上的重复,并设空白对照,AICAR阳性对照(1mM)。30min后将96孔板在室温和400g的条件下离心5min。弃上清,向每个孔中再加入200μL的试剂盒缓冲液然后混匀,继续在室温和400g的条件下离心5min。又一次弃上清,最后向每个孔中再加入100μL的试剂盒缓冲液然后混匀。用酶标仪在485nm激发波长和535nm发射波长下检测各个孔的2-NBDG的荧光吸收值。
结果见图1,相比于正常组,白刺花黄酮提取物以10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL剂量能够明显增强L6细胞的葡萄糖摄取,并呈现出显著性差异(**p<0.01,***p<0.001,*p<0.05)。
实验例二白刺花黄酮提取物对GLUT4转位上膜的影响
葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)是真核细胞内十三个糖转运因子之一,GLUT4上膜转运葡萄糖是细胞外葡萄糖进入细胞内的主要转运途径,是维持机体葡萄糖稳态的关键因素。同时,有研究表明,糖尿病患者体内,GLUT4的表达水平也显著降低。因此,促进GLUT4上膜,增加GLUT4在体内的表达水平,改善病人体内糖代谢症状,将有助于提高胰岛素抵抗的症状,从而缓解糖尿病症状。GLUT4作为防止二型糖尿病的新靶点,受到越来越多医药研究工作者的关注。前期实验中,我们建立了一种以GLUT4为筛选靶点的细胞模型,通过检测细胞膜上荧光强度来寻找以GLUT4为靶点的有效提取物或单体化合物。研究表明,IRAP(胰岛素调节的氨肽酶)和GLUT4(葡萄糖转运蛋白4)具有极高程度的共定位效应,因此观察IRAP的转运能够直接反应GLUT4的运动。人类与小鼠的GLUT4具有高度的序列同源性,在体外实验中可以采用小鼠L6肌管细胞代替人肌肉细胞。未刺激的状态下,约有95%的GLUT4位于贮存胞内的囊泡内。当运动或信号刺激激发胰岛素与受体结合,激发一系列的信号反应,导致富含GLUT4的囊泡向质膜移动,GLUT4转位至质膜且活性增加,与葡萄糖结合并发生构象的改变,此时葡萄糖被转运至细胞内。基于此,发明人创建了基于L6细胞GLUT4荧光标记的药物筛选体系;通过直接采用激光共聚焦显微镜来追踪L6细胞中荧光标记的IRAP的运动,判断样品对GLUT4转位活性的影响程度。
将稳定表达IRAP的L6(L6 IRAP-mOrange)细胞接种于6cm的培养皿中,加入含10%胎牛血清的MEM-α培养基,37℃、5%CO2细胞培养箱培养。首先,将IRAP-mOrange-L6细胞用胰酶消化后接种在无菌的盖玻片上,放入37℃和5%CO2的恒温培养箱中培养过夜使其完全贴壁。然后弃培养基,加入无血清培养基饥饿2小时,再用PBS溶液轻轻洗涤。加入30μg/mL白刺花黄酮提取物,用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜来监测加入药物后IRAP-mOrange转运的动态变化,观察细胞内荧光强度变化,以此来反应GLUT4上膜情况。
从图2可见,白刺花黄酮提取物表现出极强的促进GLUT4转位上膜的作用。具体而言,加入30μg/mL白刺花黄酮提取物后,膜上GLUT4荧光强度逐渐增强,30min时达到2.7倍。
实验例三白刺花黄酮提取物对GLUT4转位上膜机制研究
真核细胞中,主要存在两条信号通路可以对GLUT4的转运进行调节。其一为胰岛素诱导的GLUT4转运途径;其二为GLUT4转运的非胰岛素信号依赖途径。其中,胰岛素诱导的信号通路包括PI3K/AKT/PKB,PKCs,CAP/CBL/TC10与MAPKs等。蛋白激酶C(PKC)是一种钙或/和磷脂依赖性蛋白磷酸化酶,广泛存在于人体的各种组织细胞中。它能被细胞外生物活性因素(生长因素、神经递质、细胞因子等)激活,完成靶细胞蛋白的磷酸化,通过蛋白磷酸化后生物活性的改变而完成细胞外源性信号的应答,构成细胞内重要的信息网络系统。在胰岛素信号途径中,激活PKC与PKC下游的一系列未知途径,将促进GLUT4的转运。为了进一步的研究白刺花黄酮提取物对GLUT4促进作用的具体信号通路,本实验采用AMPK信号通路抑制剂(Compound C)、PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制剂(Wortmannin)和PKC信号通路抑制剂研究其是否能抑制白刺花黄酮提取物对GLUT4表达及转位的调控从而初步确定白刺花黄酮提取物作用的信号通路。
在上述的实验基础上,选用L6 IRAP-mOrange细胞,给药前分别加入Compound C(10μM)、Wortmannin(100nM)、(10μM)孵育细胞30min后再加入测试药物,观察膜上荧光变化,间接反映GLUT4上膜情况。
加入AMPK的抑制剂Compound C(图3A)后,荧光强度明显减弱,显著抑制了白刺花黄酮提取物引起的GLUT4的转位,而PI3K的抑制剂Wortmannin(图3B),PKC的抑制剂(图3C)对白刺花黄酮提取物引起的GLUT4的转位没有影响。由此说明,测试的白刺花黄酮提取物是通过AMPK信号通路促进GLUT4转位上膜,从而增加葡萄糖摄取。然后通过Western blot进行了进一步的检测,发现在加入10μg/mL、20μg/mL、30μg/mL白刺花黄酮提取物孵育后,L6细胞中GLUT4的表达水平明显增强,AMPK的磷酸化水平显著升高(图4A)。另外,AMPK的抑制剂Compound C完全抑制了30μg/mL白刺花黄酮提取物引起的AMPK的磷酸化水平及GLUT4蛋白表达水平的升高(图4B)。综合以上数据,表明白刺花黄酮提取物通过AMPK信号通路促进L6细胞GLUT4的转位及表达。
实验例四白刺花黄酮提取物对糖尿病小鼠的降糖作用
1.材料与仪器
1.1实验动物
8周龄雄性KK-Ay小鼠,SPF级,购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司,许可证编号:SCXK(京)2009-0004。鼠料经60℃灭菌,由北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供。高脂饲料购自江苏美迪森生物医药有限公司。饲养环境:室温23±2℃,湿度50-60%,自由进食进水,12h光照周期。
1.2药品与试剂
白刺花黄酮提取物(白刺花根采于贵州省修文县,经中南民族大学药学院万定荣教授鉴定为白刺花(Sophora davidii(Franch.)Skeels),胰岛素放射免疫试剂盒(天津九鼎医学生物工程有限公司),葡萄糖(国药集团化学试剂有限公司,批号:20130328),盐酸二甲双胍片(阳中美上海施贵宝制药有限公司),RIPA细胞裂解液(碧云天生物技术有限公司),PMSF(碧云天生物技术有限公司),BCA蛋白浓度试剂盒(碧云天生物技术有限公司),GLUT4、β-actin、AMPK、p-AMPK、二抗等抗体(Cell Signaling Technology)。
1.3实验仪器
血糖仪(三诺安稳血糖仪),血糖试纸(三诺安稳血糖试纸),分析天平CP214(奥豪斯仪器上海有限公司),ALLEG RAX-22R高速冷冻离心机(美国贝克曼库尔特公司),全自动生化分析仪(日立7180+ISE)。
2.实验方法
2.1待测样品的制备
参照一、白刺花黄酮提取物制备方法获得待测样品,用于下述实验。
2.2实验模型的建立
KK-Ay小鼠高脂饲料喂养4周后,小鼠尾部取血测定空腹血糖浓度,血糖浓度大于11.1mol/L为Ⅱ型糖尿病成模标准。成模KK-Ay小鼠随机分为模型对照组(DC)、阳性对照组(盐酸二甲双胍片200mg/kg,MET)和白刺花黄酮提取物低剂量组(60mg/kg,SFL)、白刺花黄酮提取物高剂量组(120mg/kg,SFH),每组8只。8只C57LB/6J小鼠以普通饲料饲养作为正常对照组(NC)。各组采用等体积不等浓度灌胃给药(正常对照组和模型对照组给予等体积1%吐温80溶液),每日定时给药一次连续灌胃四周。
2.3实验数据采集
分别于给药前、给药后、给药第7d、15d、21d和28d于尾静脉取血测定小鼠血糖值。小鼠体重分别于给药前、给药后、给药间隔每两天测定一次。末次给药后小鼠禁食12小时,测定小鼠血糖浓度作为0h的血糖值,以2.0g/kg灌胃葡萄糖,分别测定30min、60min、90min、120min小鼠的小鼠血糖值,观察各组小鼠血糖值的变化,比较各组之间是否存在差异。
血糖指标测定结束后采用摘取眼球取血,以转速3000rpm离心15min分离血清。使用全自动生化分析仪分别测定小鼠血清中总胆固醇和甘油三酯的血清胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量,试剂盒检测游离脂肪酸含量。免疫法测定血清胰岛素含量。
采血结束后,将小鼠处死,然后收集小鼠骨骼肌、肝脏、脂肪组织。取部分肝脏和胰腺置于4%甲醛溶液中进行固定。随后使用石蜡对这些组织进行包埋,最后使用中性树脂封片后干燥。将这些组织切成5μm厚的切片,伊红和苏木精染色。于显微镜观察组织切片,并拍照,以进行形态学分析。
小鼠组织相关蛋白的检测:RIPA裂解液提取总蛋白,BCA蛋白试剂盒确定蛋白浓度,取各组样品相等量蛋白质,进行SDS-PAGE胶分离蛋白。并将蛋白电转移至PVDF膜上。再用含0.5%脱脂奶粉的TBST封闭1h;加入稀释的一抗GLUT4、AMPK、β-actin抗体4℃过夜;洗膜后加辣根过氧化物酶标记的山羊抗兔IgG,室温轻摇1h,充分洗涤后加入ECL显色液,使用凝胶成像系统(APLEGEN,INC,USA)进行成像分析。
3.实验结果
数据以平均值±标准误(mean±SEM)表示,组间显著性差异检验用t检验及相关分析。
3.1对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠空腹血糖的影响
高脂饲养四周后,模型组KK-Ay小鼠空腹血糖值明显高于正常组C57小鼠血糖,具有显著性差异(+++P<0.001),而给药组与模型组的血糖水平无显著性差异。给药一周后,治疗组血糖水平相比模型组均有所下降,白刺花黄酮提取物高剂量组显示出显著性差异(*P<0.05)。给药四周后,各给药组血糖水平均显著下降,与模型组相比,具有显著性差异(***P<0.001)。由此可以看出,白刺花黄酮提取物具有降低Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠的血糖的功效。实验结果见图5
3.2对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠体重的影响
实验结果见图6,高脂饲养四周后,模型组KK-Ay小鼠体重高于正常组,具有显著性差异(+++P<0.001)。给药一周后,各组小鼠体重均略有下降。三周后,白刺花黄酮提取物高剂量组和盐酸二甲双胍组与模型组相比具有显著性差异(**P<0.01)。四周后,白刺花黄酮提取物低、高剂量组和盐酸二甲双胍组体重均明显降低,与模型组存在显著性差异。由此说明,白刺花黄酮提取物能降低Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠的体重。
3.3对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠口服糖耐量的影响
正常组小鼠在口服葡萄糖后的30min血糖水平达到最大值,120min血糖已经基本恢复到给药前水平。模型组在口服葡萄糖30min后血糖值达到最大,此后虽然有所下降但一直保持在较高的水平。白刺花黄酮提取物低、高治疗组口服葡萄糖后30min血糖值达到最高水平,30min后均有显著性的下降,120min后基本达到口服葡萄糖前水平。统计血糖曲线下面积(AUC),结果显示,白刺花黄酮提取物低、高剂量组与模型组相比均存在显著性的差异(***P<0.001)。由此说明,白刺花黄酮提取物能够改善Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠的口服糖耐量。实验结果见图7。
3.4对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠血清胰岛素及胰岛素抵抗指数的影响
正常组小鼠胰岛素处于正常水平,模型组小鼠胰岛素水平比正常组明显高出很多,具有显著性差异(++P<0.01),说明KK-Ay小鼠存在胰岛素抵抗。白刺花黄酮提取物治疗组胰岛素水平相比模型组明显降低,高剂量组存在显著性差异(*P<0.05)。采用MATTHEWS等在1985年提出的稳态模型法用于评价胰岛素抵抗状态,抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)=空腹血糖(mmol/L)×(mIU/L)/22.5。与模型组小鼠比较,各给药组均可显著降低糖尿病小鼠胰岛素抵抗指数。这些结果说明,白刺花黄酮提取物治疗后,KK-Ay小鼠胰岛素抵抗程度明显降低,白刺花黄酮提取物的降糖作用可能与改善胰岛素抵抗有关,实验结果见图8。
3.5刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠血清脂质指标的影响
正常组小鼠血清血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平处于正常水平,模型组小鼠各指标显著高于正常组。经由白刺花黄酮提取物治疗四周后,各治疗组小鼠血清中TC,TG,FFA,和LDL-C含量均明显低于模型组,而HDL-C水平明显高于模型组,说明白刺花黄酮提取物具有改善KK-Ay小鼠血脂异常的作用,实验结果见图9。
3.6白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠肝脏形态学的影响
肝脏切片HE染色结果如图10所示,正常组C57BL/6J小鼠肝脏切片表现出正常的形态,模型组小鼠则呈现出明显的脂肪肝症状,肝脏切片中含有许多脂肪空泡。在白刺花黄酮提取物及二甲双胍治疗后的KK-Ay小鼠的肝脏切片中,虽然能看到一些肝脏脂肪病变,但是相比模型组,该症状明显减轻,且以二甲双胍和白刺花黄酮提取物高剂量组效果最好。结果表明,白刺花黄酮提取物口服给药,可以有效防止KK-Ay小鼠肝脏脂肪病变的发生和发展。
3.7白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠胰腺形态学的影响
胰腺切片HE染色结果如图11所示,正常组C57BL/6J小鼠胰岛与周围外分泌部界限清楚,形态正常,胰岛细胞排列紧密,形状规则;模型组KK-Ay小鼠胰腺组织出现胰岛体积增大,胰岛细胞肥大,外周边缘不清,空泡变性等诸多病理形态学改变。经灌胃给药后,与模型组相比,各治疗组胰岛形态接近规则,体积有所变小,外周边缘较清晰,细胞空泡变性现象均得到改善,见图2。
3.8白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠胰岛素靶组织(骨骼肌、脂肪组织、肝脏)中相关蛋白的影响
通过相应抗体检测小鼠骨骼肌、脂肪组织、肝脏中p-AMPK、AMPK、GLUT4蛋白水平。由图12可以看出,与模型组相比,白刺花黄酮提取物低、高剂量组均能提高糖尿病小鼠骨骼肌及脂肪组织中GLUT4、p-AMPK水平,提高糖尿病小鼠肝脏中p-AMPK水平。结合体外机制研究结果,可以说明,白刺花黄酮提取物主要通过AMPK信号通路促进GLUT4转位及表达,改善糖尿病小鼠胰岛素抵抗,调节糖脂代谢,改善Ⅱ型糖尿病症状。
4.结论
体外实验中,白刺花黄酮提取物显著促进L6细胞葡萄糖摄取,促进GLUT4转位与表达。通过加入与GLUT4相关的信号通路抑制剂,发现AMPK信号通路抑制剂Compound C显著抑制了白刺花黄酮提取物引起的促GLUT4转位活性,western blot结果显示Compound C完全抑制了白刺花黄酮提取物引起的GLUT4蛋白表达水平及AMPK磷酸化水平的升高。这些结果表明白刺花黄酮提取物通过AMPK信号通路促进L6细胞GLUT4的转位与表达,促进L6细胞对葡萄糖的摄取。
体内实验中,白刺花黄酮提取物灌胃给药四周,显著降低了Ⅱ型糖尿病模型KK-Ay小鼠的空腹血糖水平及体重。口服糖耐量实验中,可观察到在实验过程中,白刺花黄酮提取物能够明显降低餐后血糖,改善口服糖耐量。胰岛素抵抗是Ⅱ型糖尿病的主要病理特征,它在糖尿病的发生发展过程中起着关键作用。模型组糖尿病小鼠血清胰岛素水平较正常组高,白刺花黄酮提取物治疗后,KK-Ay小鼠血清胰岛素水平显著降低,胰岛素抵抗指数显著下降。表明白刺花黄酮提取物具有改善Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用。
高血糖往往易引起高血脂症,这是由于糖代谢紊乱而导致脂代谢紊乱,从而导致血液中一种或多种脂质成分含量异常升高。改善脂质代谢在一定程度上可以预防或缓解糖尿病的发生。本实验中,白刺花黄酮提取物灌胃给药四周后,血清TG、TC、、LDL-C、FFA水平相比模型组小鼠均有所降低,HDL-C水平相比模型组小鼠均有所升高,说明SD-FRE能够有效改善脂质代谢紊乱,起到预防或缓解糖尿病的作用。
GLUT4是胰岛素敏感组织的主要葡萄糖转运蛋白,主要存在于脂肪和肌肉组织,对维持机体糖代谢平衡起着至关重要的作用。大量研究表明,GLUT4转位障碍是外周胰岛素抵抗的重要标志之一。进一步检测了胰岛素敏感靶组织中相关蛋白的表达,结果显示,白刺花黄酮提取物治疗显著促进了组织中GLUT4的表达,促进AMPK磷酸化水平。
综合体内外实验结果,白刺花黄酮提取物通过AMPK信号通路促进GLUT4转位与表达,调节糖代谢,缓解胰岛素抵抗,改善Ⅱ型糖尿病症状。这就提示白刺花黄酮提取物可作为AMPK激动剂和促GLUT4上膜的激动剂,白刺花黄酮提取物对Ⅱ型糖尿病小鼠的降糖活性研究,为进一步开发为一种治疗糖尿病的新的药用资源提供了研究基础。
尽管已用具体实施例来说明和描述了本发明,然而应意识到,在不背离本发明的精神和范围的情况下可以做出许多其它的更改和修改。因此,这意味着在所附权利要求中包括属于本发明范围内的所有这些变化和修改。
Claims (10)
1.一种治疗糖尿病的白刺花黄酮提取物的制备方法,其特征在于,其包括:
采用醇-水混合溶液提取白刺花,将所得到的白刺花提取物用弱极性有机溶剂萃取,得到白刺花萃取物;以及
将所述白刺花萃取物过大孔树脂柱,用醇-水混合溶液梯度洗脱,收集洗脱剂为70%~90%的醇溶液时的馏分,得到所述白刺花黄酮提取物。
2.一种由权利要求1所述的制备方法所制得的白刺花黄酮提取物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的白刺花黄酮提取物,其特征在于,所述白刺花黄酮提取物中含有芹菜素、高丽槐素、理查酮A和查酮B。
4.一种治疗糖尿病的药物组合物,其特征在于,所述药物组合物包括白刺花黄酮提取物,以及药学上可接受的载体或辅料。
5.一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备促进葡萄糖摄取的激动剂中的用途。
6.一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备葡萄糖转运蛋白4的激动剂中的用途。
7.一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备一磷酸腺苷激活蛋白激酶的激动剂中的用途。
8.一种白刺花黄酮提取物在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途花黄酮提取物。
9.根据权利要求8所述的白刺花黄酮提取物在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途,其特征在于,由代谢异常所致的所述疾病包括糖尿病、肥胖症、高血压症和高血脂症中的任意一种。
10.根据权利要求9所述的白刺花黄酮提取物在制备治疗或预防由代谢异常所致疾病的药物或者保健食品中的用途,其特征在于,所述糖尿病为Ⅱ型糖尿病。
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